Nations and firms in the global economy: an introduction to international economics and business
Gespeichert in:
| Späterer Titel: | International economics and business |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge Univ. Press
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 446 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521540577 9780521540575 0521832985 9780521832984 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Nations and firms in the global economy |b an introduction to international economics and business |c Steven Brakman ... |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXVII, 446 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Comercio internacional | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Empresas internacionales | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Globalización | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Internationale economie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Relaciones económicas internacionales | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Globalisierung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Multinationales Unternehmen | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Weltwirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Globalization | |
| 650 | 4 | |a International business enterprises | |
| 650 | 4 | |a International economic relations | |
| 650 | 4 | |a International trade | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135038171742208 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of figures page xii
List of tables xv
List of boxes xviii
Preface xxi
Glossary xxv
Suggested course structure xxviii
Part I Introduction
1 The global economy 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 A sense of time: the universe and population 4
1.3 Income levels: GNP and GDP 10
1.4 What is the global economy? 18
1.5 Globalization and income 21
1.6 Globalization and international trade 26
1.7 Analyzing the global economy 30
1.8 Conclusions 39
2 International accounting practices 40
2.1 Exciting accounting? 40
2.2 Macro level accounting: a country s balance of payments 41
2.3 Micro level accounting: a firm s annual report 47
2.4 The importance of distinguishing between micro and macro 55
2.5 Accounting principles as a platform 56
Part II Firms, trade and location
3 Trade and comparative advantage M
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Comparative advantage: David Ricardo s fundamental insight 64
3.3 Comparative advantage versus competitiveness 69
3.4 Comparative advantage: the neo classical answer 72
3.5 The closed economy 73
viii Contents 3.6 Open economy international trade: the Heckscher Ohlin result 78
3.7 Factor endowments and competitiveness 80
3.8 Fragmentation 83
3.9 Fragmentation: an evaluation 91
3.10 Conclusions 93
Appendix: Heckscher Ohlin algebra 94
4 Trade and competitive advantage 96
4.1 Trade and imperfect competition 96
4.2 Understanding intra industry trade: monopoly power 100
4.3 The trading equilibrium 103
4.4 Strategic interaction between firms: the Airbus Boeing example 107
4.5 Monopolistic competition 110
4.6 Trade with monopolistic competition 113
4.7 Empirical support for intra industry trade 116
4.8 Conclusions 119
Appendix 4A: strategic interaction: reaction curves 120
Appendix 4B: derivation of the Helpman equation 124
5 Firms, location and agglomeration 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Distance in economics 126
5.3 Geographical economics 130
5.4 The geographical economics approach: an example 133
5.5 Geographical economics: a further discussion 136
5.6 Multinational behaviour 139
5.7 The boundary of the firm: outsourcing 146
5.8Conclusions 151
Appendix: a more general model of multinational behaviour 152
Part III Capital, currency and crises
6 International capital mobility 161
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Measuring international capital mobility 162
6.3 Issues about capital mobility 167
6.4 Determinants, benefits and costs of capital mobility 176
6.5 Summing up and looking ahead 180
6.6 Policy autonomy 182
6.7 Conclusions igg
ix Contents
7 Gains from capital market integration 190
7.1 Introduction 190
7.2 International allocation of savings and investments 191
7.3 The degree of international capital market integration and a puzzle 196
7.4 Does capital flow in the wrong direction? 198
7.5 Capital flows and risk diversification 205
7.6 Firm investment and asymmetric information 210
8 Investors, exchange rates and currency crises 217
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 What is a currency crisis? 218
8.3 Characteristics of currency crises 222
8.4 First generation models 226
8.5 Second generation models 229
8.6 Coordination 233
8.7 Efficiency 235
8.8 Frequency and measurement 237
8.9 Looking ahead 240
9 Financial crises, firms and the open economy 241
9.1 Introduction and terminology 241
9.2 An asymmetric information view of financial crises 242
9.3 Disruptions and asymmetric information 243
9.4 A financial crisis framework 245
9.5 Financial crises in an open economy 247
9.6 Wake up call and perverse savings 252
9.7 Evidence about twin crises 256
9.8 Bad fundamentals or malicious investors? 259
9.9 Synthesis and conclusions: the vicious circle 261
Part IV Policy, dynamics and organization
10 Trade and capital restrictions 2d7
10.1 Introduction 267
10.2 Welfare effects of trade restrictions: a tariff on imports 268
10.3 World welfare effects of trade restrictions 272
10.4 More on protectionism 273
10.5 Trade agreements 277
10.6 Evaluation of the demand for and supply of trade protection 283
10.7 Capital restrictions: the trade off between efficiency and stability 285
x Contents
10.8 The welfare effects of a tax on capital inflows 287
10.9 The pricing of risk and the role of policy 289
10.10 Two examples of capital restrictions: preventing crises 293
10.11 Capital restrictions as a cure for crises 296
10.12 Changing the international financial system? 298
10.13 Rounding up the restrictions 300
11 Globalization and economic growth 304
11.1 Introduction 304
11.2 Catching up 305
11.3 Production, capital and investment 307
11.4 Empirical implications 312
11.5 Technology, knowledge, innovation and TFP growth 318
11.6 Open economies, TFP and economic growth 320
11.7 An historic example: Japan 325
11.8 A recent example: China 332
11.9 Conclusions 335
12 Nations and organizations 339
12.1 Convergence or divergence? 339
12.2 Game theory: basics and terminology 347
12.3 An experiment 350
12.4 HRM and cultural diversity 352
12.5 Corporate governance and institutional diversity 359
12.6 Recent Americanization? 365
12.7 Conclusions 369
Appendix: the Bertrand duopoly experiment 370
Part V Conclusions
13 Globalization: is it really happening? 37d
13.1 Introduction 375
13.2 Income inequality over time 377
13.3 Does globalization make the rich richer and the poor poorer? 378
13.4 Low skilled labour, trade and within country income inequality 381
13.5 Low skilled labour and the irrelevance of trade 383
13.6 Outsourcing and income inequality 388
13.7 Developing countries and the globalization bonus 390
13.8 Conclusions 395
xi Contents
14 Towards an international economics and business? 397
14.1 Glocalization 397
14.2 More than macro or micro alone: multi level interaction 402
Bibliography 406
Author index 426
Subject index 430
Figures
1.1 Big Bang and beyond VaZe 5
1.2 Development of world population over the last 2,500 years 6
1.3 Developments in world population, 2000 2050 7
1.4 Gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP) 12
1.5 Correction of GDP per capita for purchasing power, 2000 16
1.6 Development of world per capita income over the last 2,000 years 22
1.7 Advantages and disadvantages of logarithmic graphs 23
1.8 Leaders and laggards in GDP per capita: a widening perspective 25
1.9 Carrying capacity of European merchant fleets, 1470 1780 27
1.10 Two waves of globalization 29
1.11 Trade and market integration 31
1.12 London external bond spread, 1870 1940 35
1.13 Foreign capital stocks, assets/world GDP, 1860 2000 35
1.14 Relative migration flows, Western Europe and Western Offshoots,
1870 1998 37
1.15 Traditional and globalized fragmented production processes 38
2.1 A country s balance of payments 42
2.2 Current account balance, selected countries, 1970 2000 46
3.1 Wages per hour and GDP per hour, 1997 2001, selected countries 68
3.2 An isoquant 75
3.3 Cost minimization 76
3.4 Lerner diagram, goods prices and factor prices 77
3.5 The impact of international trade 79
3.6 Fragmentation possibility 86
3.7 Fragmentation profitability 87
3.8 Labour re allocation between Home and Foreign 90
4.1 Manufacturing intra industry trade: high and increasing intra industry
trade countries 99
4.2 Increasing returns to scale and perfect and imperfect competition 102
4.3 A trading equilibrium: monopoly versus duopoly 103
4.4 Intra industry trade as a result of transportation costs 106
xiii List of figures
4.5 The varieties approach of monopolistic competition 110
4.6 Monopolistic competition, demand and costs 112
4.7 Monopolistic competition and foreign trade pressure 115
4A.1 Derivation of firm A s reaction curve 122
4A.2 Cournot duopoly equilibrium 123
5.1 Monopolistic competition and the re location of a firm 137
5.2 Development of world GDP, foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade,
1970 2000 140
5.3 Profits in the Home and Foreign market: national exporting firm 142
5.4 Going multinational: the horizontal case 143
5.5 Going multinational: the vertical case 144
5.6 Summary of the firm s main decisions 145
5.7 The effects of outsourcing on production and income distribution 150
5A.1 Decision process and firm types 154
5A.2 Endowment distributions in the Edgeworth Box 155
5A.3 Characterization of market structure 156
5 A.4 Stylized impact of parameter changes for market structure 157
6.1 Global net capital flows, average for fifteen countries 163
6.2 Capital outflows 1860 1910, selected countries 164
6.3 Net private capital flows to emerging markets, 1992 2000 166
6.4 Evolution of net financing through international financial markets,
1983 1998 168
6.5 Evolution of British and American share in foreign assets, 1825 2000 171
6.6 Interest rate differential, 1880 1994 175
6.7 Spider web spiral: world imports, January December 1929 1933 178
6.8 The policy trilemma 183
7.1 Capital mobility is welfare enhancing 192
7.2 Capital re allocation between Home and Foreign 199
7.3 Firm investment, supply of funds and asymmetric information 211
8.1 The Asian crisis: rapid drop in the value of some currencies, 1985 2002 218
8.2 The Asian crisis: current account balance, 1980 2000 223
8.3 The Asian crisis: developments of GDP per capita, 1990 2002 225
8.4 Interest rates in Germany and Italy, 1992 2004 230
8.5 Crises frequency, percentage probability per year 238
9.1 Stylized balance sheets of firms and banks 244
9.2 Financial crisis in an asymmetric information framework 246
9.3 Share of denominated debt, 1996 1998, selected countries 249
xiv List of figures
9.4 Profitability of non financial firms, emerging markets, 1992 2004 251
9.5 Perverse savings and the backward bending savings curve 255
9.6 The unfolding of a financial crisis 257
9.7 The vicious circle of financial crises 262
10.1 Domestic welfare effects of imposing a tariff 269
10.2 The world welfare effects of a tariff 273
10.3 Predicted duration of the Doha round 278
10.4 Customs union: trade creation 281
10.5 Customs union: trade creation and diversion 282
10.6 The net supply of and demand for funds 287
11.1 France, share of income invested, 1950 2000 310
11.2 Income levels and capital accumulation (Solow) 311
11.3 Education and total factor productivity (TFP) in developing countries 313
11.4 USA: GDP per capita 314
11.5 Japan and Indonesia: GDP per capita 315
11.6 Machinery imports and TFP in developing countries 318
11.7 Intertemporal adjustments in Singapore, 1972 2001 322
11.8 Foreign research and development (R D) capital stock and TFP in
developing countries 324
11.9 A Dutch ship in Nagasaki, 1859 327
11.10 The Japanese economy, 1500 1998 328
11.11 Rapid growth in Europe Asia trade, 1500 1800 329
11.12 Multinational trade composition, Portugal, the Netherlands and England 331
11.13 Developments in Chinese income and trade flows, 1960 2001 333
11.14 China: geographic export market composition, 1997 334
12.1 Results from three experiments: A, B and C 351
12.2 Correlation in cultural characteristics 356
12.3 Correlation between corruption and social economic conditions 364
13.1 Inequality among world citizens, 1820 1992 378
13.2 Growth rates in open and closed economies, 1970 89 379
13.3 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980 2002 380
14.1 China s FDI and trade connections 404
Tables
1.1 The twenty countries with the highest population and population density,
2000 page 8
1.2 Population projections, 2000 2050, the world and continents 8
1.3 The twenty most powerful economies, 2000 13
1.4 Assumed labour productivity, Australia and Botswana 14
1.5 Price convergence and declining transport cost, 1870 1913 33
1.6 Tariffs on manufactures for selected countries, 1820 1950 34
2.1 Analytic presentation: balance of payments, 2002 43
2.2 A firm s statement of income 49
2.3 A firm s balance sheet 50
2.4 Abstracts from the annual report of DaimlerChrysler, 2003 51
2.5 Abstracts from the annual report of Royal Dutch Shell, 2002 and 2003 52
2.6 Top 100 based on a sales GDP ranking, 2002 57
2.7 Top 100 based on a value added GDP ranking, 2000 58
2.8 The size ranking of firms in terms of sales vis a vis value added, 2000 59
3.1 Hypothetical labour productivity: production per hour 65
3.2 Production of cloth and wine in the EU and the USA 66
3.3 Sign tests of factor abundance 82
3.4 Multinationals, investment, trade and income 85
4.1 Manufacturing intra industry trade, 1988 2000 98
4.2 Airbus Boeing strategic interaction pay off matrix 109
4.3 Strategic interaction pay off matrix after Airbus subsidy 109
4.4 Country similarity and intra industry trade 118
5.1 CIF/FOB ratios, 1965 1990 127
5.2 Regional trade pattern of Europe, 1860 1996 128
5.3 Geography of sales 134
5.4 Transport costs 135
5.5 FDI inflows and outflows, share in total flows 141
6.1 Size of net capital flows since 1870, selected countries 163
6.2 Net capital flows to emerging market economies, 1992 2000 166
xvi List of tables
6.3 Net financing at international financial markets, 1983 1999, seventeen
countries 169
6.4 Gross financial stocks, 1825 1938 171
6.5 Looking for the trilemma: estimates of f $ 185
6.6 Effective corporate income tax rates across the EU, 1990 1999 188
7.1 Correlation between national savings and investment, 1960 1999 197
7.2 The Feldstein Horioka test 198
7.3 Institutions and financial development 201
8.1 Real income growth and capital account crises 225
8.2 Median changes in private capital flows and current account 226
8.3 Coordination of a speculative attack 234
8.4 The incidence of global contagion, 1970 1998 239
9.1 Cost of crises in lost output (relative to trend output) 242
9.2 Developing countries: external debt and equity financing, 1997 2003 248
9.3 Profitability of non financial firms in emerging markets, 1992 2001 250
9.4 Possible relationships between signals and crises 258
9.5 Percentage of crises accurately called 258
9.6 Ratio of short term debt to total debt and to reserves, June 1997 260
10.1 GATT and WTO rounds, 1947 278
10.2 Gross capital inflow to Chile, 1988 1997 295
10.3 Annual growth rate, 1970 1989 302
11.1 GDP per capita, 1990 2000 growth projections 305
11.2 GDP per capita growth rates per decade, 1960 2000 306
11.3 GDP per capita 1960 2000 growth projections 307
11.4 European output and TFP growth, 1870 2001 316
12.1 Overview of multinational organizations typologies 344
12.2 Top ten non financial multinationals, 2003, ranked according to TNI 346
12.3 Firm I Firm II interaction pay off matrix 347
12.4 Reciprocal dumping game 349
12.5 Information, culture and trustworthiness 352
12.6 International cultural diversity in four dimensions, index scores, 1994 355
12.7 Corporate governance around the world 362
12.8 Political risk diversity, 2003 365
12.9 Effectiveness of downsizing 368
12.10 Stock exchange reactions to downsizing announcements 368
12A. 1 Firm I Firm II interaction pay off matrix 371
xvii List of tables
13.1 Price changes, manufacturing industries 384
13.2 Wage differentials, by education 385
13.3 Unemployment and labour skills 386
13.4 Changes in labour productivity, Europe and USA, 1979 2001 388
13.5 Imported intermediate deliveries, industry, 1974 1993 389
13.6 Institutions and economic performance 393
X
Boxes
1.1 Purchasing power parity (PPP) corrections page 14
1.2 Logarithmic graphs 22
2.1 The balance of payments for Germany and the USA 42
2.2 Annual reports for DaimlerChrysler and Royal Dutch Shell 50
2.3 Why accounting is useful and why accounting is not explaining 59
3.1 Wages and productivity 68
3.2 Isoquants 75
3.3 Empirical tests of factor abundance: Ricardo revisited? 81
3.4 Multinationals, fragmentation and investment 85
3.5 The economic effects of international migration 89
3.6 The extent of the firm 92
4.1 Intra industry trade 97
4.2 Alternative explanations for intra industry trade 106
4.3 Imperfect competition in international business: Fuji versus Kodak 108
4.4 Models compared 114
4.5 Competitive advantage and MNEs 120
5.1 The relevance of transportation costs 126
5.2 The location decision of MNEs in international business 139
5.3 Another look at multinationals 140
5.4 The regional bias of FDI 147
5.5 Maquiladoras 149
5.6 Competitive advantage and the location decision 151
6.1 The spider web spiral 177
6.2 EU countries and the effective income tax rate 187
7.1 How to test for UIP 194
7.2 The importance of institutions for financial development and growth 203
7.3 Insurance against shocks through portfolio diversification 207
7.4 Ethnic bias in FDI 209
7.5 The financing of firm investment and the external finance premium 214
ix List of boxes
8.1 Foreign exchange risk, hedging and multinational firms 220
8.2 The second generation model of currency crises 231
9.1 Moral hazard and over investment: an example 253
10.1 The costs of protection 270
10.2 The EU USA steel conflict 275
10.3 World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) trade rounds 277
10.4 The politics of free trade zones: how many trade blocs? 283
10.5 Asset/price inflation 290
10.6 Policy options and moral hazard behaviour 291
10.7 Political risk and the multinational firm s investment strategy 296
10.8 Trade, financial liberalization and economic growth 302
11.1 Growth accounting and growth modelling 308
11.2 TFP and school enrolment in developing countries 312
11.3 TFP and imports of machinery and equipment in developing countries 317
11.4 Foreign R D and TFP in developing countries 324
11.5 VOC: the world s first multinational 329
11.6 The Prebisch Singer hypothesis 336
11.7 A multinational s experience and performance in transition economies 337
12.1 Cross national culture clashes in the business world 341
12.2 International outsourcing 343
12.3 The case for dominant transnationality 346
12.4 Hard institutions and soft cultures: competition or cooperation? 353
12.5 Culture distance and foreign entry mode 358
12.6 Delegation games and managerial compensation 360
12.7 Institutional diversity 364
12.8 Shareholder value, Americanization and downsizing 367
13.1 Globalization and international labour migration 375
13.2 A closer look at wage differentials and labour market differences 385
13.3 Philips Electronics 387
13.4 Let s dance to the New (International) Order (NIO) 392
14.1 Glocalization 400
14.2 Ceremonial adoption 401
14.3 FDI and trade in China 404
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
List of figures page xii
List of tables xv
List of boxes xviii
Preface xxi
Glossary xxv
Suggested course structure xxviii
Part I Introduction
1 The global economy 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 A sense of time: the universe and population 4
1.3 Income levels: GNP and GDP 10
1.4 What is the global economy? 18
1.5 Globalization and income 21
1.6 Globalization and international trade 26
1.7 Analyzing the global economy 30
1.8 Conclusions 39
2 International accounting practices 40
2.1 Exciting accounting? 40
2.2 Macro level accounting: a country's balance of payments 41
2.3 Micro level accounting: a firm's annual report 47
2.4 The importance of distinguishing between micro and macro 55
2.5 Accounting principles as a platform 56
Part II Firms, trade and location
3 Trade and comparative advantage M
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Comparative advantage: David Ricardo's fundamental insight 64
3.3 Comparative advantage versus competitiveness 69
3.4 Comparative advantage: the neo classical answer 72
3.5 The closed economy 73
viii Contents 3.6 Open economy international trade: the Heckscher Ohlin result 78
3.7 Factor endowments and competitiveness 80
3.8 Fragmentation 83
3.9 Fragmentation: an evaluation 91
3.10 Conclusions 93
Appendix: Heckscher Ohlin algebra 94
4 Trade and competitive advantage 96
4.1 Trade and imperfect competition 96
4.2 Understanding intra industry trade: monopoly power 100
4.3 The trading equilibrium 103
4.4 Strategic interaction between firms: the Airbus Boeing example 107
4.5 Monopolistic competition 110
4.6 Trade with monopolistic competition 113
4.7 Empirical support for intra industry trade 116
4.8 Conclusions 119
Appendix 4A: strategic interaction: reaction curves 120
Appendix 4B: derivation of the Helpman equation 124
5 Firms, location and agglomeration 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Distance in economics 126
5.3 Geographical economics 130
5.4 The geographical economics approach: an example 133
5.5 Geographical economics: a further discussion 136
5.6 Multinational behaviour 139
5.7 The boundary of the firm: outsourcing 146
5.8Conclusions 151
Appendix: a more general model of multinational behaviour 152
Part III Capital, currency and crises
6 International capital mobility 161
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Measuring international capital mobility 162
6.3 Issues about capital mobility 167
6.4 Determinants, benefits and costs of capital mobility 176
6.5 Summing up and looking ahead 180
6.6 Policy autonomy 182
6.7 Conclusions igg
ix Contents
7 Gains from capital market integration 190
7.1 Introduction 190
7.2 International allocation of savings and investments 191
7.3 The degree of international capital market integration and a puzzle 196
7.4 Does capital flow in the wrong direction? 198
7.5 Capital flows and risk diversification 205
7.6 Firm investment and asymmetric information 210
8 Investors, exchange rates and currency crises 217
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 What is a currency crisis? 218
8.3 Characteristics of currency crises 222
8.4 First generation models 226
8.5 Second generation models 229
8.6 Coordination 233
8.7 Efficiency 235
8.8 Frequency and measurement 237
8.9 Looking ahead 240
9 Financial crises, firms and the open economy 241
9.1 Introduction and terminology 241
9.2 An asymmetric information view of financial crises 242
9.3 Disruptions and asymmetric information 243
9.4 A financial crisis framework 245
9.5 Financial crises in an open economy 247
9.6 Wake up call and perverse savings 252
9.7 Evidence about twin crises 256
9.8 Bad fundamentals or malicious investors? 259
9.9 Synthesis and conclusions: the vicious circle 261
Part IV Policy, dynamics and organization
10 Trade and capital restrictions 2d7
10.1 Introduction 267
10.2 Welfare effects of trade restrictions: a tariff on imports 268
10.3 World welfare effects of trade restrictions 272
10.4 More on protectionism 273
10.5 Trade agreements 277
10.6 Evaluation of the demand for and supply of trade protection 283
10.7 Capital restrictions: the trade off between efficiency and stability 285
x Contents
10.8 The welfare effects of a tax on capital inflows 287
10.9 The pricing of risk and the role of policy 289
10.10 Two examples of capital restrictions: preventing crises 293
10.11 Capital restrictions as a cure for crises 296
10.12 Changing the international financial system? 298
10.13 Rounding up the restrictions 300
11 Globalization and economic growth 304
11.1 Introduction 304
11.2 Catching up 305
11.3 Production, capital and investment 307
11.4 Empirical implications 312
11.5 Technology, knowledge, innovation and TFP growth 318
11.6 Open economies, TFP and economic growth 320
11.7 An historic example: Japan 325
11.8 A recent example: China 332
11.9 Conclusions 335
12 Nations and organizations 339
12.1 Convergence or divergence? 339
12.2 Game theory: basics and terminology 347
12.3 An experiment 350
12.4 HRM and cultural diversity 352
12.5 Corporate governance and institutional diversity 359
12.6 Recent Americanization? 365
12.7 Conclusions 369
Appendix: the Bertrand duopoly experiment 370
Part V Conclusions
13 Globalization: is it really happening? 37d
13.1 Introduction 375
13.2 Income inequality over time 377
13.3 Does globalization make the rich richer and the poor poorer? 378
13.4 Low skilled labour, trade and within country income inequality 381
13.5 Low skilled labour and the irrelevance of trade 383
13.6 Outsourcing and income inequality 388
13.7 Developing countries and the'globalization bonus' 390
13.8 Conclusions 395
xi Contents
14 Towards an international economics and business? 397
14.1 Glocalization 397
14.2 More than macro or micro alone: multi level interaction 402
Bibliography 406
Author index 426
Subject index 430
Figures
1.1 'Big Bang' and beyond VaZe 5
1.2 Development of world population over the last 2,500 years 6
1.3 Developments in world population, 2000 2050 7
1.4 Gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP) 12
1.5 Correction of GDP per capita for purchasing power, 2000 16
1.6 Development of world per capita income over the last 2,000 years 22
1.7 Advantages and disadvantages of logarithmic graphs 23
1.8 Leaders and laggards in GDP per capita: a widening perspective 25
1.9 Carrying capacity of European merchant fleets, 1470 1780 27
1.10 Two'waves'of globalization 29
1.11 Trade and market integration 31
1.12 London external bond spread, 1870 1940 35
1.13 Foreign capital stocks, assets/world GDP, 1860 2000 35
1.14 Relative migration flows, Western Europe and Western Offshoots,
1870 1998 37
1.15 Traditional and globalized fragmented production processes 38
2.1 A country's balance of payments 42
2.2 Current account balance, selected countries, 1970 2000 46
3.1 Wages per hour and GDP per hour, 1997 2001, selected countries 68
3.2 An isoquant 75
3.3 Cost minimization 76
3.4 Lerner diagram, goods prices and factor prices 77
3.5 The impact of international trade 79
3.6 Fragmentation possibility 86
3.7 Fragmentation profitability 87
3.8 Labour re allocation between Home and Foreign 90
4.1 Manufacturing intra industry trade: high and increasing intra industry
trade countries 99
4.2 Increasing returns to scale and perfect and imperfect competition 102
4.3 A trading equilibrium: monopoly versus duopoly 103
4.4 Intra industry trade as a result of transportation costs 106
xiii List of figures
4.5 The varieties approach of monopolistic competition 110
4.6 Monopolistic competition, demand and costs 112
4.7 Monopolistic competition and foreign trade pressure 115
4A.1 Derivation of firm A's reaction curve 122
4A.2 Cournot duopoly equilibrium 123
5.1 Monopolistic competition and the re location of a firm 137
5.2 Development of world GDP, foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade,
1970 2000 140
5.3 Profits in the Home and Foreign market: national exporting firm 142
5.4 Going multinational: the horizontal case 143
5.5 Going multinational: the vertical case 144
5.6 Summary of the firm's main decisions 145
5.7 The effects of outsourcing on production and income distribution 150
5A.1 Decision process and firm types 154
5A.2 Endowment distributions in the Edgeworth Box 155
5A.3 Characterization of market structure 156
5 A.4 Stylized impact of parameter changes for market structure 157
6.1 Global net capital flows, average for fifteen countries 163
6.2 Capital outflows 1860 1910, selected countries 164
6.3 Net private capital flows to emerging markets, 1992 2000 166
6.4 Evolution of net financing through international financial markets,
1983 1998 168
6.5 Evolution of British and American share in foreign assets, 1825 2000 171
6.6 Interest rate differential, 1880 1994 175
6.7 Spider web spiral: world imports, January December 1929 1933 178
6.8 The policy trilemma 183
7.1 Capital mobility is welfare enhancing 192
7.2 Capital re allocation between Home and Foreign 199
7.3 Firm investment, supply of funds and asymmetric information 211
8.1 The Asian crisis: rapid drop in the value of some currencies, 1985 2002 218
8.2 The Asian crisis: current account balance, 1980 2000 223
8.3 The Asian crisis: developments of GDP per capita, 1990 2002 225
8.4 Interest rates in Germany and Italy, 1992 2004 230
8.5 Crises frequency, percentage probability per year 238
9.1 Stylized balance sheets of firms and banks 244
9.2 Financial crisis in an asymmetric information framework 246
9.3 Share of \ denominated debt, 1996 1998, selected countries 249
xiv List of figures
9.4 Profitability of non financial firms, emerging markets, 1992 2004 251
9.5 Perverse savings and the backward bending savings curve 255
9.6 The unfolding of a financial crisis 257
9.7 The vicious circle of financial crises 262
10.1 Domestic welfare effects of imposing a tariff 269
10.2 The world welfare effects of a tariff 273
10.3 'Predicted' duration of the Doha round 278
10.4 Customs union: trade creation 281
10.5 Customs union: trade creation and diversion 282
10.6 The net supply of and demand for funds 287
11.1 France, share of income invested, 1950 2000 310
11.2 Income levels and capital accumulation (Solow) 311
11.3 Education and total factor productivity (TFP) in developing countries 313
11.4 USA: GDP per capita 314
11.5 Japan and Indonesia: GDP per capita 315
11.6 Machinery imports and TFP in developing countries 318
11.7 Intertemporal adjustments in Singapore, 1972 2001 322
11.8 Foreign research and development (R D) capital stock and TFP in
developing countries 324
11.9 A Dutch ship in Nagasaki, 1859 327
11.10 The Japanese economy, 1500 1998 328
11.11 Rapid growth in Europe Asia trade, 1500 1800 329
11.12 Multinational trade composition, Portugal, the Netherlands and England 331
11.13 Developments in Chinese income and trade flows, 1960 2001 333
11.14 China: geographic export market composition, 1997 334
12.1 Results from three experiments: A, B and C 351
12.2 Correlation in cultural characteristics 356
12.3 Correlation between corruption and social economic conditions 364
13.1 Inequality among world citizens, 1820 1992 378
13.2 Growth rates in open and closed economies, 1970 89 379
13.3 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980 2002 380
14.1 China's FDI and trade connections 404
Tables
1.1 The twenty countries with the highest population and population density,
2000 page 8
1.2 Population projections, 2000 2050, the world and continents 8
1.3 The twenty most powerful economies, 2000 13
1.4 Assumed labour productivity, Australia and Botswana 14
1.5 Price convergence and declining transport cost, 1870 1913 33
1.6 Tariffs on manufactures for selected countries, 1820 1950 34
2.1 Analytic presentation: balance of payments, 2002 43
2.2 A firm's statement of income 49
2.3 A firm's balance sheet 50
2.4 Abstracts from the annual report of DaimlerChrysler, 2003 51
2.5 Abstracts from the annual report of Royal Dutch Shell, 2002 and 2003 52
2.6 Top 100 based on a sales GDP ranking, 2002 57
2.7 Top 100 based on a value added GDP ranking, 2000 58
2.8 The size ranking of firms in terms of sales vis a vis value added, 2000 59
3.1 Hypothetical labour productivity: production per hour 65
3.2 Production of cloth and wine in the EU and the USA 66
3.3 Sign tests of factor abundance 82
3.4 Multinationals, investment, trade and income 85
4.1 Manufacturing intra industry trade, 1988 2000 98
4.2 Airbus Boeing strategic interaction pay off matrix 109
4.3 Strategic interaction pay off matrix after Airbus subsidy 109
4.4 Country similarity and intra industry trade 118
5.1 CIF/FOB ratios, 1965 1990 127
5.2 Regional trade pattern of Europe, 1860 1996 128
5.3 Geography of sales 134
5.4 Transport costs 135
5.5 FDI inflows and outflows, share in total flows 141
6.1 Size of net capital flows since 1870, selected countries 163
6.2 Net capital flows to emerging market economies, 1992 2000 166
xvi List of tables
6.3 Net financing at international financial markets, 1983 1999, seventeen
countries 169
6.4 Gross financial stocks, 1825 1938 171
6.5 Looking for the trilemma: estimates of f\$ 185
6.6 Effective corporate income tax rates across the EU, 1990 1999 188
7.1 Correlation between national savings and investment, 1960 1999 197
7.2 The Feldstein Horioka test 198
7.3 Institutions and financial development 201
8.1 Real income growth and capital account crises 225
8.2 Median changes in private capital flows and current account 226
8.3 Coordination of a speculative attack 234
8.4 The incidence of global contagion, 1970 1998 239
9.1 Cost of crises in lost output (relative to trend output) 242
9.2 Developing countries: external debt and equity financing, 1997 2003 248
9.3 Profitability of non financial firms in emerging markets, 1992 2001 250
9.4 Possible relationships between signals and crises 258
9.5 Percentage of crises accurately called 258
9.6 Ratio of short term debt to total debt and to reserves, June 1997 260
10.1 GATT and WTO rounds, 1947 278
10.2 Gross capital inflow to Chile, 1988 1997 295
10.3 Annual growth rate, 1970 1989 302
11.1 GDP per capita, 1990 2000 growth projections 305
11.2 GDP per capita growth rates per decade, 1960 2000 306
11.3 GDP per capita 1960 2000 growth projections 307
11.4 European output and TFP growth, 1870 2001 316
12.1 Overview of multinational organizations'typologies 344
12.2 Top ten non financial multinationals, 2003, ranked according to TNI 346
12.3 Firm I Firm II interaction pay off matrix 347
12.4 Reciprocal dumping game 349
12.5 Information, culture and trustworthiness 352
12.6 International cultural diversity in four dimensions, index scores, 1994 355
12.7 Corporate governance around the world 362
12.8 Political risk diversity, 2003 365
12.9 Effectiveness of downsizing 368
12.10 Stock exchange reactions to downsizing announcements 368
12A. 1 Firm I Firm II interaction pay off matrix 371
xvii List of tables
13.1 Price changes, manufacturing industries 384
13.2 Wage differentials, by education 385
13.3 Unemployment and labour skills 386
13.4 Changes in labour productivity, Europe and USA, 1979 2001 388
13.5 Imported intermediate deliveries, industry, 1974 1993 389
13.6 Institutions and economic performance 393
X
Boxes
1.1 Purchasing power parity (PPP) corrections page 14
1.2 Logarithmic graphs 22
2.1 The balance of payments for Germany and the USA 42
2.2 Annual reports for DaimlerChrysler and Royal Dutch Shell 50
2.3 Why accounting is useful and why accounting is not explaining 59
3.1 Wages and productivity 68
3.2 Isoquants 75
3.3 Empirical tests of factor abundance: Ricardo revisited? 81
3.4 Multinationals, fragmentation and investment 85
3.5 The economic effects of international migration 89
3.6 The extent of the firm 92
4.1 Intra industry trade 97
4.2 Alternative explanations for intra industry trade 106
4.3 Imperfect competition in international business: Fuji versus Kodak 108
4.4 Models compared 114
4.5 Competitive advantage and MNEs 120
5.1 The relevance of transportation costs 126
5.2 The location decision of MNEs in international business 139
5.3 Another look at multinationals 140
5.4 The regional bias of FDI 147
5.5 Maquiladoras 149
5.6 Competitive advantage and the location decision 151
6.1 The spider web spiral 177
6.2 EU countries and the effective income tax rate 187
7.1 How to test for UIP 194
7.2 The importance of institutions for financial development and growth 203
7.3 Insurance against shocks through portfolio diversification 207
7.4 Ethnic bias in FDI 209
7.5 The financing of firm investment and the external finance premium 214
ix List of boxes
8.1 Foreign exchange risk, hedging and multinational firms 220
8.2 The second generation model of currency crises 231
9.1 Moral hazard and over investment: an example 253
10.1 The costs of protection 270
10.2 The EU USA steel conflict 275
10.3 World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) trade rounds 277
10.4 The politics of free trade zones: how many trade blocs? 283
10.5 Asset/price inflation 290
10.6 Policy options and moral hazard behaviour 291
10.7 Political risk and the multinational firm's investment strategy 296
10.8 Trade, financial liberalization and economic growth 302
11.1 Growth accounting and growth modelling 308
11.2 TFP and school enrolment in developing countries 312
11.3 TFP and imports of machinery and equipment in developing countries 317
11.4 Foreign R D and TFP in developing countries 324
11.5 VOC: the world's first multinational 329
11.6 The Prebisch Singer hypothesis 336
11.7 A multinational's experience and performance in transition economies 337
12.1 Cross national culture clashes in the business world 341
12.2 International outsourcing 343
12.3 The case for dominant transnationality 346
12.4 'Hard' institutions and 'soft' cultures: competition or cooperation? 353
12.5 Culture distance and foreign entry mode 358
12.6 Delegation games and managerial compensation 360
12.7 Institutional diversity 364
12.8 Shareholder value,'Americanization'and downsizing 367
13.1 Globalization and international labour migration 375
13.2 A closer look at wage differentials and labour market differences 385
13.3 Philips Electronics 387
13.4 Let's dance to the New (International) Order (NIO) 392
14.1 Glocalization 400
14.2 Ceremonial adoption 401
14.3 FDI and trade in China 404 |
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| spelling | Nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business Steven Brakman ... 1. publ. Cambridge Cambridge Univ. Press 2006 XXVII, 446 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Comercio internacional Empresas internacionales Globalización Internationale economie gtt Relaciones económicas internacionales Globalisierung Multinationales Unternehmen Weltwirtschaft Globalization International business enterprises International economic relations International trade Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd rswk-swf Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd rswk-swf Außenwirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4120953-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 s Außenwirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4120953-9 s DE-604 Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 s DE-188 Brakman, Steven 1957- Sonstige (DE-588)12276613X oth Später u.d.T. International economics and business HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014583908&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business Comercio internacional Empresas internacionales Globalización Internationale economie gtt Relaciones económicas internacionales Globalisierung Multinationales Unternehmen Weltwirtschaft Globalization International business enterprises International economic relations International trade Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd Außenwirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4120953-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4065468-0 (DE-588)4557997-0 (DE-588)4120953-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business |
| title_auth | Nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business |
| title_exact_search | Nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business |
| title_full | Nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business Steven Brakman ... |
| title_fullStr | Nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business Steven Brakman ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business Steven Brakman ... |
| title_new | International economics and business |
| title_short | Nations and firms in the global economy |
| title_sort | nations and firms in the global economy an introduction to international economics and business |
| title_sub | an introduction to international economics and business |
| topic | Comercio internacional Empresas internacionales Globalización Internationale economie gtt Relaciones económicas internacionales Globalisierung Multinationales Unternehmen Weltwirtschaft Globalization International business enterprises International economic relations International trade Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd Außenwirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4120953-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Comercio internacional Empresas internacionales Globalización Internationale economie Relaciones económicas internacionales Globalisierung Multinationales Unternehmen Weltwirtschaft Globalization International business enterprises International economic relations International trade Außenwirtschaftstheorie Lehrbuch |
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