Victimology in South Africa:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Pretoria
van Schaik
2005
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 371 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0627026133 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Victimology in South Africa |c ed. Linda Davis ... |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Pretoria |b van Schaik |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 371 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Viktimologie |2 swd | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Victims of crimes |x Legal status, laws, etc. |z South Africa | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Victims of crimes |z South Africa | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Südafrika <Staat> |2 swd | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Südafrika (Staat) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Davis, Linda |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014576898&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135027426983936 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CTIMOLOCY
IN SOUTH AFRICA
Editors
Linda Davis amp; Rika Snyman
Van Schaik
PUBLISHERS
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 VICTIMOLOGY IN CONTEXT
Chapter 1 Overview of and concepts in victimology
1 1 Introduction 3
1 2 Historical development of victimology 4
1 3 The study field and scope of victimology 6
1 4 Defining the concept victim 8
1 5 Victim empowerment and victim support 10
1 6 Conclusion 12
Chapter 2 Determining the extent and nature of victimisation in South
Africa
2 1 Introduction 15
2 2 Data sources of criminal victimisation 16
221 Official crime statistics 16
222 Crime victim surveys 18
223 Some methodological considerations with regard to the
measurement of victimisation 25
2 3 Victimology research in South Africa 26
231 Methodological and ethical considerations when conducting
research in the field of victimology 27
232 Challenges for researchers in South Africa 29
2 4 Conclusion 30
Chapter 3 Theoretical approaches and perspectives in victimology
3 1 Introduction 35
3 2 Lifestyle/exposure model of personal victimisation: Hindelang,
Gottfredson and Garofalo (1978) 36
321 Evaluation of the lifestyle/exposure model of personal
victimisation 39
3 3 Routine activities approach: Cohen and Felson (1979) 39
331 Evaluation of the routine activities approach 41
3 4 The opportunity model: Cohen, Kleugel and Land (1981) 42
341 Evaluation of the opportunity model 42
3 5 The differential risk model of criminal victimisation: Fattah (1991) 43
351 Evaluation of the differential risk model of criminal victimisation 44
3 6 Extended low self-control theory: Schreck (1999) 44
361 Evaluation of the low self-control theory 46
3 7 Extended control balance theory: Piquero and Hickman (2003) 46
371 Evaluation of the control balance theory 48
3 8 Other theoretical developments 48
381 Explanations on a macro level 48
382 Explanations on a micro level 49
3 9 Future theoretical developments 51
3 10 Conclusion 52
Chapter a Victimisation risk factors, repeat victimisation and victim
profiling
4 1 Introduction 55
4 2 Explanation of key concepts 56
421 Victim risk 56
422 Victim vulnerability 56
423 Precipitation 56
424 Facilitation 56
425 Susceptibility 57
426 Opportunity 57
427 Attractiveness of the target 57
428 Impunity 57
4 3 Demographic and biological risk factors 57
431 Geographic location 57
432 Age 58
433 Gender 58
434 Marital status 59
435 Ethnic group 59
436 Social class 59
4 4 The victim-criminal relationship as a risk factor 59
441 Victim-proneness typologies 59
442 Victim-offender interaction 61
443 Critique on victim-offender relationships as a risk factor 62
4 5 Lifestyle as a factor in crime victimisation risk 63
451 Leisure-time activities 63
452 Use of substances 63
453 Internet access 64
454 Equivalent groups 64
455 Tourists 65
4 6 Repeat victimisation 65
461 Definition of repeat victimisation 65
462 Characteristics and patterns of repeat victimisation 65
463 Hot dots (series of victimisation) and hot spots (high crime areas) 66
464 Occurrence of repeat victimisation 67
4 7 Victim profiling 68
471 The concept of victim profiling 68
472 The value of victim profiling 68
473 The compilation of a victim profile 68
474 Examples of victim profiles 69
4 8 Conclusion 71
XI
Chapter 5 Victim empowerment and support in South Africa
5 1 Introduction 74
5 2 Why do victims need attention? 75
5 3 Victim support 77
5 4 Victim empowerment 77
5 5 Theoretical models for the implementation of victim empowerment 77
5 6 International developments 78
5 7 South African developments 78
571 National Crime Prevention Strategy 79
572 National Crime Prevention Strategy Victim Empowerment
Programme 80
573 Critique of the South African government s Victim Empowerment
Programme 81
574 Strategic planning (2002-2005) 83
58A South African model for victim empowerment 84
581 Departmental initiatives 86
582 Civil society 86
5 9 Volunteerism 92
591 Motivation for volunteering 92
592 Advantages and disadvantages of volunteering 93
593 Coordinating and managing a volunteer-driven project 94
5 10 Future directions and challenges for victim empowerment in South
Africa 96
Chapter 6 Challenges of the criminal justice system in addressing the
needs of victims and witnesses
6 1 Introduction 100
6 2 Victim support, victim empowerment and criminal justice 101
621 Victim safety - protection against violence and intimidation 101
622 Medical assistance and advice, emotional support and trauma
counselling 102
623 Secondary victimisation 102
624 Vulnerable victims and witnesses 103
625 Receiving information about cases, the criminal justice process
and the perpetrator 105
626 Providing information and contributing to decision making 107
627 Compensation 109
628 Restorative justice I l l
629 Victims and crime prevention I l l
6 3 Witnesses I l l
6 4 Conclusion 113
Chapter 7 Restorative justice
7 1 Introduction 117
7 2 Restorative justice and policy 118
XII
7 3 Why this interest in restorative justice? 119
7 4 The needs of crime victims 120
7 5 Restorative justice - a reconceptualisation of justice 121
7 6 Why does the criminal justice system tend to overlook the needs of
victims? 123
7 7 Does restorative justice really offer victims anything different? 126
7 8 Shortcomings and pitfalls of restorative justice 126
781 General beliefs 126
782 Further critiques about restorative justice from a victim s
perspective 128
7 9 Conclusion 128
Chapter 8 South African legislation supporting victims rights
8 1 Introduction 131
8 2 Understanding the role of the law in advancing victims rights 132
8 3 Victims rights: international perspectives 133
8 4 The South African Constitution 135
8 5 The Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy 137
8 6 The Domestic Violence Act (Act 116 of 1998) 138
861 Critical problems in implementing the Domestic Violence Act 140
8 7 The Sexual Offences Bill 141
8 8 Mandatory minimum sentencing 144
8 9 The Child Justice Bill 146
8 10 The Children s Bill 148
8 11 Conclusion 149
Chapter 9 Victimisation reduction and prevention
9 1 Introduction 152
9 2 Understanding the context of victimisation 153
9 3 The reduction of criminal events 154
931 Zero tolerance 154
932 Closed circuit television systems (CCTV) 154
933 Development of inner-city spaces - unsafe public areas 155
934 Crime prevention through environmental design 155
935 Reducing the opportunity for attractiveness of crime 159
936 Harsher punishment 159
9 4 The reduction of the number of criminal offenders 161
9 5 The reduction of the vulnerability of potential victims of crime 162
951 Categorisation of victims 162
952 Hierarchy of victimisation 163
953 Mass media 163
954 Awareness and education campaigns 164
955 Programmes claiming to prevent crime 165
9 6 Conclusion 165
XIII
SECTION 2 SPECIFIC CATEGORIES OF VICTIMS
Chapter 10 socio-political context of vulnerable victims in
South Africa
10 1 Introduction 171
10 2 Vulnerability in context 172
10 3 Conclusion 173
Chapter 11 Victimisation vulnerability of children
11 1 Introduction 175
11 2 Legislative framework 176
11 3 Street children 176
11 3 1 Incidence : 177
11 3 2 Crime and victimisation risk factors 178
11 3 3 Impact and consequences of living on the street 179
11 3 4 The problem of street children in perspective 179
11 4 Commercial sexual exploitation of children 180
11 4 1 Child survival sex 180
11 4 2 Trafficking of children 180
11 4 3 Child sex tourism 181
11 4 4 Exploitation by means of the Internet 181
11 5 Child labour 182
11 6 Initiation practices 182
11 6 1 Female initiation practices 182
11 6 2 Male initiation practices 183
11 7 Child soldiers 184
11 7 1 Consequences of child soldiering 185
11 8 Conclusion 185
Chapter 12 Women and men as vulnerable victims
12 1 Introduction 189
12 2 Women as victims of sexual violence 190
12 2 1 Social dynamics of domestic abuse 191
12 2 2 Psychological dynamics of domestic abuse 191
12 3 Men as victims 192
12 4 Comparison between men and women as victims 193
12 5 The role of the law and law enforcement 195
12 6 Conclusion 196
Chapter 13 Victimisation of the elderly
13 1 Introduction 199
13 2 Description of relevant concepts 200
13 2 1 Elder victimisation 200
13 2 2 Elder abuse and neglect 200
13 3 Extent and frequency of elder victimisation and abuse 202
XIV
13 4 Risk factors that increase the vulnerability of older people to victimisa-
tion and abuse 203
13 4 1 Individual factors 203
13 4 2 Relationship factors 204
13 4 3 Community and societal factors 204
13 5 Impact and consequences of elder victimisation 205
13 6 Prevention of elder victimisation 205
13 6 1 Responses at national level 205
13 6 2 Local responses 206
13 7 Conclusion 206
Chapter 14 Victims of workplace violence
14 1 Introduction 209
14 2 The concept of workplace violence 210
14 3 Workplace violence typologies 212
14 3 1 Type I: Stranger workplace violence 212
14 3 2 Type II: Customer/client workplace violence 212
14 3 3 Type III: Organisational workplace violence 213
14 3 4 Type IV: Relationship workplace violence 213
14 3 5 Type V: Employer-on-employee workplace violence 213
14 4 Victims of workplace violence 213
14 4 1 Police officers as victims of workplace violence 214
14 4 2 Correctional services officers as victims of workplace violence 214
14 4 3 Domestic workers as victims of workplace violence 215
14 5 Prevention of workplace violence 215
14 6 Conclusion 216
Chapter 15 Victims of farm attacks
15 1 Introduction 218
15 2 Defining farm attacks 218
15 3 Historical background 219
15 4 Incidence of farm attacks 219
15 5 Distribution of attacks 219
15 6 Nature of farm attacks 219
15 6 1 Reconnaissance phase 220
15 6 2 Operational phase (the attack) 220
15 6 3 The escape phase (departure from the crime scene) 221
15 7 Crimes committed during the attack 221
15 8 Profile of farm attack victims 222
15 9 Profile of suspects involved 222
15 10 Consequences of victimisation 223
15 10 1 Death and injury 223
15 10 2 Financial losses and/or expenses 224
15 10 3 Psychological harm 224
15 11 Prevention of farm attacks 224
15 12 Conclusion 225
XV
Chapter 16 victims of vehicle hijacking
16 1 Introduction 228
16 2 Extent of vehicle hijacking 228
16 3 Nature of vehicle hijacking 229
16 4 Offender profile and target selection 230
16 5 Violence and threats of violence during a hijacking 231
16 5 1 Occurrence of violence 231
16 5 2 Forms of violence 232
16 6 Consequences of vehicle hijacking 232
16 6 1 Financial costs 232
16 6 2 Physical consequences 233
16 6 3 Psychological harm 233
16 6 4 Social consequences 235
16 7 Reducing incidents of vehicle hijacking 235
16 7 1 Legal sanctions and law enforcement 235
16 7 2 Reducing victim vulnerability 237
16 7 3 Decreasing the risk of injury or death 237
16 8 Conclusion 237
Chapter 17 Hate crime: a new category of vulnerable victims for
a new South Africa
17 1 Introduction 240
17 2 Defining hate crimes, hate incidents and hate speech 241
17 2 1 An international perspective on hate crimes 241
17 2 2 International standards for human rights and non-discrimination 241
17 23A South African perspective on prejudice-motivated crime 243
17 2 4 Controversial legislation 244
17 3 The extent of hate crime 245
17 3 1 Race-based hate crimes 246
17 3 2 Sexual orientation-based hate victimisation 247
17 4 Impact of hate crime victimisation 248
17 4 1 Individual impact 248
17 4 2 Societal impact 250
17 4 3 Secondary victimisation 250
17 5 Factors contributing to hate crimes 250
17 5 1 Social background factors 251
17 5 2 Group dynamics 251
17 5 3 Psychological notions 252
17 5 4 Institutionalised discrimination 252
17 5 5 Patriarchy 252
17 6 Challenges in reducing hate crimes 253
17 6 1 Criminal justice responses 253
17 6 2 Human rights awareness programmes 253
17 6 3 Diversity training and stereotype reduction 254
17 7 Conclusion 254
xvi
Chapter 18 Sex workers: survivors of multiple victimisation
18 1 Introduction 257
18 2 Crimes committed against sex workers 258
18 2 1 Crimes committed by the police 258
18 2 2 Cycle of arrests 259
18 2 3 Abuse by well-intentioned members of the public 261
18 3 Where to from here? 261
18 4 Conclusion 261
Chapter 19 Hiv/Aids and gender-based violent crime in South Africa
19 1 Introduction 263
19 2 Gender-based violence: sexual assault, domestic violence and HTV
infection 264
19 3 Stigma and the victimisation of people living with HIV/Aids in historical
context 265
19 4 Understanding attacks on women living with HIV as gender-based hate
crimes: case study: Gugu Dlamini 266
19 4 1 Three key lessons from the Gugu Dlamini case 266
19 4 2 Human rights-based HIV/Aids activism as victim-empowerment 267
19 5 Conclusion 268
Chapter 20 Trials of transition: the case of ex-combatants
20 1 Introduction 271
20 2 Contested terrain: who is an ex-combatant? 272
20 3 Historical victims of violence and crime 272
20 3 1 Victims of war crimes 273
20 3 2 Victims of war 273
20 4 Current victimisation, fear and relations to state security structures 274
20 5 Reconciling past and present: the psycho-social strains of reintegration 275
20 5 1 Betrayal and alienation 275
20 5 2 Transition stress 275
20 6 Violence and crime prevention concerns 276
20 7 The need for multi-pronged strategies 276
20 8 Conclusion 277
Chapter 21 Victims of human trafficking
21 1 Introduction 280
21 2 Definition of human trafficking 281
21 3 The extent of human trafficking 282
21 4 Factors contributing to human trafficking 283
21 5 The different forms of human trafficking 285
21 5 1 Sexual exploitation 285
21 5 2 Human organs 285
21 5 3 Labour 285
21 5 4 Drug couriers 285
21 5 5 Adoption 285
XVII
21 6 International and national instruments to deal with human trafficking 285
21 7 The protection and support for victims of human trafficking 287
21 8 Conclusion 289
Chapter 22 Victimisation and the rights of foreign migrants in South
Africa
22 1 Introduction 291
22 2 Growth in xenophobia: contextualisation 292
22 3 Xenophobia: an assault on migrants rights? 293
22 4 Patterns of victimisation 294
22 5 Human rights and migrants 297
22 6 Human rights and xenophobia in South Africa 299
22 7 Conclusion 302
Chapter 23 Offenders as victims: exploring the interchangeability of
victim and offender roles
23 1 Introduction 307
23 2 Victims who become offenders: the cycle of crime 308
23 3 Victims in prison 309
23 3 1 Victims contribution to prison violence 309
23 3 2 Prison gangs 310
23 3 3 Sexual violence 311
23 3 4 Impact of prison victimisation 311
23 4 Conclusion 312
Chapter 24 Victims of commercial crime
24 1 Introduction 315
24 2 White-collar crime versus commercial crime 316
24 2 1 White-collar crime 316
24 2 2 Commercial crime 316
24 3 Victims of commercial crime 318
24 3 1 Determining the impact of commercial crimes on victims 318
24 4 Victims and potential victims fighting back 319
24 4 1 Proactive measures 320
24 4 2 Reactive measures 320
24 5 Law enforcement agencies that deal with commercial crime 321
24 6 Conclusion 321
Chapter 25 Ecological victimisation
25 1 Introduction 323
25 2 Beyond the demographics of the human ecology 324
25 3 Ecological victims 324
25 3 1 Wildlife victims 325
25 3 2 Environmental victims 326
25 3 3 Heritage victims 326
XVIII
25 4 The nature of illegal trade in endangered species as an example of
ecological victimisation 326
25 4 1 Rhino as the target of crime 327
25 4 2 The illegal trade in rhino horn 327
25 5 Victimology in southern Africa - a multidisciplinary approach towards
victim empowerment 328
25 6 Conclusion 328
SECTION 3 THE FUTURE OF VICTIMOLOGY
Chapter 26 international protocols on victims rights and some
reflections on significant recent developments in
victimology
26 1 Introduction 333
26 2 International protocols, with special reference to the European Union
Framework Decision on the Standing of Victims in Criminal
Proceedings 334
26 3 New horizons in victimology - reflections on international develop-
ments 342
26 3 1 Restorative justice and mediation 343
26 3 2 Terrorism 344
26 3 3 The International Criminal Court and ad hoc tribunals 345
26 3 4 Cultural diversity and criminal justice 346
26 3 5 The scope of victimology 347
26 4 Conclusion 348
Chapter 27 Victimology in South Africa: the way forward
27 1 Introduction 352
27 2 Victimology in context 352
27 3 Specific categories of victims 357
27 4 Thoughts on future developments in the field of victimology 361
27 5 Some final words 362
index 366
©
VanSchalk! •
, Publisher, I XIX
|
| adam_txt |
CTIMOLOCY
IN SOUTH AFRICA
Editors
Linda Davis amp; Rika Snyman
Van Schaik
PUBLISHERS
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 VICTIMOLOGY IN CONTEXT
Chapter 1 Overview of and concepts in victimology
1 1 Introduction 3
1 2 Historical development of victimology 4
1 3 The study field and scope of victimology 6
1 4 Defining the concept victim 8
1 5 Victim empowerment and victim support 10
1 6 Conclusion 12
Chapter 2 Determining the extent and nature of victimisation in South
Africa
2 1 Introduction 15
2 2 Data sources of criminal victimisation 16
221 Official crime statistics 16
222 Crime victim surveys 18
223 Some methodological considerations with regard to the
measurement of victimisation 25
2 3 Victimology research in South Africa 26
231 Methodological and ethical considerations when conducting
research in the field of victimology 27
232 Challenges for researchers in South Africa 29
2 4 Conclusion 30
Chapter 3 Theoretical approaches and perspectives in victimology
3 1 Introduction 35
3 2 Lifestyle/exposure model of personal victimisation: Hindelang,
Gottfredson and Garofalo (1978) 36
321 Evaluation of the lifestyle/exposure model of personal
victimisation 39
3 3 Routine activities approach: Cohen and Felson (1979) 39
331 Evaluation of the routine activities approach 41
3 4 The opportunity model: Cohen, Kleugel and Land (1981) 42
341 Evaluation of the opportunity model 42
3 5 The differential risk model of criminal victimisation: Fattah (1991) 43
351 Evaluation of the differential risk model of criminal victimisation 44
3 6 Extended low self-control theory: Schreck (1999) 44
361 Evaluation of the low self-control theory 46
3 7 Extended control balance theory: Piquero and Hickman (2003) 46
371 Evaluation of the control balance theory 48
3 8 Other theoretical developments 48
381 Explanations on a macro level 48
382 Explanations on a micro level 49
3 9 Future theoretical developments 51
3 10 Conclusion 52
Chapter a Victimisation risk factors, repeat victimisation and victim
profiling
4 1 Introduction 55
4 2 Explanation of key concepts 56
421 Victim risk 56
422 Victim vulnerability 56
423 Precipitation 56
424 Facilitation 56
425 Susceptibility 57
426 Opportunity 57
427 Attractiveness of the target 57
428 Impunity 57
4 3 Demographic and biological risk factors 57
431 Geographic location 57
432 Age 58
433 Gender 58
434 Marital status 59
435 Ethnic group 59
436 Social class 59
4 4 The victim-criminal relationship as a risk factor 59
441 Victim-proneness typologies 59
442 Victim-offender interaction 61
443 Critique on victim-offender relationships as a risk factor 62
4 5 Lifestyle as a factor in crime victimisation risk 63
451 Leisure-time activities 63
452 Use of substances 63
453 Internet access 64
454 Equivalent groups 64
455 Tourists 65
4 6 Repeat victimisation 65
461 Definition of repeat victimisation 65
462 Characteristics and patterns of repeat victimisation 65
463 Hot dots (series of victimisation) and hot spots (high crime areas) 66
464 Occurrence of repeat victimisation 67
4 7 Victim profiling 68
471 The concept of victim profiling 68
472 The value of victim profiling 68
473 The compilation of a victim profile 68
474 Examples of victim profiles 69
4 8 Conclusion 71
XI
Chapter 5 Victim empowerment and support in South Africa
5 1 Introduction 74
5 2 Why do victims need attention? 75
5 3 Victim support 77
5 4 Victim empowerment 77
5 5 Theoretical models for the implementation of victim empowerment 77
5 6 International developments 78
5 7 South African developments 78
571 National Crime Prevention Strategy 79
572 National Crime Prevention Strategy Victim Empowerment
Programme 80
573 Critique of the South African government's Victim Empowerment
Programme 81
574 Strategic planning (2002-2005) 83
58A South African model for victim empowerment 84
581 Departmental initiatives 86
582 Civil society 86
5 9 Volunteerism 92
591 Motivation for volunteering 92
592 Advantages and disadvantages of volunteering 93
593 Coordinating and managing a volunteer-driven project 94
5 10 Future directions and challenges for victim empowerment in South
Africa 96
Chapter 6 Challenges of the criminal justice system in addressing the
needs of victims and witnesses
6 1 Introduction 100
6 2 Victim support, victim empowerment and criminal justice 101
621 Victim safety - protection against violence and intimidation 101
622 Medical assistance and advice, emotional support and trauma
counselling 102
623 Secondary victimisation 102
624 Vulnerable victims and witnesses 103
625 Receiving information about cases, the criminal justice process
and the perpetrator 105
626 Providing information and contributing to decision making 107
627 Compensation 109
628 Restorative justice I l l
629 Victims and crime prevention I l l
6 3 Witnesses I l l
6 4 Conclusion 113
Chapter 7 Restorative justice
7 1 Introduction 117
7 2 Restorative justice and policy 118
XII
7 3 Why this interest in restorative justice? 119
7 4 The needs of crime victims 120
7 5 Restorative justice - a reconceptualisation of justice 121
7 6 Why does the criminal justice system tend to overlook the needs of
victims? 123
7 7 Does restorative justice really offer victims anything different? 126
7 8 Shortcomings and pitfalls of restorative justice 126
781 General beliefs 126
782 Further critiques about restorative justice from a victim's
perspective 128
7 9 Conclusion 128
Chapter 8 South African legislation supporting victims' rights
8 1 Introduction 131
8 2 Understanding the role of the law in advancing victims' rights 132
8 3 Victims' rights: international perspectives 133
8 4 The South African Constitution 135
8 5 The Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy 137
8 6 The Domestic Violence Act (Act 116 of 1998) 138
861 Critical problems in implementing the Domestic Violence Act 140
8 7 The Sexual Offences Bill 141
8 8 Mandatory minimum sentencing 144
8 9 The Child Justice Bill 146
8 10 The Children's Bill 148
8 11 Conclusion 149
Chapter 9 Victimisation reduction and prevention
9 1 Introduction 152
9 2 Understanding the context of victimisation 153
9 3 The reduction of criminal events 154
931 Zero tolerance 154
932 Closed circuit television systems (CCTV) 154
933 Development of inner-city spaces - unsafe public areas 155
934 Crime prevention through environmental design 155
935 Reducing the opportunity for attractiveness of crime 159
936 Harsher punishment 159
9 4 The reduction of the number of criminal offenders 161
9 5 The reduction of the vulnerability of potential victims of crime 162
951 Categorisation of victims 162
952 Hierarchy of victimisation 163
953 Mass media 163
954 Awareness and education campaigns 164
955 Programmes claiming to prevent crime 165
9 6 Conclusion 165
XIII
SECTION 2 SPECIFIC CATEGORIES OF VICTIMS
Chapter 10 socio-political context of vulnerable victims in
South Africa
10 1 Introduction 171
10 2 Vulnerability in context 172
10 3 Conclusion 173
Chapter 11 Victimisation vulnerability of children
11 1 Introduction 175
11 2 Legislative framework 176
11 3 Street children 176
11 3 1 Incidence : 177
11 3 2 Crime and victimisation risk factors 178
11 3 3 Impact and consequences of living on the street 179
11 3 4 The problem of street children in perspective 179
11 4 Commercial sexual exploitation of children 180
11 4 1 Child survival sex 180
11 4 2 Trafficking of children 180
11 4 3 Child sex tourism 181
11 4 4 Exploitation by means of the Internet 181
11 5 Child labour 182
11 6 Initiation practices 182
11 6 1 Female initiation practices 182
11 6 2 Male initiation practices 183
11 7 Child soldiers 184
11 7 1 Consequences of child soldiering 185
11 8 Conclusion 185
Chapter 12 Women and men as vulnerable victims
12 1 Introduction 189
12 2 Women as victims of sexual violence 190
12 2 1 Social dynamics of domestic abuse 191
12 2 2 Psychological dynamics of domestic abuse 191
12 3 Men as victims 192
12 4 Comparison between men and women as victims 193
12 5 The role of the law and law enforcement 195
12 6 Conclusion 196
Chapter 13 Victimisation of the elderly
13 1 Introduction 199
13 2 Description of relevant concepts 200
13 2 1 Elder victimisation 200
13 2 2 Elder abuse and neglect 200
13 3 Extent and frequency of elder victimisation and abuse 202
XIV
13 4 Risk factors that increase the vulnerability of older people to victimisa-
tion and abuse 203
13 4 1 Individual factors 203
13 4 2 Relationship factors 204
13 4 3 Community and societal factors 204
13 5 Impact and consequences of elder victimisation 205
13 6 Prevention of elder victimisation 205
13 6 1 Responses at national level 205
13 6 2 Local responses 206
13 7 Conclusion 206
Chapter 14 Victims of workplace violence
14 1 Introduction 209
14 2 The concept of workplace violence 210
14 3 Workplace violence typologies 212
14 3 1 Type I: Stranger workplace violence 212
14 3 2 Type II: Customer/client workplace violence 212
14 3 3 Type III: Organisational workplace violence 213
14 3 4 Type IV: Relationship workplace violence 213
14 3 5 Type V: Employer-on-employee workplace violence 213
14 4 Victims of workplace violence 213
14 4 1 Police officers as victims of workplace violence 214
14 4 2 Correctional services officers as victims of workplace violence 214
14 4 3 Domestic workers as victims of workplace violence 215
14 5 Prevention of workplace violence 215
14 6 Conclusion 216
Chapter 15 Victims of farm attacks
15 1 Introduction 218
15 2 Defining farm attacks 218
15 3 Historical background 219
15 4 Incidence of farm attacks 219
15 5 Distribution of attacks 219
15 6 Nature of farm attacks 219
15 6 1 Reconnaissance phase 220
15 6 2 Operational phase (the attack) 220
15 6 3 The escape phase (departure from the crime scene) 221
15 7 Crimes committed during the attack 221
15 8 Profile of farm attack victims 222
15 9 Profile of suspects involved 222
15 10 Consequences of victimisation 223
15 10 1 Death and injury 223
15 10 2 Financial losses and/or expenses 224
15 10 3 Psychological harm 224
15 11 Prevention of farm attacks 224
15 12 Conclusion 225
XV
Chapter 16 victims of vehicle hijacking
16 1 Introduction 228
16 2 Extent of vehicle hijacking 228
16 3 Nature of vehicle hijacking 229
16 4 Offender profile and target selection 230
16 5 Violence and threats of violence during a hijacking 231
16 5 1 Occurrence of violence 231
16 5 2 Forms of violence 232
16 6 Consequences of vehicle hijacking 232
16 6 1 Financial costs 232
16 6 2 Physical consequences 233
16 6 3 Psychological harm 233
16 6 4 Social consequences 235
16 7 Reducing incidents of vehicle hijacking 235
16 7 1 Legal sanctions and law enforcement 235
16 7 2 Reducing victim vulnerability 237
16 7 3 Decreasing the risk of injury or death 237
16 8 Conclusion 237
Chapter 17 Hate crime: a new category of vulnerable victims for
a new South Africa
17 1 Introduction 240
17 2 Defining hate crimes, hate incidents and hate speech 241
17 2 1 An international perspective on hate crimes 241
17 2 2 International standards for human rights and non-discrimination 241
17 23A South African perspective on prejudice-motivated crime 243
17 2 4 Controversial legislation 244
17 3 The extent of hate crime 245
17 3 1 Race-based hate crimes 246
17 3 2 Sexual orientation-based hate victimisation 247
17 4 Impact of hate crime victimisation 248
17 4 1 Individual impact 248
17 4 2' Societal impact 250
17 4 3 Secondary victimisation 250
17 5 Factors contributing to hate crimes 250
17 5 1 Social background factors 251
17 5 2 Group dynamics 251
17 5 3 Psychological notions 252
17 5 4 Institutionalised discrimination 252
17 5 5 Patriarchy 252
17 6 Challenges in reducing hate crimes 253
17 6 1 Criminal justice responses 253
17 6 2 Human rights awareness programmes 253
17 6 3 Diversity training and stereotype reduction 254
17 7 Conclusion 254
xvi
Chapter 18 Sex workers: survivors of multiple victimisation
18 1 Introduction 257
18 2 Crimes committed against sex workers 258
18 2 1 Crimes committed by the police 258
18 2 2 Cycle of arrests 259
18 2 3 Abuse by well-intentioned members of the public 261
18 3 Where to from here? 261
18 4 Conclusion 261
Chapter 19 Hiv/Aids and gender-based violent crime in South Africa
19 1 Introduction 263
19 2 Gender-based violence: sexual assault, domestic violence and HTV
infection 264
19 3 Stigma and the victimisation of people living with HIV/Aids in historical
context 265
19 4 Understanding attacks on women living with HIV as gender-based hate
crimes: case study: Gugu Dlamini 266
19 4 1 Three key lessons from the Gugu Dlamini case 266
19 4 2 Human rights-based HIV/Aids activism as victim-empowerment 267
19 5 Conclusion 268
Chapter 20 Trials of transition: the case of ex-combatants
20 1 Introduction 271
20 2 Contested terrain: who is an ex-combatant? 272
20 3 Historical victims of violence and crime 272
20 3 1 Victims of war crimes 273
20 3 2 Victims of war 273
20 4 Current victimisation, fear and relations to state security structures 274
20 5 Reconciling past and present: the psycho-social strains of reintegration 275
20 5 1 Betrayal and alienation 275
20 5 2 Transition stress 275
20 6 Violence and crime prevention concerns 276
20 7 The need for multi-pronged strategies 276
20 8 Conclusion 277
Chapter 21 Victims of human trafficking
21 1 Introduction 280
21 2 Definition of human trafficking 281
21 3 The extent of human trafficking 282
21 4 Factors contributing to human trafficking 283
21 5 The different forms of human trafficking 285
21 5 1 Sexual exploitation 285
21 5 2 Human organs 285
21 5 3 Labour 285
21 5 4 Drug couriers 285
21 5 5 Adoption 285
XVII
21 6 International and national instruments to deal with human trafficking 285
21 7 The protection and support for victims of human trafficking 287
21 8 Conclusion 289
Chapter 22 Victimisation and the rights of foreign migrants in South
Africa
22 1 Introduction 291
22 2 Growth in xenophobia: contextualisation 292
22 3 Xenophobia: an assault on migrants' rights? 293
22 4 Patterns of victimisation 294
22 5 Human rights and migrants 297
22 6 Human rights and xenophobia in South Africa 299
22 7 Conclusion 302
Chapter 23 Offenders as victims: exploring the interchangeability of
victim and offender roles
23 1 Introduction 307
23 2 Victims who become offenders: the cycle of crime 308
23 3 Victims in prison 309
23 3 1 Victims' contribution to prison violence 309
23 3 2 Prison gangs 310
23 3 3 Sexual violence 311
23 3 4 Impact of prison victimisation 311
23 4 Conclusion 312
Chapter 24 Victims of commercial crime
24 1 Introduction 315
24 2 White-collar crime versus commercial crime 316
24 2 1 White-collar crime 316
24 2 2 Commercial crime 316
24 3 Victims of commercial crime 318
24 3 1 Determining the impact of commercial crimes on victims 318
24 4 Victims and potential victims fighting back 319
24 4 1 Proactive measures 320
24 4 2 Reactive measures 320
24 5 Law enforcement agencies that deal with commercial crime 321
24 6 Conclusion 321
Chapter 25 Ecological victimisation
25 1 Introduction 323
25 2 Beyond the demographics of the human ecology 324
25 3 Ecological victims 324
25 3 1 Wildlife victims 325
25 3 2 Environmental victims 326
25 3 3 Heritage victims 326
XVIII
25 4 The nature of illegal trade in endangered species as an example of
ecological victimisation 326
25 4 1 Rhino as the target of crime 327
25 4 2 The illegal trade in rhino horn 327
25 5 Victimology in southern Africa - a multidisciplinary approach towards
victim empowerment 328
25 6 Conclusion 328
SECTION 3 THE FUTURE OF VICTIMOLOGY
Chapter 26 international protocols on victims' rights and some
reflections on significant recent developments in
victimology
26 1 Introduction 333
26 2 International protocols, with special reference to the European Union
Framework Decision on the Standing of Victims in Criminal
Proceedings 334
26 3 New horizons in victimology - reflections on international develop-
ments 342
26 3 1 Restorative justice and mediation 343
26 3 2 Terrorism 344
26 3 3 The International Criminal Court and ad hoc tribunals 345
26 3 4 Cultural diversity and criminal justice 346
26 3 5 The scope of victimology 347
26 4 Conclusion 348
Chapter 27 Victimology in South Africa: the way forward
27 1 Introduction 352
27 2 Victimology in context 352
27 3 Specific categories of victims 357
27 4 Thoughts on future developments in the field of victimology 361
27 5 Some final words 362
index 366
©
' VanSchalk! •
, Publisher, I XIX |
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| spelling | Victimology in South Africa ed. Linda Davis ... 1. ed. Pretoria van Schaik 2005 XIX, 371 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Viktimologie swd Victims of crimes Legal status, laws, etc. South Africa Victims of crimes South Africa Südafrika <Staat> swd Südafrika (Staat) Davis, Linda Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014576898&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title_auth | Victimology in South Africa |
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| topic | Viktimologie swd Victims of crimes Legal status, laws, etc. South Africa Victims of crimes South Africa |
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