Children - the modern law:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bristol
Family Law
2005
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LXXXIX, 811 S. |
| ISBN: | 0853089396 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804134583670669312 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE VII
TABLE OF CASES XXI
TABLE OF STATUTES LXI
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS, STATUTORY
GUIDANCE, ETC LXXIX
TABLE OF EC AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION LXXXV
TABLE OF FOREIGN ENACTMENTS XCI
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS XCIII
PART I BACKGROUND AND SOURCES OF CHILDREN LAW
CHAPTER 1 CHILDREN AND THE LAW: A DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HISTORICAL SKETCH 3
INTRODUCTION 3
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS: CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 4
THE CHILD AS A LEGAL PERSON 7
LEGAL POWER AND SOCIAL REALITY 8
THE FATHER S EXCLUSIVE ENTITLEMENT TO PARENTAL AUTHORITY 8
THE FAMILY AND OUTSIDERS 12
RELIGION: THE FIRST RECOGNITION OF CHILDREN S RIGHTS 13
THE ROLE OF THE COURT OF CHANCERY: WARDSHIP 13
PRINCIPLES ON WHICH THE COURT WOULD EXERCISE ITS DISCRETION: THE
PARAMOUNTCY OF THE CHILD S WELFARE 14
CHILD STILL NOT ENTITLED TO ACCESS TO COURTS 15
THE AGE OF MAJORITY 16
THE ROLE OF THE STATE 16
THE POOR LAW 16
BOARDING-OUT: ASSUMPTION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS 17
LOCAL AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBILITIES FOR CHILD CARE 17
ADOPTION 20
CHILD PROTECTION LEGISLATION 22
SPECIAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN ON PARENTAL DIVORCE 24
BACKGROUND 24
LEGISLATION 25
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: THE CHILDREN ACT
1989, THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON
THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, AND HUMAN RIGHTS 29
I THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 30
THE SCOPE OF THE LEGISLATION 30
GENERAL 30
CHILDREN ISSUES IN ADULT LITIGATION: BEYOND THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 31
IMPACT OF THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 ON OTHER LEGISLATION 33
OTHER CHILDREN ISSUES 33
XII CHILDREN - THE MODEM LAW
THE HISTORY OF THE LEGISLATION 34
THE PUBLIC LAW REVIEW 34
THE PRIVATE LAW REVIEW 36
CENTRAL PRINCIPLES 37
THE WELFARE PRINCIPLE 37
CAN PARAMOUNTCY SURVIVE THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998? 38
THE NO ORDER PRINCIPLE 45
DELAY IS PREJUDICIAL 47
PHILOSOPHIES AND IDEOLOGIES 49
THE STATE AND THE FAMILY 52
AGENTS OF THE STATE: THE COURTS AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 53
CHILDREN AND ADULT SOCIETY 57
FATHERS AND MOTHERS 58
THE STATUTORY SCHEME 60
THE FUNCTION OF PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 61
THE EFFECT OF COURT ORDERS ON PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 62
JURISDICTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 64
II THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF
THE CHILD 66
THE LEGAL EFFECT OF THE UN CONVENTION 67
GENERAL AIMS AND GENERAL OBLIGATIONS 70
SPECIFIC RIGHTS 72
EVALUATION OF THE UNCRC 77
III CHILDREN AND HUMAN RIGHTS: THE EUROPEAN
CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS, AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS
ACT 1998 78
THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 79
THE ECHR: KEY ARTICLES FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 80
THE POTENTIAL OF THE ECHR FOR CHILDREN 82
CHAPTER 3 THE CENTRAL ISSUES 85
CHILDHOOD AND PARENTHOOD 85
WHAT IS A CHILD? 86
THE BEGINNING OF CHILDHOOD 86
THE END OF CHILDHOOD 87
WHAT IS A PARENT? 88
WHO IS THE MOTHER? 91
WHO IS THE FATHER? 92
THE CONCEPT OF CHILDREN S RIGHTS 97
WELFARE VERSUS RIGHTS 98
CHILDREN S RIGHTS IN THE USA 99
DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN S RIGHTS IN ENGLAND 99
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY 101
SOME THEORIES OF CHILDREN S RIGHTS 101
MACCORMICK S TEST CASE 2Q2
THE EMERGENCE OF CHILDREN S RIGHTS ACCORDING TO EEKELAAR 104
FREEMAN S LIBERAL PATERNALISM
CONTENTS XIII
COMMON GROUND BETWEEN THE THEORIES 111
ONORA O NEILL: CHILDREN S RIGHTS OR ADULTS DUTIES? 112
DO CHILDREN HAVE DUTIES? 113
PARENTS: RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND DISCRETIONS 114
THE LEGAL INCIDENTS OF PARENTHOOD 115
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 119
PARENT-CHILD CONFLICTS 122
PARENTS AND CHILDREN: BALANCING RIGHTS AND INTERESTS 123
PART II CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
CHAPTER 4 THE MARRIED FAMILY AND DIVORCE 129
INTRODUCTION 129
MARRIED PARENTS 129
PROOF OF PARENTAGE 129
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 130
RESPONSIBILITY IS AUTOMATIC 131
PARENTHOOD IS FOR LIFE 132
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY CANNOT BE TRANSFERRED 132
SHARING PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IN MARRIAGE 133
POTENTIAL FOR SHARING 133
WHAT IS INVOLVED IN SHARING? 133
DISPUTES OVER CHILDREN DURING MARRIAGE 137
THE POSITION OF THIRD PARTIES 137
PREVENTATIVE COURT ORDERS 137
DIVORCE AND CHILDREN 138
A PROBLEM? 138
THE LEGAL BACKGROUND 141
THE EFFECT OF THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 141
THE FAMILY LAW ACT 1996: THE DISAPPEARING REFORM 143
PRIVATE ORDERS AND THE EXERCISE OF THE COURT S DISCRETION 150
THE RANGE OF ORDERS 151
APPLYING THE WELFARE PRINCIPLE: THE COURT S DISCRETION 173
CHILDREN AFTER DIVORCE: UNRESOLVED ISSUES 180
CHAPTERS THE UNMARRIED FAMILY 183
INTRODUCTION 183
ILLEGITIMACY: BEFORE 1987 185
THE POSITION AFTER 1987 186
ESTABLISHING PATERNITY AND FAMILY LIFE 188
THE AUTOMATIC POSITION 188
PROVING PATERNITY 189
HUMAN RIGHTS: WHEN DOES FAMILY LIFE BEGIN? 197
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE UNMARRIED FAMILY 201
THE BACKGROUND 201
ACQUIRING PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 205
SECTION 8 ORDERS: THE COURT S DISCRETION 210
PUBLIC POLICY, UNMARRIED PARENTHOOD AND HUMAN RIGHTS: SOME ISSUES FOR
THE FUTURE 215
XIV CHILDREN - THE MODERN LAW
CHAPTER 6 THE SOCIAL FAMILY 219
INTRODUCTION 219
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 219
THE GENERAL SCHEME 220
THE PRIVATE LAW 220
THE PUBLIC LAW 223
THE NATURE AND EFFECT OF ORDERS OBTAINED BY SOCIAL PARENTS: PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILITY, NOT PARENTHOOD 224
GUARDIANS
I
5
THE NATURE OF GUARDIANSHIP 225
THE APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIANS 227
THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF GUARDIANSHIP 228
REVOCATION, DISCLAIMER AND TERMINATION OF GUARDIANSHIP 231
STEP-PARENTS 232
THE NATURE OF STEP-PARENTHOOD 232
ACQUIRING A STATUS 233
FOSTER-PARENTS 237
THE NATURE OF FOSTER-PARENTHOOD 237
RELATIVES 242
DEFINITIONS AND PROBLEMS 242
SOCIAL PARENTS: NEW ALTERNATIVES FOR PERMANENCE 247
THE BACKGROUND 247
THE EXTENSION OF RESIDENCE ORDERS 249
SPECIAL GUARDIANSHIP 250
SURROGACY ARRANGEMENTS 254
THE NATURE OF SURROGACY 254
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SURROGACY ARRANGEMENTS 256
SOME POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 258
CHAPTER 7 ADOPTION 261
INTRODUCTION 261
THE NATURE OF ADOPTION 263
PURPOSES OF ADOPTION 263
CENTRAL PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW ADOPTION LAW 266
THE WELFARE PRINCIPLE 266
THE STATUTORY CHECKLIST OF FACTORS 267
CULTURE AND RELIGION 269
THE NO DELAY PRINCIPLE 269
THE NO ORDER PRINCIPLE 270
THE RANGE OF POWERS 270
LEGAL CONTROL OF ADOPTION SERVICES AND PLACEMENTS 271
PROHIBITION OF PRIVATE ADOPTION 271
THE ADOPTION SERVICE AND ADOPTION AGENCIES 272
QUALIFICATIONS FOR ADOPTION 273
WHICH CHILDREN MAY BE ADOPTED? 274
WHO MAY ADOPT? 975
THE PROBATIONARY PERIODS 279
THE NEW PLACEMENT REGIME 281
THE TROUBLE WITH FREEING FOR ADOPTION 281
CONTENTS XV
THE TWO ROUTES FOR PLACEMENT 282
THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF PLACEMENT 283
CONSENT TO ADOPTION 285
THE ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS 285
WHOSE CONSENT IS REQUIRED? 287
DISPENSING WITH CONSENT 291
THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF ADOPTION 296
GENERAL EFFECTS 296
OPEN ADOPTION? 298
THE REGISTERS 302
DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION RELATING TO A PERSON S ADOPTION 305
THE PLACE OF ADOPTION IN CHILD PROTECTION AND ALTERNATIVES FOR
PERMANENCE 306
CHAPTER 8 CHILDREN AND MEDICAL DECISIONS 309
INTRODUCTION 309
WHO DECIDES? 310
ON WHAT CRITERIA? 310
WHO IS A CHILD? 313
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 313
THE PARENTAL CONSENT PRINCIPLE 313
EXCEPTIONS TO THE PARENTAL CONSENT REQUIREMENT 318
THE PROBLEM OF INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN: THE SELECTIVE TREATMENT OF
THE NEWBORN 331
THE BABY ALEXANDRA CASE 332
THE TRIAL OF DR ARTHUR 333
THE CASE OF DIE HYDROCEPHALIC BABY: RE C 335
THE CASE OF THE PREMATURE BABY: RE] 336
THE RESURGENCE OF PARENTAL RIGHTS: RE T 338
THE DILEMMA OF THE CONJOINED TWINS: RE A 340
QUALITY OF LIFE OVER SANCTITY OF LIFE 343
CHILDREN S RIGHTS TO EQUALITY OF TREATMENT 344
THE PROBLEM OF OLDER CHILDREN: MEDICAL ISSUES ARISING FROM ADOLESCENT
SEXUALITY 345
THE GILHCK CASE 346
RER 349
REW 352
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF THE LEADING CASES 354
RECONCILING ADOLESCENT CAPACITY, PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY AND MEDICAL
PATERNALISM 356
CHAPTER 9 CHILDREN, MONEY AND PROPERTY 361
INTRODUCTION 361
CHILDREN AND PROPERTY 361
CHILDREN S CAPACITY TO OWN PROPERTY 361
MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN S PROPERTY 362
INHERITANCE RIGHTS 362
FAILURE TO PROVIDE FOR CHILDREN 363
COURT S POWER TO ORDER THAT REASONABLE FINANCIAL PROVISION BE MADE 363
EXERCISE OF THE COURT S DISCRETION 364
XVI CHILDREN - THE MODERN LAW
EVOLUTION OF THE OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR CHILDREN
368
THE IMPACT OF THE CHILD SUPPORT ACT 1991 ON THE PRIVATE LAW
GOVERNING FINANCIAL PROVISION FOR CHILDREN 369
WELFARE BENEFITS AND THEIR IMPACT 370
THE FINER REPORT: WELFARE BENEFITS AS THE THIRD SYSTEM OF FAMILY LAW 370
CHANGING APPROACHES TO THE STATE S ROLE 370
MEANS-TESTED BENEFITS FOR THE POOR: SUPPLEMENTARY BENEFIT AND FAMILY
INCOME SUPPLEMENT 371
REDUCING THE BURDEN OF WELFARE BENEFIT PROVISION 371
BENEFITS FOR SCHOOL-LEAVERS 315
AMOUNT OF INCOME SUPPORT 3 4
THE MEANS TEST
THE MOVE TO TAX CREDITS 310
MAXIMISING WELFARE BENEFITS FOLLOWING FAMILY BREAKDOWN: WELFARE
BENEFIT PLANNING 376
THE WELFARE BENEFIT CLEAN BREAK
THE REACTION TO WELFARE BENEFIT PLANNING 377
FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR CHILDREN UNDER THE CHILD SUPPORT ACT 1991 378
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CHILD SUPPORT LEGISLATION 3OL
ADMINISTRATION OF CHILD SUPPORT 384
LIABILITY TO MAINTAIN: NON-RESIDENT PARENTS 384
WHO IS A PARENT? 385
DISPUTES ABOUT PARENTAGE 385
THE OBLIGATION 386
THE MAINTENANCE CALCULATION 386
THE NEW RATES 387
VARIATIONS 389
REVISIONS 390
ASSESSMENT WILL BE MADE ONLY ON APPLICATION 390
AGREEMENTS CANNOT OUST AGENCY S JURISDICTION 391
INFORMATION 391
COLLECTION AND ENFORCEMENT 392
THE RESIDUAL ROLE OF THE COURT IN RELATION TO FINANCIAL PROVISION FOR
CHILDREN 393
THE COURT S POWERS IN RESPECT OF LUMP SUMS AND PROPERTY ADJUSTMENT 395
THE COURT S POWERS TO MAKE FINANCIAL ORDERS FOR THE BENEFIT OF CHILDREN
395
POWERS EXERCISABLE IN MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS 395
FINANCIAL ORDERS FOR CHILDREN UNDER THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 401
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHILDREN: SOME CONCLUDING POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS 406
PART HI CHILDREN AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES
CHAPTER 10 LOCAL AUTHORITY SUPPORT FOR CHILDREN
AND FAMILIES 413
INTRODUCTION 413
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUNTARY AND COMPULSORY ACTION 415
CHILDREN IN NEED: ELIGIBILITY FOR SERVICES 416
CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS 418
SERVICES FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 420
CONTENTS XVII
REFORMULATION OF THE GENERAL DIM 421
CHILDREN IN NEED 423
AVAILABLE SERVICES 425
SPECIFIC POWERS AND DUTIES 42F
THE PROVISION OF ACCOMMODATION 429
THE DUTY TO ACCOMMODATE 430
THE RELEVANCE OF OBJECTIONS 431
THE CHILD S POINT OF VIEW 434
THE USE OF SECURE ACCOMMODATION 136
POWERS AND DUTIES OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES TO CHILDREN LOOKED AFTER BY THEM
438
AGREEMENTS 439
STATUTORY DUTIES 440
YOUNG PERSONS QUALIFYING FOR ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE 44 )
LEGAL REGULATION OF SUBSTITUTE CARE ARRANGEMENTS 446
THE BACKGROUND 446
THE CARE STANDARDS ACT 2000 446
CHILDREN S HOMES 447
FOSTERING ARRANGEMENTS 449
CHILD-MINDING AND DAY-CARE FOR YOUNG CHILDREN 452
QUESTIONING LOCAL AUTHORITIES DECISIONS 454
REVIEWS AND REPRESENTATIONS 455
OTHER POTENTIAL REMEDIES 457
ACTIONS UNDER THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 464
CONCLUSION 466
CHAPTER 11 CARE AND SUPERVISION 469
INTRODUCTION 469
CHILD PROTECTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS 470
EMPHASIS ON CO-OPERATION 473
PROCEDURE BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF ANY ACTION 474
THE CHILD PROTECTION CONFERENCE 474
ATTENDANCE OF FAMILY MEMBERS AT CHILD PROTECTION CONFERENCES 475
THE LEGAL BASIS FOR COMPULSORY ORDERS 476
WHO MAY APPLY FOR AN ORDER? 477
WHICH CHILDREN? 479
WHICH PROCEEDINGS AND WHICH ORDERS? 480
ON WHAT GROUND? 483
CARE PLANS 505
CARE ORDERS 510
THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF A CARE ORDER 510
CONTACT WITH CHILDREN IN CARE 513
SUPERVISION 518
WHEN MAY A SUPERVISION ORDER BE MADE? 519
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF A SUPERVISION ORDER? 521
PROCEDURAL FEATURES AND OTHER ORDERS 523
PROCEDURAL CHANGES 524
INTERIM ORDERS 525
DISCHARGE OF CARE ORDERS AND DISCHARGE OR VARIATION OF SUPERVISION
ORDERS 530
WARDSHIP AND THE INHERENT JURISDICTION 532
WARDSHIP AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 533
4
VIII CHILDREN - THE MODERN LAW
THE INHERENT JURISDICTION AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 534
CHAPTER 12 INVESTIGATION AND SHORT-TERM PROTECTION 539
INTRODUCTION 539
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE REFORMS 539
THE EMERGENCY PROTECTION ORDER 540
THE NEED FOR A HALF-WAY HOUSE : THE CHILD ASSESSMENT ORDER 540
OTHER REFORMS UNDER THE CHILDREN ACT 541
INVESTIGATION 54^
SOURCES OF INITIAL INFORMATION 542
LOCAL AUTHORITY S INVESTIGATIONS 542
POSSIBLE COURSES OF ACTION FOLLOWING ENQUIRIES 544
THE VALUE OF CO-OPERATION 545
CHILD ASSESSMENT ORDERS 545
WHO MAY APPLY AND ON WHAT GROUNDS? 545
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE CAO? 547
HOW LONG DOES THE ORDER LAST? 548
EMERGENCY PROTECTION ORDERS 549
THE HUMAN RIGHTS CONTEXT 549
WHO MAY APPLY AND ON WHAT GROUNDS? 552
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE EPO? 555
HOW LONG DOES THE EPO LAST? 558
CAN THE ALLEGED ABUSER BE REMOVED INSTEAD? 559
POLICE PROTECTION 569
DIRECT ACTION 569
OBLIGATIONS WHICH THE POLICE MUST FULFIL 569
NO PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 570
ABDUCTION OF CHILDREN AND REFUGES FOR CHILDREN AT RISK 570
RUNAWAYS 570
CRIMINAL OFFENCE OF ABDUCTION 571
EXEMPTION OF CHILDREN S REFUGES 572
PART IV CHILDREN AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 13 CHILDREN IN COURT 575
INTRODUCTION 575
A NEW PHILOSOPHY: THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN S VIEWS 576
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN DIE COURT PROCESS 576
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE EXERCISE OF CHILDREN S RIGHTS 1996 577
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 579
COMMENCING AN ACTION 580
TRADITIONAL PROCEDURE 580
EXCEPTIONS UNDER THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 580
WHEN CAN A CHILD INVOKE THESE PROCEDURES? 581
REPRESENTATION 584
BACKGROUND 584
CURRENT TRENDS 585
CAFCASS * THE REORGANISATION OF REPRESENTATION IN FAMILY
PROCEEDINGS 585
PUBLIC FAMILY PROCEEDINGS 587
CONTENTS XIX
PRIVATE FAMILY PROCEEDINGS 593
EVIDENCE 596
CIVIL PROCEEDINGS 598
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 603
CHAPTER 14 CHILDREN AND THE CRIMINAL LAW 613
INTRODUCTION 613
PROTECTION 614
VIOLENT CRIMES AND PHYSICAL HARM 615
SEXUAL OFFENCES 620
SPECIAL OFFENCES RELATING TO CHILDREN 628
RESPONSIBILITY 630
THE CRIME AND DISORDER ACT 1998 630
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS 633
RESPONSIBILITY OF PARENTS 636
YOUNG OFFENDERS AND THE CRIMINAL PROCESS 640
PREVENTION AND DIVERSION 640
THE INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS 642
THE CRIMINAL COURTS 645
CONCLUSION: NEW LABOUR S APPROACH TO JUVENILE CRIME 657
CHAPTER 15: CHILDREN AND THE CIVIL LAW 659
INTRODUCTION 659
CHILDREN AND THE LAW OF TORT 660
PROTECTION OF CHILDREN 660
RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHILDREN S ACTS 670
CHILDREN AND THE LAW OF CONTRACT 673
VALID CONTRACTS 674
VOIDABLE CONTRACTS 676
UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS: LIABILITY UNDER THE MINORS CONTRACTS ACT
1987, IN RESTITUTION OR IN TORT 676
A SCOTTISH SOLUTION FOR ENGLAND? 677
THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS 679
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 680
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS REGARDING THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN AND
YOUNG PEOPLE 681
ENGLISH LAW: THE CURRENT SITUATION 683
THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN 683
THE EMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PERSONS 687
CHAPTER 16 CHILDREN AND EDUCATION 689
INTRODUCTION 689
RESOURCES AND PARENTAL CHOICE 690
MINIMUM STANDARDS 690
PARENTAL CHOICE 691
RIGHTS VERSUS RESPONSIBILITIES 692
ATTENDANCE AND DISCIPLINE 693
ATTENDANCE 693
DISCIPLINE 700
THE CURRICULUM 707
XX
CHILDREN - I HE MODERN LAIC
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 707
SECULAR EDUCATION: THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM 709
SEX EDUCATION 711
RELIGIOUS EDUCATION, WORSHIP AND PARENTAL UPBRINGING 715
SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS *
GENERAL DUTIES TOWARDS CHILDREN WITH SEN 721
THE DEFINITION OF SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS 722
THE CHOICE OF SCHOOL
IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN WITH SEN 723
REVIEW OF STATEMENTS 726
PARENTS RIGHTS OR CHILDREN S RIGHTS? 726
CHILDREN ACCOMMODATED IN INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS, LEA SCHOOLS AND
OTHER ESTABLISHMENTS 726
CHILDREN ACCOMMODATED IN HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS 727
CHILDREN ACCOMMODATED IN BOARDING-SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 727
THE IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 728
CHAPTER 17 CHILDREN IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 731
INTRODUCTION 731
THE INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN S RIGHTS MOVEMENT 731
THE DECLARATION OF GENEVA 1924 732
POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS 733
THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 1959 753
THE DEBATE ABOUT GENERAL APPLICATION 734
THE HAGUE CHILD PROTECTION CONVENTION 1996 735
WHAT IS THE CONVENTION ABOUT? 736
CONVENTION ON CONTACT CONCERNING CHILDREN 738
BRUSSELS II AND BRUSSELS II BIS 741
THE ABDUCTION CONVENTIONS 742
PREVENTING ABDUCTION 743
THE CRIMINAL LAW 744
THE CIVIL LAW 745
RECOVERY OF CHILDREN 749
INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION 765
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND 765
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION 767
THE ADOPTION REVIEW 767
THE HAGUE CONVENTION 769
ROMANIA: A TEST CASE FOR INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION? 771
CONCLUSION 11A
INDEX
775
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE VII
TABLE OF CASES XXI
TABLE OF STATUTES LXI
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS, STATUTORY
GUIDANCE, ETC LXXIX
TABLE OF EC AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION LXXXV
TABLE OF FOREIGN ENACTMENTS XCI
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS XCIII
PART I BACKGROUND AND SOURCES OF CHILDREN LAW
CHAPTER 1 CHILDREN AND THE LAW: A DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HISTORICAL SKETCH 3
INTRODUCTION 3
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS: CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 4
THE CHILD AS A LEGAL PERSON 7
LEGAL POWER AND SOCIAL REALITY 8
THE FATHER'S EXCLUSIVE ENTITLEMENT TO PARENTAL AUTHORITY 8
THE FAMILY AND OUTSIDERS 12
RELIGION: THE FIRST RECOGNITION OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 13
THE ROLE OF THE COURT OF CHANCERY: WARDSHIP 13
PRINCIPLES ON WHICH THE COURT WOULD EXERCISE ITS DISCRETION: THE
PARAMOUNTCY OF THE CHILD'S WELFARE 14
CHILD STILL NOT ENTITLED TO ACCESS TO COURTS 15
THE AGE OF MAJORITY 16
THE ROLE OF THE STATE 16
THE POOR LAW 16
BOARDING-OUT: ASSUMPTION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS 17
LOCAL AUTHORITIES' RESPONSIBILITIES FOR CHILD CARE 17
ADOPTION 20
CHILD PROTECTION LEGISLATION 22
SPECIAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN ON PARENTAL DIVORCE 24
BACKGROUND 24
LEGISLATION 25
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: THE CHILDREN ACT
1989, THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON
THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, AND HUMAN RIGHTS 29
I THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 30
THE SCOPE OF THE LEGISLATION 30
GENERAL 30
CHILDREN ISSUES IN ADULT LITIGATION: BEYOND THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 31
IMPACT OF THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 ON OTHER LEGISLATION 33
OTHER CHILDREN ISSUES 33
XII CHILDREN - THE MODEM LAW
THE HISTORY OF THE LEGISLATION 34
THE PUBLIC LAW REVIEW 34
THE PRIVATE LAW REVIEW 36
CENTRAL PRINCIPLES 37
THE WELFARE PRINCIPLE 37
CAN PARAMOUNTCY SURVIVE THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998? 38
THE NO ORDER PRINCIPLE 45
DELAY IS PREJUDICIAL 47
PHILOSOPHIES AND IDEOLOGIES 49
THE STATE AND THE FAMILY 52
AGENTS OF THE STATE: THE COURTS AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 53
CHILDREN AND ADULT SOCIETY 57
FATHERS AND MOTHERS 58
THE STATUTORY SCHEME 60
THE FUNCTION OF PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 61
THE EFFECT OF COURT ORDERS ON PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 62
JURISDICTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 64
II THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF
THE CHILD 66
THE LEGAL EFFECT OF THE UN CONVENTION 67
GENERAL AIMS AND GENERAL OBLIGATIONS 70
SPECIFIC RIGHTS 72
EVALUATION OF THE UNCRC 77
III CHILDREN AND HUMAN RIGHTS: THE EUROPEAN
CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS, AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS
ACT 1998 78
THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 79
THE ECHR: KEY ARTICLES FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 80
THE POTENTIAL OF THE ECHR FOR CHILDREN 82
CHAPTER 3 THE CENTRAL ISSUES 85
CHILDHOOD AND PARENTHOOD 85
WHAT IS A CHILD? 86
THE BEGINNING OF CHILDHOOD 86
THE END OF CHILDHOOD 87
WHAT IS A PARENT? 88
WHO IS THE MOTHER? 91
WHO IS THE FATHER? 92
THE CONCEPT OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 97
'WELFARE' VERSUS 'RIGHTS' 98
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN THE USA 99
DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN ENGLAND 99
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY 101
SOME THEORIES OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 101
MACCORMICK'S TEST CASE 2Q2
THE EMERGENCE OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS ACCORDING TO EEKELAAR 104
FREEMAN'S LIBERAL PATERNALISM
CONTENTS XIII
COMMON GROUND BETWEEN THE THEORIES 111
ONORA O'NEILL: CHILDREN'S RIGHTS OR ADULTS' DUTIES? 112
DO CHILDREN HAVE DUTIES? 113
PARENTS: RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND DISCRETIONS 114
THE LEGAL INCIDENTS OF PARENTHOOD 115
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 119
PARENT-CHILD CONFLICTS 122
PARENTS AND CHILDREN: BALANCING RIGHTS AND INTERESTS 123
PART II CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
CHAPTER 4 THE MARRIED FAMILY AND DIVORCE 129
INTRODUCTION 129
MARRIED PARENTS 129
PROOF OF PARENTAGE 129
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 130
RESPONSIBILITY IS AUTOMATIC 131
PARENTHOOD IS FOR LIFE 132
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY CANNOT BE TRANSFERRED 132
SHARING PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IN MARRIAGE 133
POTENTIAL FOR SHARING 133
WHAT IS INVOLVED IN SHARING? 133
DISPUTES OVER CHILDREN DURING MARRIAGE 137
THE POSITION OF THIRD PARTIES 137
PREVENTATIVE COURT ORDERS 137
DIVORCE AND CHILDREN 138
A PROBLEM? 138
THE LEGAL BACKGROUND 141
THE EFFECT OF THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 141
THE FAMILY LAW ACT 1996: THE DISAPPEARING REFORM 143
PRIVATE ORDERS AND THE EXERCISE OF THE COURT'S DISCRETION 150
THE RANGE OF ORDERS 151
APPLYING THE WELFARE PRINCIPLE: THE COURT'S DISCRETION 173
CHILDREN AFTER DIVORCE: UNRESOLVED ISSUES 180
CHAPTERS THE UNMARRIED FAMILY 183
INTRODUCTION 183
ILLEGITIMACY: BEFORE 1987 185
THE POSITION AFTER 1987 186
ESTABLISHING PATERNITY AND FAMILY LIFE 188
THE AUTOMATIC POSITION 188
PROVING PATERNITY 189
HUMAN RIGHTS: WHEN DOES FAMILY LIFE BEGIN? 197
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE UNMARRIED FAMILY 201
THE BACKGROUND 201
ACQUIRING PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 205
SECTION 8 ORDERS: THE COURT'S DISCRETION 210
PUBLIC POLICY, UNMARRIED PARENTHOOD AND HUMAN RIGHTS: SOME ISSUES FOR
THE FUTURE 215
XIV CHILDREN - THE MODERN LAW
CHAPTER 6 THE SOCIAL FAMILY 219
INTRODUCTION 219
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 219
THE GENERAL SCHEME 220
THE PRIVATE LAW 220
THE PUBLIC LAW 223
THE NATURE AND EFFECT OF ORDERS OBTAINED BY SOCIAL PARENTS: PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILITY, NOT PARENTHOOD 224
GUARDIANS
I
"5
THE NATURE OF GUARDIANSHIP 225
THE APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIANS 227
THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF GUARDIANSHIP 228
REVOCATION, DISCLAIMER AND TERMINATION OF GUARDIANSHIP 231
STEP-PARENTS 232
THE NATURE OF STEP-PARENTHOOD 232
ACQUIRING A STATUS 233
FOSTER-PARENTS 237
THE NATURE OF FOSTER-PARENTHOOD 237
RELATIVES 242
DEFINITIONS AND PROBLEMS 242
SOCIAL PARENTS: NEW ALTERNATIVES FOR PERMANENCE 247
THE BACKGROUND 247
THE EXTENSION OF RESIDENCE ORDERS 249
SPECIAL GUARDIANSHIP 250
SURROGACY ARRANGEMENTS 254
THE NATURE OF SURROGACY 254
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SURROGACY ARRANGEMENTS 256
SOME POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 258
CHAPTER 7 ADOPTION 261
INTRODUCTION 261
THE NATURE OF ADOPTION 263
PURPOSES OF ADOPTION 263
CENTRAL PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW ADOPTION LAW 266
THE WELFARE PRINCIPLE 266
THE STATUTORY CHECKLIST OF FACTORS 267
CULTURE AND RELIGION 269
THE NO DELAY PRINCIPLE 269
THE NO ORDER PRINCIPLE 270
THE RANGE OF POWERS 270
LEGAL CONTROL OF ADOPTION SERVICES AND PLACEMENTS 271
PROHIBITION OF PRIVATE ADOPTION 271
THE ADOPTION SERVICE AND ADOPTION AGENCIES 272
QUALIFICATIONS FOR ADOPTION 273
WHICH CHILDREN MAY BE ADOPTED? 274
WHO MAY ADOPT? 975
THE PROBATIONARY PERIODS 279
THE NEW PLACEMENT REGIME 281
THE TROUBLE WITH FREEING FOR ADOPTION 281
CONTENTS XV
THE TWO ROUTES FOR PLACEMENT 282
THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF PLACEMENT 283
CONSENT TO ADOPTION 285
THE ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS 285
WHOSE CONSENT IS REQUIRED? 287
DISPENSING WITH CONSENT 291
THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF ADOPTION 296
GENERAL EFFECTS 296
OPEN ADOPTION? 298
THE REGISTERS 302
DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION RELATING TO A PERSON'S ADOPTION 305
THE PLACE OF ADOPTION IN CHILD PROTECTION AND ALTERNATIVES FOR
PERMANENCE 306
CHAPTER 8 CHILDREN AND MEDICAL DECISIONS 309
INTRODUCTION 309
WHO DECIDES? 310
ON WHAT CRITERIA? 310
WHO IS A CHILD? 313
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 313
THE PARENTAL CONSENT PRINCIPLE 313
EXCEPTIONS TO THE PARENTAL CONSENT REQUIREMENT 318
THE PROBLEM OF INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN: THE SELECTIVE TREATMENT OF
THE NEWBORN 331
THE BABY ALEXANDRA CASE 332
THE TRIAL OF DR ARTHUR 333
THE CASE OF DIE HYDROCEPHALIC BABY: RE C 335
THE CASE OF THE PREMATURE BABY: RE] 336
THE RESURGENCE OF PARENTAL RIGHTS: RE T 338
THE DILEMMA OF THE CONJOINED TWINS: RE A 340
QUALITY OF LIFE OVER SANCTITY OF LIFE 343
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS TO EQUALITY OF TREATMENT 344
THE PROBLEM OF OLDER CHILDREN: MEDICAL ISSUES ARISING FROM ADOLESCENT
SEXUALITY 345
THE GILHCK CASE 346
RER 349
REW 352
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF THE LEADING CASES 354
RECONCILING ADOLESCENT CAPACITY, PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY AND MEDICAL
PATERNALISM 356
CHAPTER 9 CHILDREN, MONEY AND PROPERTY 361
INTRODUCTION 361
CHILDREN AND PROPERTY 361
CHILDREN'S CAPACITY TO OWN PROPERTY 361
MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN'S PROPERTY 362
INHERITANCE RIGHTS 362
FAILURE TO PROVIDE FOR CHILDREN 363
COURT'S POWER TO ORDER THAT REASONABLE FINANCIAL PROVISION BE MADE 363
EXERCISE OF THE COURT'S DISCRETION 364
XVI CHILDREN - THE MODERN LAW
EVOLUTION OF THE OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR CHILDREN
368
THE IMPACT OF THE CHILD SUPPORT ACT 1991 ON THE PRIVATE LAW
GOVERNING FINANCIAL PROVISION FOR CHILDREN 369
WELFARE BENEFITS AND THEIR IMPACT 370
THE FINER REPORT: WELFARE BENEFITS AS THE THIRD SYSTEM OF FAMILY LAW 370
CHANGING APPROACHES TO THE STATE'S ROLE 370
MEANS-TESTED BENEFITS FOR THE POOR: SUPPLEMENTARY BENEFIT AND FAMILY
INCOME SUPPLEMENT 371
REDUCING THE BURDEN OF WELFARE BENEFIT PROVISION 371
BENEFITS FOR SCHOOL-LEAVERS 315
AMOUNT OF INCOME SUPPORT 3 4
THE MEANS TEST
THE MOVE TO TAX CREDITS 310
MAXIMISING WELFARE BENEFITS FOLLOWING FAMILY BREAKDOWN: WELFARE
BENEFIT PLANNING 376
THE WELFARE BENEFIT 'CLEAN BREAK' "'
THE REACTION TO WELFARE BENEFIT PLANNING 377
FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR CHILDREN UNDER THE CHILD SUPPORT ACT 1991 378
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CHILD SUPPORT LEGISLATION 3OL
ADMINISTRATION OF CHILD SUPPORT 384
LIABILITY TO MAINTAIN: NON-RESIDENT PARENTS 384
WHO IS A PARENT? 385
DISPUTES ABOUT PARENTAGE 385
THE OBLIGATION 386
THE MAINTENANCE CALCULATION 386
THE NEW RATES 387
VARIATIONS 389
REVISIONS 390
ASSESSMENT WILL BE MADE ONLY ON APPLICATION 390
AGREEMENTS CANNOT OUST AGENCY'S JURISDICTION 391
INFORMATION 391
COLLECTION AND ENFORCEMENT 392
THE RESIDUAL ROLE OF THE COURT IN RELATION TO FINANCIAL PROVISION FOR
CHILDREN 393
THE COURT'S POWERS IN RESPECT OF LUMP SUMS AND PROPERTY ADJUSTMENT 395
THE COURT'S POWERS TO MAKE FINANCIAL ORDERS FOR THE BENEFIT OF CHILDREN
395
POWERS EXERCISABLE IN MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS 395
FINANCIAL ORDERS FOR CHILDREN UNDER THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 401
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHILDREN: SOME CONCLUDING POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS 406
PART HI CHILDREN AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES
CHAPTER 10 LOCAL AUTHORITY SUPPORT FOR CHILDREN
AND FAMILIES 413
INTRODUCTION 413
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUNTARY AND COMPULSORY ACTION 415
CHILDREN IN NEED: ELIGIBILITY FOR SERVICES ' 416
CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS 418
SERVICES FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 420
CONTENTS XVII
REFORMULATION OF THE GENERAL DIM 421
CHILDREN IN NEED 423
AVAILABLE SERVICES 425
SPECIFIC POWERS AND DUTIES 42F
THE PROVISION OF ACCOMMODATION 429
THE DUTY TO ACCOMMODATE 430
THE RELEVANCE OF OBJECTIONS 431
THE CHILD'S POINT OF VIEW 434
THE USE OF SECURE ACCOMMODATION 136
POWERS AND DUTIES OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES TO CHILDREN LOOKED AFTER BY THEM
438
AGREEMENTS 439
STATUTORY DUTIES 440
YOUNG PERSONS QUALIFYING FOR ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE 44")
LEGAL REGULATION OF SUBSTITUTE CARE ARRANGEMENTS 446
THE BACKGROUND 446
THE CARE STANDARDS ACT 2000 446
CHILDREN'S HOMES 447
FOSTERING ARRANGEMENTS 449
CHILD-MINDING AND DAY-CARE FOR YOUNG CHILDREN 452
QUESTIONING LOCAL AUTHORITIES' DECISIONS 454
REVIEWS AND REPRESENTATIONS 455
OTHER POTENTIAL REMEDIES 457
ACTIONS UNDER THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 464
CONCLUSION 466
CHAPTER 11 CARE AND SUPERVISION 469
INTRODUCTION 469
CHILD PROTECTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS 470
EMPHASIS ON CO-OPERATION 473
PROCEDURE BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF ANY ACTION 474
THE CHILD PROTECTION CONFERENCE 474
ATTENDANCE OF FAMILY MEMBERS AT CHILD PROTECTION CONFERENCES 475
THE LEGAL BASIS FOR COMPULSORY ORDERS 476
WHO MAY APPLY FOR AN ORDER? 477
WHICH CHILDREN? 479
WHICH PROCEEDINGS AND WHICH ORDERS? 480
ON WHAT GROUND? 483
CARE PLANS 505
CARE ORDERS 510
THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF A CARE ORDER 510
CONTACT WITH CHILDREN IN CARE 513
SUPERVISION 518
WHEN MAY A SUPERVISION ORDER BE MADE? 519
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF A SUPERVISION ORDER? 521
PROCEDURAL FEATURES AND OTHER ORDERS 523
PROCEDURAL CHANGES 524
INTERIM ORDERS 525
DISCHARGE OF CARE ORDERS AND DISCHARGE OR VARIATION OF SUPERVISION
ORDERS 530
WARDSHIP AND THE INHERENT JURISDICTION 532
WARDSHIP AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 533
4
VIII CHILDREN - THE MODERN LAW
THE INHERENT JURISDICTION AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 534
CHAPTER 12 INVESTIGATION AND SHORT-TERM PROTECTION 539
INTRODUCTION 539
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE REFORMS 539
THE EMERGENCY PROTECTION ORDER 540
THE NEED FOR A 'HALF-WAY HOUSE': THE CHILD ASSESSMENT ORDER 540
OTHER REFORMS UNDER THE CHILDREN ACT 541
INVESTIGATION 54^
SOURCES OF INITIAL INFORMATION 542
LOCAL AUTHORITY'S INVESTIGATIONS 542
POSSIBLE COURSES OF ACTION FOLLOWING ENQUIRIES 544
THE VALUE OF CO-OPERATION 545
CHILD ASSESSMENT ORDERS 545
WHO MAY APPLY AND ON WHAT GROUNDS? 545
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE CAO? 547
HOW LONG DOES THE ORDER LAST? 548
EMERGENCY PROTECTION ORDERS 549
THE HUMAN RIGHTS CONTEXT 549
WHO MAY APPLY AND ON WHAT GROUNDS? 552
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE EPO? 555
HOW LONG DOES THE EPO LAST? 558
CAN THE ALLEGED ABUSER BE REMOVED INSTEAD? 559
POLICE PROTECTION 569
DIRECT ACTION 569
OBLIGATIONS WHICH THE POLICE MUST FULFIL 569
NO PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 570
ABDUCTION OF CHILDREN AND REFUGES FOR CHILDREN AT RISK 570
RUNAWAYS 570
CRIMINAL OFFENCE OF ABDUCTION 571
EXEMPTION OF CHILDREN'S REFUGES 572
PART IV CHILDREN AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 13 CHILDREN IN COURT 575
INTRODUCTION 575
A NEW PHILOSOPHY: THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN'S VIEWS 576
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN DIE COURT PROCESS 576
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE EXERCISE OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 1996 577
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 579
COMMENCING AN ACTION 580
TRADITIONAL PROCEDURE 580
EXCEPTIONS UNDER THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 580
WHEN CAN A CHILD INVOKE THESE PROCEDURES? 581
REPRESENTATION 584
BACKGROUND 584
CURRENT TRENDS 585
CAFCASS * THE REORGANISATION OF REPRESENTATION IN FAMILY
PROCEEDINGS 585
PUBLIC FAMILY PROCEEDINGS 587
CONTENTS XIX
PRIVATE FAMILY PROCEEDINGS 593
EVIDENCE 596
CIVIL PROCEEDINGS 598
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 603
CHAPTER 14 CHILDREN AND THE CRIMINAL LAW 613
INTRODUCTION 613
PROTECTION 614
VIOLENT CRIMES AND PHYSICAL HARM 615
SEXUAL OFFENCES 620
SPECIAL OFFENCES RELATING TO CHILDREN 628
RESPONSIBILITY 630
THE CRIME AND DISORDER ACT 1998 630
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS 633
RESPONSIBILITY OF PARENTS 636
YOUNG OFFENDERS AND THE CRIMINAL PROCESS 640
PREVENTION AND DIVERSION 640
THE INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS 642
THE CRIMINAL COURTS 645
CONCLUSION: NEW LABOUR'S APPROACH TO JUVENILE CRIME 657
CHAPTER 15: CHILDREN AND THE CIVIL LAW 659
INTRODUCTION 659
CHILDREN AND THE LAW OF TORT 660
PROTECTION OF CHILDREN 660
RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHILDREN'S ACTS 670
CHILDREN AND THE LAW OF CONTRACT 673
VALID CONTRACTS 674
VOIDABLE CONTRACTS 676
UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS: LIABILITY UNDER THE MINORS' CONTRACTS ACT
1987, IN RESTITUTION OR IN TORT 676
A SCOTTISH SOLUTION FOR ENGLAND? 677
THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS 679
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 680
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS REGARDING THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN AND
YOUNG PEOPLE 681
ENGLISH LAW: THE CURRENT SITUATION 683
THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN 683
THE EMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PERSONS 687
CHAPTER 16 CHILDREN AND EDUCATION 689
INTRODUCTION 689
RESOURCES AND PARENTAL CHOICE 690
MINIMUM STANDARDS 690
PARENTAL CHOICE 691
RIGHTS VERSUS RESPONSIBILITIES 692
ATTENDANCE AND DISCIPLINE 693
ATTENDANCE 693
DISCIPLINE 700
THE CURRICULUM 707
XX
CHILDREN - I'HE MODERN LAIC
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 707
SECULAR EDUCATION: THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM 709
SEX EDUCATION 711
RELIGIOUS EDUCATION, WORSHIP AND PARENTAL UPBRINGING 715
SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS '*"
GENERAL DUTIES TOWARDS CHILDREN WITH SEN 721
THE DEFINITION OF SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS 722
THE CHOICE OF SCHOOL '"
IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN WITH SEN 723
REVIEW OF STATEMENTS 726
PARENTS' RIGHTS OR CHILDREN'S RIGHTS? 726
CHILDREN ACCOMMODATED IN INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS, LEA SCHOOLS AND
OTHER ESTABLISHMENTS 726
CHILDREN ACCOMMODATED IN HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS 727
CHILDREN ACCOMMODATED IN BOARDING-SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 727
THE IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 728
CHAPTER 17 CHILDREN IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 731
INTRODUCTION 731
THE INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT 731
THE DECLARATION OF GENEVA 1924 732
POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS 733
THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 1959 753
THE DEBATE ABOUT GENERAL APPLICATION 734
THE HAGUE CHILD PROTECTION CONVENTION 1996 735
WHAT IS THE CONVENTION ABOUT? 736
CONVENTION ON CONTACT CONCERNING CHILDREN 738
BRUSSELS II AND BRUSSELS II BIS 741
THE ABDUCTION CONVENTIONS 742
PREVENTING ABDUCTION 743
THE CRIMINAL LAW 744
THE CIVIL LAW 745
RECOVERY OF CHILDREN 749
INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION 765
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND 765
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION 767
THE ADOPTION REVIEW 767
THE HAGUE CONVENTION 769
ROMANIA: A TEST CASE FOR INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION? 771
CONCLUSION 11A
INDEX
775 |
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| physical | LXXXIX, 811 S. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Family Law |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bainham, Andrew Verfasser aut Children - the modern law Andrew Bainham 3. ed. Bristol Family Law 2005 LXXXIX, 811 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Enfants - Droit - Grande-Bretagne Familienrecht swd Kindschaftsrecht swd Kind Children Legal status, laws, etc. Great Britain Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd rswk-swf Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien swd Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 s Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 s DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014184461&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Bainham, Andrew Children - the modern law Enfants - Droit - Grande-Bretagne Familienrecht swd Kindschaftsrecht swd Kind Children Legal status, laws, etc. Great Britain Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4030550-8 (DE-588)4048737-4 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Children - the modern law |
| title_auth | Children - the modern law |
| title_exact_search | Children - the modern law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Children - the modern law |
| title_full | Children - the modern law Andrew Bainham |
| title_fullStr | Children - the modern law Andrew Bainham |
| title_full_unstemmed | Children - the modern law Andrew Bainham |
| title_short | Children - the modern law |
| title_sort | children the modern law |
| topic | Enfants - Droit - Grande-Bretagne Familienrecht swd Kindschaftsrecht swd Kind Children Legal status, laws, etc. Great Britain Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Enfants - Droit - Grande-Bretagne Familienrecht Kindschaftsrecht Kind Children Legal status, laws, etc. Great Britain Recht Großbritannien Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014184461&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bainhamandrew childrenthemodernlaw |