Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome: innovations in context
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge [u.a.]
Univ. Press
2005
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
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| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis Rezension |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 251 - 264 |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 274 S., [4] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt., Pläne 29 cm |
| ISBN: | 0521842026 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome |b innovations in context |c Lynne C. Lancaster |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
List of Illustrations and Tables page xiii
Preface xix
1 INTRODUCTION i
A Note on Monuments and Previous Scholarship 2
How to Use this Book 2
The Nature of Roman Concrete 3
Concrete Vaulting during the Republic 3
Structural Behavior of Concrete Vaults 6
Roman Mathematical and Analytical Background 10
Materials, Transport, and Production 12
The Building Industry in Rome 18
The Innovations 21
2 CENTERING AND FORMWORK 22
Assembling the Centering 22
Removing the Centering and Formwork 26
The Use of Brick Linings on the Intrados of Vaults 29
Evidence for Centering Arrangements 32
Barrel Vaults, 32 • Cross Vaults, 34 • Domes and Semidomes, 40
Conclusions 48
3 INGREDIENTS: MORTAR AND CAEMENTA 51
Mortar 51
Lime, 53 • Pozzolana, 54 • Cocciopesto, 58
ix
CONTENTS
Caementa 59
Provenance of Caementa, 64
Conclusions 65
4 AMPHORAS IN VAULTS 68
Types of Amphoras Used 69
Early Examples of Amphoras in Vaults 69
Examples of Amphoras in Late Antique Vaults 75
Conclusions 81
5 VAULTING RIBS 86
Early Development of Vaulting Ribs and Relieving Arches 86
The Vaulting Ribs at the Colosseum 88
The Use of Solid Brick {Bipedalis) Ribbing 91
Ladder and Lattice Ribs in Barrel Vaults 98
Ladder and Lattice Ribs in Cross Vaults 106
Ribbing in Domes 108
Conclusions in
6 METAL CLAMPS AND TIE BARS 113
The Earliest Use of Tie Bars 115
Tie Bars in the Imperial Thermae 116
Tie Bars at the Forum of Trajan 118
Spacing of Tie Bars 125
The Use of Tie Bars with Lightweight Caementa 126
Iron Architrave Bars and Impost Blocks at Hadrian s Villa 126
Conclusions 127
7 VAULT BEHAVIOR AND BUTTRESSING 130
Arches and Barrel Vaults 132
Cross Vaults 134
Domes and Semidomes 138
Conclusions 146
8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: HISTORY AND CASE STUDIES 149
Historical Development 149
Basilica Ulpia 156
Temple of Mercury at Baiae 156
Pantheon 158
x
CONTENTS
Temple of Minerva Medica 161
Conclusions 164
9 INNOVATIONS IN CONTEXT 166
Accumulated Knowledge 166
Evident Need 168
Economic Ability 170
Social/Cultural/Political Acceptability 172
APPENDIX I. CATALOGUE OF MAJOR MONUMENTS 183
APPENDIX 2. CATALOGUES OF BUILDING TECHNIQUES 205
A. Formwork Imprints on Barrel Vaults 205
B. Formwork Imprints on Domes 206
C. Formwork Imprints on Semidomes 206
D. Brick Linings on the Intrados of Vaults 207
E. Uses of Cocciopesto to Protect the Extrados of Vaults 211
F. Lightweight Caementa 213
G. Amphoras in Vaults 215
H. Vaulting Ribs 216
I. Blocks with Tie Bar Cuttings 221
APPENDIX 3. SCORIA ANALYSIS 222
APPENDIX 4. THRUST LINE ANALYSIS 225
No to 231
Glossary 245
Works Cited 251
Index 265
xi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
Frontispiece. Temple of Minerva Medica in the Horti Liciniani.
FIGURES
1. Sanctuary of Jupiter Anxur. Terracina. page 5
2. Diagram of principal parts of an arch. 6
3. Diagram of stress patterns in a beam. 7
4. Section D at Baths of Trajan. Rome. 8
5. Diagram of deformation of vault due to creep. 9
6. Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia. Palestrina. 9
7. Sketches of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia. Palestrina. 11
8. Reconstruction of wooden centering for concrete barrel vault. 23
9. Wooden trusses at San Pietro and San Paolo Fuori le Mura. Rome. 23
10. Marble panel with depiction of wooden amphitheater. 24
11. Detail of plaster cast from Trajan s Column. Italica, Spain. 24
12. Scarf joints. 25
13. Frame saws. 26
14. Wooden centering. Olympia, Greece. 27
15. Detail of Blackfriar s Bridge. G. B. Piranesi. 28
16. Diagram of method of lowering the centering of vaults. 29
17. Reconstruction of centering using brick linings. 29
18. Detail of vault built using brick linings. Case a giardino, Ostia. 30
19. Heliocaminus Baths at Hadrian s Villa. Tivoli. 31
20. Pons Fabricius. Rome. 32
21. Pons Cestius. Rome. 33
22. Engravings of Pons Cestius. G. B. Piranesi. 33
23. Reconstruction of centering frames at Pont du Gard. A. Leger. 34
24. Barrel vaulted room under San Clemente. Rome. 35
25. Common deformation pattern for centering frames. 36
26. Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 36
27. Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 37
28. Reconstructions of formwork for a pavilion vault and a cross vault. 38
xiii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
29. Detail of cross vault from the Colosseum. Rome. 38
30. Reconstruction of the centering scheme for the Aula at Trajan s
Markets. Rome. 39
31. Comparison of centering schemes (same scale) for cross vaults at Trajan s
Markets and the Baths of Caracalla. Rome. 39
32. Diagram of domes showing formwork layouts. 40
33. Reconstruction of the centering at the Temple of Mercury. Baiae. 41
34. Formwork impressions on the octagonal dome at the Domus Aurea. Rome. 42
35. Geometry of centering for the octagonal dome at the Domus Aurea. Rome. 43
36. Pantheon section. Rome. 44
37. Reconstruction of Pantheon centering. M. Viollet le Duc. 45
38. Reconstruction of formwork for segmental domes. 47
39. Excavation photo of the Serapeum at Hadrian s Villa. Tivoli. 47
40. Diagram showing the cycle of chemical changes in lime mortar production. 53
41. Quicklime at the Casa del Sacello Iliaco. Pompeii. 54
42. Section of Mausoleum of Helena. Rome. 57
43. Detail of vault covering from the Basilica Argentaria. Rome. 59
44. Reconstruction of horti pensiles at the Domus Tiberiana. Rome. 60
45. Vesuvian scoria at the Forum of Caesar. Rome. 61
46. Section of the Pantheon showing distribution of materials. Rome. 62
47. Mausoleum of Helena with amphoras in dome. Rome. 69
48. Amphora types found in vaults in Rome. 70
49. Cross vault with amphoras. Magazzini Traianei, Ostia. 72
50. Plan of the Villa alia Vignaccia. Rome. 72
51. Villa alia Vignaccia with amphoras in walls and vaults. Rome. 73
52. Fallen vault from the Casa de la Exedra. Italica, Spain. 73
53. Diagrams showing uses of amphoras for land reclamation projects. 74
54. Wall containing amphoras. Pompeii. 75
55. Balcony vault of the Casa di Via Giulio Romano with amphoras. Rome. 76
56. Circus at the Villa of Maxentius with amphoras in vaults. Rome. 77
57. Sketch of dome of the Temple of Minerva Medica. Rome. 78
58. Octagonal Hall at the Villa of the Gordians. Rome. 79
59. Semidome at Santa Maura with amphoras. Rome. 83
60. Plan and section of St. Jerome. Cologne, Germany. 84
61. Acropolis gate at Alatri, Italy. 87
62. Porta Rosa in city walls of Velia, Italy. 87
63. Theater of Marcellus. Rome. 88
64. Sanctuary of Hercules Victor. Tivoli. 89
65. Drawing of the Theater of Marcellus. Rome. 89
66. Section through the Theater of Marcellus. Rome. 90
67. Four types of vaulting ribs at the Colosseum. Rome. 90
68. Drawing of travertine ribs at the Colosseum. Rome. 91
69. Section and partial plan of the Colosseum showing location of ribs. Rome. 92
70. Sketch section at bay 34 of the Colosseum. Rome. 93
71. Detail of Flavian ladder rib at the Colosseum. Rome. 93
72. Ax on of the Domitianic Vestibule. Rome. 94
73. Plan of lower level of the Domus Augustana. Rome. 95
xiv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
74. Sketch plan of cryptoporticus at the Villa of Domitian. Castelgandolfo. 95
75. Cryptoporticus at the Villa of Domitian with ribs. Castelgandolfo. 96
76. Cryptoporticus at the Villa of Domitian with ribs and
coffers. Castelgandolfo. 97
77. Section E at the Baths of Trajan. Rome. 97
78. Drawing of the Trajanic latrine in reconstructed part of the Forum
of Caesar. Rome. 98
79. Trajanic latrine at the Forum of Caesar with travertine impost
blocks. Rome. 99
80. Drawing of the Pantheon with its ribbing system. Rome. 100
81. Exterior of the Pantheon. Rome. 101
82. Plan of the Villa di Sette Bassi. Rome. 102
83. Ladder rib in the cryptoporticus of the Villa di Sette Bassi. Rome. 102
84. Ladder rib at the Villa di Sette Bassi. Rome. 103
85. Plan of the Severan Baths and the Baths of Maxentius on
the Palatine. Rome. 103
86. Lattice ribs at the Severan Baths on the Palatine. Rome. 104
87. Nymphaeum Alexandri Trophies of Marius. Rome. 104
88. Detail of rib in outer ambulatory of the Colosseum. Rome. 105
89. Detail of lattice ribbing at the Baths of Maxentius on the Palatine. Rome. 105
90. Detail of nave facade of the Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 106
91. Detail of ladder rib in cross vault at the Villa di Sette Bassi. Rome. 107
92. Lattice ribs in the cross vaults of the Maxentian substructures on
the Palatine. Rome. 107
93. Dome at the Baths of Agrippa with lattice ribbing. Rome. 108
94. Plans of domes showing restored rib patterns. 109
95. Section of Temple of Minerva Medica. Rome. m
96. Architrave block from the Forum of Trajan with remains of iron
tie bar. Rome. 114
97. Reconstructed section of the Horrea Agrippiana. Rome. 115
98. Cornice block with tie bar cutting from the Horrea Agrippiana. Rome. 116
99. Reconstruction of the portico fronting the Basilica Aemilia. Rome. 117
100. Measured sketch of bucranium block from the portico fronting the
Basilica Aemilia. Rome. 117
101. Bucranium block from the portico fronting the Basilica Aemilia. Rome. 118
102. Section H at Trajan s Baths showing holes for anchor blocks for
tie bars. Rome. 119
103. West palaestra of the Baths of Caracalla. Rome. 120
104. East palaestra of the Baths of Diocletian. Rome. 120
105. Generic reconstruction of the palaestra portico from an imperial
bath showing tie bar and anchor block. 121
106. Cornice blocks from Trajan s Forum. Rome. 121
107. Comparison of proposals by C. M. Amici and J. Packer for
reconstruction of the Column Portico at Trajan s Forum. Rome. 122
108. Comparison of proposals by C. M. Amici and J. Packer for
reconstruction of the Basilica Ulpia. Rome. 122
109. Plan of the Basilica Ulpia. Rome. 123
xv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
110. Reconstruction of lintel construction at the Hall of the Doric Pilasters at
Hadrian s Villa. Tivoli. 124
in. Hall of the Doric Pilasters at Hadrian s Villa. Tivoli. 125
112. Arcuated lintels at Santa Costanza. Rome. 127
113. Diagram of two proposed design schemes used at the Pantheon. Rome. 131
114. Diagram showing failure patterns of arched structures. 132
115. Diagram showing four factors that affect the stability of an arched structure. 133
116. Drawing showing vaulting configurations at the Market at Ferentino, the
Market at Tivoli, the Domus Aurea, and Trajan s Markets at Rome. 134
117. Diagram showing the lines of compressive force in a cross vault. 135
118. View of the Aula at Trajan s Markets. Rome. 136
119. Gallery overlooking the central hall of the Aula at Trajan s Markets. Rome. 136
120. Frigidarium of the Baths of Caracalla. Rome. 137
121. Aerial view of the Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 138
122. Plan and section of the Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 139
123. Diagram of construction of dome built of stone voussoirs and diagram of
stress patterns in an uncracked concrete dome. 139
124. Deformation patterns in a cracked dome and a semidome. 140
125. Step rings on the Pantheon dome. Rome. 141
126. Large semidome at Trajan s Markets. Rome. 141
127. Stairs on dome of the Temple of Mercury. Baiae. 142
128. Buttressing walls at the Temple of Mercury. Baiae. 143
129. Plan of dome of the Temple of Mercury. Baiae. 144
130. Drawing of the buttresses of the octagonal dome at the Domus
Aurea. Rome. 144
131. Drawing of the Temple of Venus and Cupid in the Sessorian
palace. Rome. 145
132. Buttress at the Temple of Venus and Cupid in the Sessorian
palace. Rome. 145
133. Diagram demonstrating the concept of the vector. 150
134. Diagram demonstrating the concept of moment. 151
135. Diagram of stable three hinge arch and of collapsing four hinge arch. 151
136. Diagram showing the concept of Hooke s hanging line. 152
137. Example of a funicular polygon diagram. 153
138. Thrust line diagrams for three reconstruction proposals of the Basilica
Ulpia. Rome. 157
139. Thrust line through dome of the Temple of Mercury. Baiae. 158
140. Definition of the Rankine safety factor. 159
141. Thrust line diagram of the Pantheon dome under different conditions. 159
142. Thrust line diagram of the Temple of Minerva Medica under
different conditions. 162
143. Drawing of the Temple of Minerva Medica. Franz Innocenz Kobell. 163
144. Dome of the Temple of Diana. Baiae. 164
145. Drawing demonstrating the steps in making a funicular polygon analysis
of an arch. 226
xvi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
MAPS
1. Map of Rome and environs locating major monuments discussed in
the text. 4
2. Map of Italy showing major volcanic districts. 13
3. Geological map of Rome and environs showing locations of major building
materials used in concrete vaulting. 14
4. Map of Italy showing locations of major sources of timber and limestone. 15
5. Map of the Bay of Naples showing the air fall distribution of the a.d. 79
eruption and the pre 79 eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. 63
TABLES
1. Recommended Mortar Mix Proportions 55
2. Amounts of Scoria in Vaults in Rome 67
3. Physical Characteristics of Dressel 20 and Dressel 23 Amphoras 71
4. Blocks from Trajan s Forum with Cuttings for Tie Bars 123
5. Proportions of Barrel Vaults 133
6. Proportions of Cross Vaults on Exterior Walls 135
7. Proportions of Freestanding Domes 140
8. Scoria Analysis 223
COLOR PLATES
Color plates follow page 154.
I. Major local building stones used in vaulted structures around Rome.
II. Detail of opus caementicium vault from the Porticus Aemilia. Rome.
III. Four types of pozzolana.
IV. Abandoned pozzolana quarry on via Nesazio. Rome.
V Detail of mortar with white pumice from the Colosseum. Rome.
VI. Plan of the Baths of Trajan. Rome.
VII. Section H at the Baths of Trajan. Rome.
VIII. Scoria and tufo giallo delta via Tiberina at Section E at the Baths of Trajan. Rome.
IX. West palaestra at the Baths of Caracalla. Rome.
X. East palaestra vault from the Baths of Diocletian. Rome.
XI. Dome at the Temple of Minerva Medica. Rome.
XII. Tor de Schiavi. Detail of painting by Henrik van Lint and
reconstruction drawing.
XIII. Plans of the Baths of Caracalla and the Baths of Diocletian showing
vaulting ribs. Rome.
xvii
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations and Tables page xiii
Preface xix
1 INTRODUCTION i
A Note on Monuments and Previous Scholarship 2
How to Use this Book 2
The Nature of Roman Concrete 3
Concrete Vaulting during the Republic 3
Structural Behavior of Concrete Vaults 6
Roman Mathematical and Analytical Background 10
Materials, Transport, and Production 12
The Building Industry in Rome 18
The Innovations 21
2 CENTERING AND FORMWORK 22
Assembling the Centering 22
Removing the Centering and Formwork 26
The Use of Brick Linings on the Intrados of Vaults 29
Evidence for Centering Arrangements 32
Barrel Vaults, 32 • Cross Vaults, 34 • Domes and Semidomes, 40
Conclusions 48
3 INGREDIENTS: MORTAR AND CAEMENTA 51
Mortar 51
Lime, 53 • Pozzolana, 54 • Cocciopesto, 58
ix
CONTENTS
Caementa 59
Provenance of Caementa, 64
Conclusions 65
4 AMPHORAS IN VAULTS 68
Types of Amphoras Used 69
Early Examples of Amphoras in Vaults 69
Examples of Amphoras in Late Antique Vaults 75
Conclusions 81
5 VAULTING RIBS 86
Early Development of Vaulting Ribs and Relieving Arches 86
The Vaulting Ribs at the Colosseum 88
The Use of Solid Brick {Bipedalis) Ribbing 91
Ladder and Lattice Ribs in Barrel Vaults 98
Ladder and Lattice Ribs in Cross Vaults 106
Ribbing in Domes 108
Conclusions in
6 METAL CLAMPS AND TIE BARS 113
The Earliest Use of Tie Bars 115
Tie Bars in the Imperial Thermae 116
Tie Bars at the Forum of Trajan 118
Spacing of Tie Bars 125
The Use of Tie Bars with Lightweight Caementa 126
Iron Architrave Bars and Impost Blocks at Hadrian's Villa 126
Conclusions 127
7 VAULT BEHAVIOR AND BUTTRESSING 130
Arches and Barrel Vaults 132
Cross Vaults 134
Domes and Semidomes 138
Conclusions 146
8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: HISTORY AND CASE STUDIES 149
Historical Development 149
Basilica Ulpia 156
"Temple of Mercury" at Baiae 156
Pantheon 158
x
CONTENTS
"Temple of Minerva Medica" 161
Conclusions 164
9 INNOVATIONS IN CONTEXT 166
Accumulated Knowledge 166
Evident Need 168
Economic Ability 170
Social/Cultural/Political Acceptability 172
APPENDIX I. CATALOGUE OF MAJOR MONUMENTS 183
APPENDIX 2. CATALOGUES OF BUILDING TECHNIQUES 205
A. Formwork Imprints on Barrel Vaults 205
B. Formwork Imprints on Domes 206
C. Formwork Imprints on Semidomes 206
D. Brick Linings on the Intrados of Vaults 207
E. Uses of Cocciopesto to Protect the Extrados of Vaults 211
F. Lightweight Caementa 213
G. Amphoras in Vaults 215
H. Vaulting Ribs 216
I. Blocks with Tie Bar Cuttings 221
APPENDIX 3. SCORIA ANALYSIS 222
APPENDIX 4. THRUST LINE ANALYSIS 225
No to 231
Glossary 245
Works Cited 251
Index 265
xi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
Frontispiece. "Temple of Minerva Medica' in the Horti Liciniani.
FIGURES
1. Sanctuary of Jupiter Anxur. Terracina. page 5
2. Diagram of principal parts of an arch. 6
3. Diagram of stress patterns in a beam. 7
4. Section D at Baths of Trajan. Rome. 8
5. Diagram of deformation of vault due to creep. 9
6. Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia. Palestrina. 9
7. Sketches of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia. Palestrina. 11
8. Reconstruction of wooden centering for concrete barrel vault. 23
9. Wooden trusses at San Pietro and San Paolo Fuori le Mura. Rome. 23
10. Marble panel with depiction of wooden amphitheater. 24
11. Detail of plaster cast from Trajan's Column. Italica, Spain. 24
12. Scarf joints. 25
13. Frame saws. 26
14. Wooden centering. Olympia, Greece. 27
15. Detail of Blackfriar's Bridge. G. B. Piranesi. 28
16. Diagram of method of lowering the centering of vaults. 29
17. Reconstruction of centering using brick linings. 29
18. Detail of vault built using brick linings. Case a giardino, Ostia. 30
19. Heliocaminus Baths at Hadrian's Villa. Tivoli. 31
20. Pons Fabricius. Rome. 32
21. Pons Cestius. Rome. 33
22. Engravings of Pons Cestius. G. B. Piranesi. 33
23. Reconstruction of centering frames at Pont du Gard. A. Leger. 34
24. Barrel vaulted room under San Clemente. Rome. 35
25. Common deformation pattern for centering frames. 36
26. Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 36
27. Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 37
28. Reconstructions of formwork for a pavilion vault and a cross vault. 38
xiii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
29. Detail of cross vault from the Colosseum. Rome. 38
30. Reconstruction of the centering scheme for the Aula at Trajan's
Markets. Rome. 39
31. Comparison of centering schemes (same scale) for cross vaults at Trajan's
Markets and the Baths of Caracalla. Rome. 39
32. Diagram of domes showing formwork layouts. 40
33. Reconstruction of the centering at the "Temple of Mercury." Baiae. 41
34. Formwork impressions on the octagonal dome at the Domus Aurea. Rome. 42
35. Geometry of centering for the octagonal dome at the Domus Aurea. Rome. 43
36. Pantheon section. Rome. 44
37. Reconstruction of Pantheon centering. M. Viollet le Duc. 45
38. Reconstruction of formwork for segmental domes. 47
39. Excavation photo of the Serapeum at Hadrian's Villa. Tivoli. 47
40. Diagram showing the cycle of chemical changes in lime mortar production. 53
41. Quicklime at the Casa del Sacello Iliaco. Pompeii. 54
42. Section of Mausoleum of Helena. Rome. 57
43. Detail of vault covering from the Basilica Argentaria. Rome. 59
44. Reconstruction of horti pensiles at the Domus Tiberiana. Rome. 60
45. Vesuvian scoria at the Forum of Caesar. Rome. 61
46. Section of the Pantheon showing distribution of materials. Rome. 62
47. Mausoleum of Helena with amphoras in dome. Rome. 69
48. Amphora types found in vaults in Rome. 70
49. Cross vault with amphoras. Magazzini "Traianei," Ostia. 72
50. Plan of the Villa alia Vignaccia. Rome. 72
51. Villa alia Vignaccia with amphoras in walls and vaults. Rome. 73
52. Fallen vault from the Casa de la Exedra. Italica, Spain. 73
53. Diagrams showing uses of amphoras for land reclamation projects. 74
54. Wall containing amphoras. Pompeii. 75
55. Balcony vault of the "Casa di Via Giulio Romano" with amphoras. Rome. 76
56. Circus at the Villa of Maxentius with amphoras in vaults. Rome. 77
57. Sketch of dome of the "Temple of Minerva Medica." Rome. 78
58. Octagonal Hall at the "Villa of the Gordians." Rome. 79
59. Semidome at Santa Maura with amphoras. Rome. 83
60. Plan and section of St. Jerome. Cologne, Germany. 84
61. Acropolis gate at Alatri, Italy. 87
62. Porta Rosa in city walls of Velia, Italy. 87
63. Theater of Marcellus. Rome. 88
64. Sanctuary of Hercules Victor. Tivoli. 89
65. Drawing of the Theater of Marcellus. Rome. 89
66. Section through the Theater of Marcellus. Rome. 90
67. Four types of vaulting ribs at the Colosseum. Rome. 90
68. Drawing of travertine ribs at the Colosseum. Rome. 91
69. Section and partial plan of the Colosseum showing location of ribs. Rome. 92
70. Sketch section at bay 34 of the Colosseum. Rome. 93
71. Detail of Flavian ladder rib at the Colosseum. Rome. 93
72. Ax on of the Domitianic Vestibule. Rome. 94
73. Plan of lower level of the Domus Augustana. Rome. 95
xiv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
74. Sketch plan of cryptoporticus at the Villa of Domitian. Castelgandolfo. 95
75. Cryptoporticus at the Villa of Domitian with ribs. Castelgandolfo. 96
76. Cryptoporticus at the Villa of Domitian with ribs and
coffers. Castelgandolfo. 97
77. Section E at the Baths of Trajan. Rome. 97
78. Drawing of the Trajanic latrine in reconstructed part of the Forum
of Caesar. Rome. 98
79. Trajanic latrine at the Forum of Caesar with travertine impost
blocks. Rome. 99
80. Drawing of the Pantheon with its ribbing system. Rome. 100
81. Exterior of the Pantheon. Rome. 101
82. Plan of the Villa di Sette Bassi. Rome. 102
83. Ladder rib in the cryptoporticus of the Villa di Sette Bassi. Rome. 102
84. Ladder rib at the Villa di Sette Bassi. Rome. 103
85. Plan of the Severan Baths and the Baths of Maxentius on
the Palatine. Rome. 103
86. Lattice ribs at the Severan Baths on the Palatine. Rome. 104
87. Nymphaeum Alexandri "Trophies of Marius." Rome. 104
88. Detail of rib in outer ambulatory of the Colosseum. Rome. 105
89. Detail of lattice ribbing at the Baths of Maxentius on the Palatine. Rome. 105
90. Detail of nave facade of the Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 106
91. Detail of ladder rib in cross vault at the Villa di Sette Bassi. Rome. 107
92. Lattice ribs in the cross vaults of the Maxentian substructures on
the Palatine. Rome. 107
93. Dome at the Baths of Agrippa with lattice ribbing. Rome. 108
94. Plans of domes showing restored rib patterns. 109
95. Section of "Temple of Minerva Medica." Rome. m
96. Architrave block from the Forum of Trajan with remains of iron
tie bar. Rome. 114
97. Reconstructed section of the Horrea Agrippiana. Rome. 115
98. Cornice block with tie bar cutting from the Horrea Agrippiana. Rome. 116
99. Reconstruction of the portico fronting the Basilica Aemilia. Rome. 117
100. Measured sketch of bucranium block from the portico fronting the
Basilica Aemilia. Rome. 117
101. Bucranium block from the portico fronting the Basilica Aemilia. Rome. 118
102. Section H at Trajan's Baths showing holes for anchor blocks for
tie bars. Rome. 119
103. West palaestra of the Baths of Caracalla. Rome. 120
104. East palaestra of the Baths of Diocletian. Rome. 120
105. Generic reconstruction of the palaestra portico from an imperial
bath showing tie bar and anchor block. 121
106. Cornice blocks from Trajan's Forum. Rome. 121
107. Comparison of proposals by C. M. Amici and J. Packer for
reconstruction of the Column Portico at Trajan's Forum. Rome. 122
108. Comparison of proposals by C. M. Amici and J. Packer for
reconstruction of the Basilica Ulpia. Rome. 122
109. Plan of the Basilica Ulpia. Rome. 123
xv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
110. Reconstruction of lintel construction at the Hall of the Doric Pilasters at
Hadrian's Villa. Tivoli. 124
in. Hall of the Doric Pilasters at Hadrian's Villa. Tivoli. 125
112. Arcuated lintels at Santa Costanza. Rome. 127
113. Diagram of two proposed design schemes used at the Pantheon. Rome. 131
114. Diagram showing failure patterns of arched structures. 132
115. Diagram showing four factors that affect the stability of an arched structure. 133
116. Drawing showing vaulting configurations at the Market at Ferentino, the
Market at Tivoli, the Domus Aurea, and Trajan's Markets at Rome. 134
117. Diagram showing the lines of compressive force in a cross vault. 135
118. View of the Aula at Trajan's Markets. Rome. 136
119. Gallery overlooking the central hall of the Aula at Trajan's Markets. Rome. 136
120. Frigidarium of the Baths of Caracalla. Rome. 137
121. Aerial view of the Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 138
122. Plan and section of the Basilica of Maxentius. Rome. 139
123. Diagram of construction of dome built of stone voussoirs and diagram of
stress patterns in an uncracked concrete dome. 139
124. Deformation patterns in a cracked dome and a semidome. 140
125. Step rings on the Pantheon dome. Rome. 141
126. Large semidome at Trajan's Markets. Rome. 141
127. Stairs on dome of the "Temple of Mercury." Baiae. 142
128. Buttressing walls at the "Temple of Mercury. " Baiae. 143
129. Plan of dome of the "Temple of Mercury." Baiae. 144
130. Drawing of the buttresses of the octagonal dome at the Domus
Aurea. Rome. 144
131. Drawing of the "Temple of Venus and Cupid " in the Sessorian
palace. Rome. 145
132. Buttress at the "Temple of Venus and Cupid" in the Sessorian
palace. Rome. 145
133. Diagram demonstrating the concept of the vector. 150
134. Diagram demonstrating the concept of moment. 151
135. Diagram of stable three hinge arch and of collapsing four hinge arch. 151
136. Diagram showing the concept of Hooke s hanging line. 152
137. Example of a funicular polygon diagram. 153
138. Thrust line diagrams for three reconstruction proposals of the Basilica
Ulpia. Rome. 157
139. Thrust line through dome of the "Temple of Mercury." Baiae. 158
140. Definition of the Rankine safety factor. 159
141. Thrust line diagram of the Pantheon dome under different conditions. 159
142. Thrust line diagram of the "Temple of Minerva Medica' under
different conditions. 162
143. Drawing of the "Temple of Minerva Medica." Franz Innocenz Kobell. 163
144. Dome of the "Temple of Diana." Baiae. 164
145. Drawing demonstrating the steps in making a funicular polygon analysis
of an arch. 226
xvi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
MAPS
1. Map of Rome and environs locating major monuments discussed in
the text. 4
2. Map of Italy showing major volcanic districts. 13
3. Geological map of Rome and environs showing locations of major building
materials used in concrete vaulting. 14
4. Map of Italy showing locations of major sources of timber and limestone. 15
5. Map of the Bay of Naples showing the air fall distribution of the a.d. 79
eruption and the pre 79 eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. 63
TABLES
1. Recommended Mortar Mix Proportions 55
2. Amounts of Scoria in Vaults in Rome 67
3. Physical Characteristics of Dressel 20 and Dressel 23 Amphoras 71
4. Blocks from Trajan's Forum with Cuttings for Tie Bars 123
5. Proportions of Barrel Vaults 133
6. Proportions of Cross Vaults on Exterior Walls 135
7. Proportions of Freestanding Domes 140
8. Scoria Analysis 223
COLOR PLATES
Color plates follow page 154.
I. Major local building stones used in vaulted structures around Rome.
II. Detail of opus caementicium vault from the Porticus Aemilia. Rome.
III. Four types of pozzolana.
IV. Abandoned pozzolana quarry on via Nesazio. Rome.
V Detail of mortar with white pumice from the Colosseum. Rome.
VI. Plan of the Baths of Trajan. Rome.
VII. Section H at the Baths of Trajan. Rome.
VIII. Scoria and tufo giallo delta via Tiberina at Section E at the Baths of Trajan. Rome.
IX. West palaestra at the Baths of Caracalla. Rome.
X. East palaestra vault from the Baths of Diocletian. Rome.
XI. Dome at the "Temple of Minerva Medica. " Rome.
XII. Tor de'Schiavi. Detail of painting by Henrik van Lint and
reconstruction drawing.
XIII. Plans of the Baths of Caracalla and the Baths of Diocletian showing
vaulting ribs. Rome.
xvii |
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| author | Lancaster, Lynne C. 1964- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140508198 |
| author_facet | Lancaster, Lynne C. 1964- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lancaster, Lynne C. 1964- |
| author_variant | l c l lc lcl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV020858372 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TH16 |
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| classification_rvk | LG 2000 |
| classification_tum | ARC 878f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)265836354 (DE-599)BVBBV020858372 |
| discipline | Architektur Klassische Archäologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Architektur Klassische Archäologie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Rom Rome Antiquities Römisches Reich |
| id | DE-604.BV020858372 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T13:22:08Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:26:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521842026 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004029473 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014179972 |
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| physical | XXII, 274 S., [4] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt., Pläne 29 cm |
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| publisher | Univ. Press |
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| spelling | Lancaster, Lynne C. 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)140508198 aut Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome innovations in context Lynne C. Lancaster 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Univ. Press 2005 XXII, 274 S., [4] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt., Pläne 29 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 251 - 264 Gewölbe Funde Geschichte Vaults (Architecture) Rome Design and construction History to 1500 Concrete domes Rome Design and construction History to 1500 Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd rswk-swf Baukonstruktion (DE-588)4004821-4 gnd rswk-swf Gewölbe (DE-588)4197155-3 gnd rswk-swf Rom Rome Antiquities Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd rswk-swf Bautechnik (DE-2581)TH000007733 gbd Gewölbe (DE-2581)TH000008062 gbd Kuppel (DE-2581)TH000008075 gbd Römische Architektur (DE-2581)TH000008033 gbd Zement (DE-2581)TH000007734 gbd Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 g Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 s Gewölbe (DE-588)4197155-3 s Baukonstruktion (DE-588)4004821-4 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-511-61051-6 (DE-604)BV043923436 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip055/2004029473.html Table of contents HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014179972&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis http://digital.bib-bvb.de/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=491277&custom_att_2=simple_viewer Rezension |
| spellingShingle | Lancaster, Lynne C. 1964- Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome innovations in context Gewölbe Funde Geschichte Vaults (Architecture) Rome Design and construction History to 1500 Concrete domes Rome Design and construction History to 1500 Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd Baukonstruktion (DE-588)4004821-4 gnd Gewölbe (DE-588)4197155-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002851-3 (DE-588)4004821-4 (DE-588)4197155-3 (DE-588)4076778-4 |
| title | Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome innovations in context |
| title_auth | Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome innovations in context |
| title_exact_search | Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome innovations in context |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome innovations in context |
| title_full | Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome innovations in context Lynne C. Lancaster |
| title_fullStr | Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome innovations in context Lynne C. Lancaster |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome innovations in context Lynne C. Lancaster |
| title_short | Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome |
| title_sort | concrete vaulted construction in imperial rome innovations in context |
| title_sub | innovations in context |
| topic | Gewölbe Funde Geschichte Vaults (Architecture) Rome Design and construction History to 1500 Concrete domes Rome Design and construction History to 1500 Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd Baukonstruktion (DE-588)4004821-4 gnd Gewölbe (DE-588)4197155-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gewölbe Funde Geschichte Vaults (Architecture) Rome Design and construction History to 1500 Concrete domes Rome Design and construction History to 1500 Architektur Baukonstruktion Rom Rome Antiquities Römisches Reich |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip055/2004029473.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014179972&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://digital.bib-bvb.de/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=491277&custom_att_2=simple_viewer |
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