Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chicago [u.a.]
Univ. of Chicago Press
2005
|
| Series: | Interspecific interactions
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Contributor biographical information Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 487-574) and indexes |
| Physical Description: | XV, 591 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 0226094359 0226094367 |
Staff View
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| 100 | 1 | |a Caro, Timothy M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals |c Tim Caro ; with drawings by Sheila Girling |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chicago [u.a.] |b Univ. of Chicago Press |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 591 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Interspecific interactions | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 487-574) and indexes | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Mammifères - Moyens de défense | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oiseaux - Moyens de défense | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Birds |x Defenses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mammals |x Defenses | |
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| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/bios/uchi051/2004026464.html |3 Contributor biographical information | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text |
TIM CARO
PREDATOR DEFENSES
RDS ANDMAMMALS
WITH DRAWINGS BY SHEILA GIRLING
THEUNIVERSITYOFCHICAGOPRESS • CHICAGOANDLONDON
CONTENTS
Preface, scope, and acknowledgments xiii
Definitions and predator recognition
1 1 Introduction 1
1 2 The predatory sequence 3
1 3 Definitions 7
13a Adaptation and evolution 7
13b Antipredator terminology 9
1 4 Ability of prey to recognize predators 13
1 5 Recognition by young animals IS
15a Innate recognition 15 $
15b Learning to recognize predators 18
1 6 Relaxed selection 24
1 7 Observer bias 28
1 8 Summary 30
Morphological traits to avoid detection
2 1 Introduction 33
2 2 Background matching 35
22a Color resemblance in mammals 35
22b Color resemblance in birds 38
22C Color resemblance in birds' eggs 42
22d Special resemblance in birds' nests 45
22e Melanism 47
2 2 /Changes in coloration with changing environments 49
22g Masquerade 53
vi CONTENTS
e
2 3 Concealing shadow 55
2 4 Disruptive coloration 59
2 5 Apostatic selection 61
'j 2 6 Summary 64
3 Behavioral mechanisms to avoid detection
3 1 Introduction 67
3 2 Nest site selection in birds 68
32a Habitat type 71
32b Distance from edges 71
32C Habitat patch size 74
32d Vegetation around the nest site 75
32e Nest height 77
32f Proximity to nests 78
32g Distribution of nests 81
32h Proximity to social insects 83
3 3 Behavior reducing the probability of predators detecting nests 84
3 4 Refuges 87
34a Physical structures 88
34b Habitat shifts in rodents 89
3A c Habitat shifts in ungulates 91
3 5 Reduced activity 94
35a Hiding in ungulates 99
3 6 Changes in foraging under risk of predation 100
36a When to eat 102 *
36b Where to eat 104
36C What to eat 107
36d How much to eat 108
36e Effects of age and reproductive condition on risk-sensitive foraging 108
3 7 Changes in reproduction under risk of predation 110
3 8 Summary 112
4 Vigilance and group size
4 1 Introduction 115
4 2 Measures of vigilance 116
4 3 Benefits of individual vigilance 118
4 4 Costs of individual vigilance 122
4 5 Effects of group size on vigilance 123
45a Increased probability of predator detection 124
4 5 2) Reduced individual vigilance 126
CONTENTS Vll
45C Increased foraging 136
4 6 Why don't individuals cheat? 136
46a Predator detection is not collective 139
46b Vigilant nondetectors are at an advantage 141
46C Predators select low-vigilance individuals 141
46d Individuals maintain vigilance so as not to lose group members 142
46e Multiple attacks are possible 142
4 7 Vigilance in mixed-species groups 143
4 8 Summary 149
5 Factors affecting vigilance
5 1 Introduction 151
5 2 Distance from conspecifics and perceived group size 152
5 3 Position in the group 156
5 4 Sentinels 159
5 5 The influence of cover 162
5 6 Age and parity 166
5 7 Sex differences and dominance 170
5 8 Miscellaneous factors 172
5 9 Predator abundance 174
5 10 Interspecific differences in vigilance 176
5 11 Summary 178
6 Conspecific warning signals
6 1 Introduction 181 *
6 2 Acoustic constraints on alarm calls 183
62a localizability 183
62b Detectability 184
6 3 Costs of warning signals 187
6 4 Benefits of warning signals 190
64a Apparently selfish alarm calls 190
64b Mutually beneficial alarm calls 192
64C Altruistic and kin-selected alarm calls 194
6 5 Alarm calls between species 201
6 6 Variation in alarm calls 205
66a Sciurids 205
66b Birds 210
66C Primates 212
6 7 Development of conspecific warning signals 215
67a Ontogeny of response 215
viil CONTENTS
67b Ontogeny of alarm calls 217
6 8 Use of warning signals in deception 219
6 9 Summary 221
7 Signals of unprofitability
7 1 Introduction 225
7 2 The evolution of aposematism 227
72a Individual selection 227
72b Kin selection 227
72C Synergistic selection 229
7 3 Mechanisms by which predators select prey 230
73a Single prey 230
73b Aggregated prey 233
7 4 Aposematism in birds 235
74a Mimicry in birds 241
7 5 Aposematism in mammals 242
7 6 Pursuit deterrence 244
76a Low-cost perception advertisement signals 249
76b Auditory signals of perception advertisement 250
76C Inspection as perception advertisement 251
76d Foot drumming as advertising predator monitoring 254
76e Stotting as perception and quality advertisement 255
76f Leaping as quality advertisement 258
76g Song as quality advertisement 258
76h Quality advertisement in poikilotherms 25$
7 7 Summary 261
8 Antipredator benefits of grouping
8 1 Introduction 265^ '
8 La Definitionofgroups 266
8 2 The dilution effect 267
82a Rates of encounter 269
82b Reduced risk of capture 271
8 3 The Trafalgar effect 274
8 4 The confusion effect 275
84a Oddity and confusion 278
8 5 Predator swamping 280
85a Reproductive synchrony 282
8 6 Miscellaneous mechanisms 285
8 7 Position in the group 285
CONTENTS Ix
87a Colonially nesting birds 288
87b Flocks and herds 291
8 8 Primate groups 293
8 9 Ecocorrelates of antipredator grouping in homeotherms 299
8 10 Summary 301
9 Morphological and physiological defenses
9 1 Introduction 305
9 2 Body size 306
92a Body size and locomotor performance 309
9 3 Forms of locomotion 312
9 4 Spines and quills 314
9 5 Dermal plates and thickened skin 317
9 6 Weapons used for feeding 319
9 7 Sexually selected weaponry 319
9 8 Malodor and unpalatability 324
9 9 Venom resistance 327
9 10 Life history characteristics 329
9 11 Summary 332
10 Nest defense
10 1 Introduction 335
10 2 Scope of nest defense activities 337
W2a The study of nest defense 340
10 3 Distraction displays 343 -
10 4 Costs of nest defense 346
10 5 Benefits of nest defense 347 -
10 5 a Driving predators away 347
W5b Silencing offspring' 349
10 6 Effects of predation risk on nest defense 350
10 7 Parent's renesting potential 354
lOJ a Renesting potential within breeding seasons 354
W7b Renesting potential over lifetimes 359
10 8 Parental sex 360
10 9 Parental interactions 363
10 10 Offspring age 364
W lO a Past and future parental investment 366
10-lO b Changes in offspring vulnerability 366
W lO cRevisitation hypothesis 367
10 11 Offspring number 368
X CONTENTS
10 12 Offspring condition 371
10 12 a Harm-to-offspring hypothesis 372
10 13 Parental defense in mammals 375
10 14 Summary 377
11 Mobbing and group defense
11 1 Introduction 381
11 2 Definition of mobbing 383
11 3 Variation in mobbing behavior 384
11 4 Costs of mobbing 386
11 5 Benefits of mobbing 387
ll 5 a Direct benefits: lethal counterattack 387
ll S b Direct benefits: the move-on hypothesis 388
11 5 C Direct benefits: perception advertisement 391
ll 5 d Direct benefits: selfish-herd effect and confusion effect 391
ll S e Direct benefits: attract the mightier 391
U 5 )Indirect benefits: alerting others 392
11 5 g Indirect benefits: silencing offspring 392
ll S h Benefits unclear: cultural transmission 393
11 5A Other hypotheses 395
11 6 Mobbing and group size 395
11 7 Mobbing and mixed-species associations in birds 398
11 8 Group defense in mammals 404
11 8 a Snake-directed behavior in sciurids 404
11 8 b Protective behavior in ungulates 405 •
11 8 C Group attacks in primates 408
11 9 Summary 411
12 Flight and behaviors of last resort
12 1 Introduction^ 413
12 2 Freezing and immobility 414
12 3 Defense calls and flash coloration 415
12 4 Counterattack 417
12 5 Methods of escape 418
12 5 a Birds 419
12 5 b Mammals 422
12 6 Flight distance 423
12 7 Flight and weight gain in birds 426
12 8 Autotomy and deflection of attack 431
12 9 Fear screams 434
CONTENTS
12 10 Death feigning 438
12 11 Summary 440
13 Framing questions about antipredator defenses
13 1 Introduction 443
13 2 Synergism between morphology and behavior 445
13 3 Defenses shown by different prey to different predators 447
13 4 Prey employ different defenses against different predators 447
13 5 Different prey use different defenses against the same predator 450
13 6 Prey summon several defenses against the same predator 453
13 6 a Repeated use of the same defense 453
13 6 b Different defenses 453
13 7 Predator-prey coevolution 456
13 8 Ten pressing questions 458
13 8 a How important is coloration in antipredator defense? 458
13 8 b How can we explain patterns of morphological and physiological defenses
across taxa? 458
13 8 C How do antipredator morphology and behavior interact? 459
13 8 d Do prey recognize individual predators? 459
13 8 e How common are multifunctional defenses? 460
13 8 fHow do predators respond to interactions with prey over time? 460
13 8 g How common are multiple attacks on grouped prey? 461
13 8M Do predators select prey on the basis of condition? 461
13 8 i Do individual predators vary in hunting style? 462
13 8-j How do predator learning mechanisms^ffect antipredator defenses? 462
13 9 Why are defenses imperfect? 463
13 10 Summary 464
Appendix: Scientific names of vertebrates mentioned in the text 467
References 487
Prey species index 577
Subject index 587 |
| adam_txt |
TIM CARO
PREDATOR DEFENSES
RDS ANDMAMMALS
WITH DRAWINGS BY SHEILA GIRLING
THEUNIVERSITYOFCHICAGOPRESS • CHICAGOANDLONDON
CONTENTS
Preface, scope, and acknowledgments xiii
Definitions and predator recognition
1 1 Introduction 1
1 2 The predatory sequence 3
1 3 Definitions 7
13a Adaptation and evolution 7
13b Antipredator terminology 9
1 4 Ability of prey to recognize predators 13
1 5 Recognition by young animals IS
15a Innate recognition 15 $
15b Learning to recognize predators 18
1 6 Relaxed selection 24
1 7 Observer bias 28
1 8 Summary 30
Morphological traits to avoid detection
2 1 Introduction 33
2 2 Background matching 35
22a Color resemblance in mammals 35
22b Color resemblance in birds 38
22C Color resemblance in birds' eggs 42
22d Special resemblance in birds' nests 45
22e Melanism 47
2 2 /Changes in coloration with changing environments 49
22g Masquerade 53
vi CONTENTS
e
2 3 Concealing shadow 55
2 4 Disruptive coloration 59
2 5 Apostatic selection 61
'j 2 6 Summary 64
3 Behavioral mechanisms to avoid detection
3 1 Introduction 67
3 2 Nest site selection in birds 68
32a Habitat type 71
32b Distance from edges 71
32C Habitat patch size 74
32d Vegetation around the nest site 75
32e Nest height 77
32f Proximity to nests 78
32g Distribution of nests 81
32h Proximity to social insects 83
3 3 Behavior reducing the probability of predators detecting nests 84
3 4 Refuges 87
34a Physical structures 88
34b Habitat shifts in rodents 89
3A c Habitat shifts in ungulates 91
3 5 Reduced activity 94
35a Hiding in ungulates 99
3 6 Changes in foraging under risk of predation 100
36a When to eat 102 *
36b Where to eat 104
36C What to eat 107
36d How much to eat 108
36e Effects of age and reproductive condition on risk-sensitive foraging 108
3 7 Changes in reproduction under risk of predation 110
3 8 Summary 112
4 Vigilance and group size
4 1 Introduction 115
4 2 Measures of vigilance 116
4 3 Benefits of individual vigilance 118
4 4 Costs of individual vigilance 122
4 5 Effects of group size on vigilance 123
45a Increased probability of predator detection 124
4 5 2) Reduced individual vigilance 126
CONTENTS Vll
45C Increased foraging 136
4 6 Why don't individuals cheat? 136
46a Predator detection is not collective 139
46b Vigilant nondetectors are at an advantage 141
46C Predators select low-vigilance individuals 141
46d Individuals maintain vigilance so as not to lose group members 142
46e Multiple attacks are possible 142
4 7 Vigilance in mixed-species groups 143
4 8 Summary 149
5 Factors affecting vigilance
5 1 Introduction 151
5 2 Distance from conspecifics and perceived group size 152
5 3 Position in the group 156
5 4 Sentinels 159
5 5 The influence of cover 162
5 6 Age and parity 166
5 7 Sex differences and dominance 170
5 8 Miscellaneous factors 172
5 9 Predator abundance 174
5 10 Interspecific differences in vigilance 176
5 11 Summary 178
6 Conspecific warning signals
6 1 Introduction 181 *
6 2 Acoustic constraints on alarm calls 183
62a localizability 183
62b Detectability 184
6 3 Costs of warning signals 187
6 4 Benefits of warning signals 190
64a Apparently selfish alarm calls 190
64b Mutually beneficial alarm calls 192
64C Altruistic and kin-selected alarm calls 194
6 5 Alarm calls between species 201
6 6 Variation in alarm calls 205
66a Sciurids 205
66b Birds 210
66C Primates 212
6 7 Development of conspecific warning signals 215
67a Ontogeny of response 215
viil CONTENTS
67b Ontogeny of alarm calls 217
6 8 Use of warning signals in deception 219
6 9 Summary 221
7 Signals of unprofitability
7 1 Introduction 225
7 2 The evolution of aposematism 227
72a Individual selection 227
72b Kin selection 227
72C Synergistic selection 229
7 3 Mechanisms by which predators select prey 230
73a Single prey 230
73b Aggregated prey 233
7 4 Aposematism in birds 235
74a Mimicry in birds 241
7 5 Aposematism in mammals 242
7 6 Pursuit deterrence 244
76a Low-cost perception advertisement signals 249
76b Auditory signals of perception advertisement 250
76C Inspection as perception advertisement 251
76d Foot drumming as advertising predator monitoring 254
76e Stotting as perception and quality advertisement 255
76f Leaping as quality advertisement 258
76g Song as quality advertisement 258
76h Quality advertisement in poikilotherms 25$
7 7 Summary 261
8 Antipredator benefits of grouping
8 1 Introduction 265^ '
8 La Definitionofgroups 266
8 2 The dilution effect 267
82a Rates of encounter 269
82b Reduced risk of capture 271
8 3 The Trafalgar effect 274
8 4 The confusion effect 275
84a Oddity and confusion 278
8 5 Predator swamping 280
85a Reproductive synchrony 282
8 6 Miscellaneous mechanisms 285
8 7 Position in the group 285
CONTENTS Ix
87a Colonially nesting birds 288
87b Flocks and herds 291
8 8 Primate groups 293
8 9 Ecocorrelates of antipredator grouping in homeotherms 299
8 10 Summary 301
9 Morphological and physiological defenses
9 1 Introduction 305
9 2 Body size 306
92a Body size and locomotor performance 309
9 3 Forms of locomotion 312
9 4 Spines and quills 314
9 5 Dermal plates and thickened skin 317
9 6 Weapons used for feeding 319
9 7 Sexually selected weaponry 319
9 8 Malodor and unpalatability 324
9 9 Venom resistance 327
9 10 Life history characteristics 329
9 11 Summary 332
10 Nest defense
10 1 Introduction 335
10 2 Scope of nest defense activities 337
W2a The study of nest defense 340
10 3 Distraction displays 343 -
10 4 Costs of nest defense 346
10 5 Benefits of nest defense 347 -
10 5 a Driving predators away 347
W5b Silencing offspring' 349
10 6 Effects of predation risk on nest defense 350
10 7 Parent's renesting potential 354
lOJ a Renesting potential within breeding seasons 354
W7b Renesting potential over lifetimes 359
10 8 Parental sex 360
10 9 Parental interactions 363
10 10 Offspring age 364
W lO a Past and future parental investment 366
10-lO b Changes in offspring vulnerability 366
W lO cRevisitation hypothesis 367
10 11 Offspring number 368
X CONTENTS
10 12 Offspring condition 371
10 12 a Harm-to-offspring hypothesis 372
10 13 Parental defense in mammals 375
10 14 Summary 377
11 Mobbing and group defense
11 1 Introduction 381
11 2 Definition of mobbing 383
11 3 Variation in mobbing behavior 384
11 4 Costs of mobbing 386
11 5 Benefits of mobbing 387
ll 5 a Direct benefits: lethal counterattack 387
ll S b Direct benefits: the move-on hypothesis 388
11 5 C Direct benefits: perception advertisement 391
ll 5 d Direct benefits: selfish-herd effect and confusion effect 391
ll S e Direct benefits: attract the mightier 391
U 5 )Indirect benefits: alerting others 392
11 5 g Indirect benefits: silencing offspring 392
ll S h Benefits unclear: cultural transmission 393
11 5A Other hypotheses 395
11 6 Mobbing and group size 395
11 7 Mobbing and mixed-species associations in birds 398
11 8 Group defense in mammals 404
11 8 a Snake-directed behavior in sciurids 404
11 8 b Protective behavior in ungulates 405 •
11 8 C Group attacks in primates 408
11 9 Summary 411
12 Flight and behaviors of last resort
12 1 Introduction^ 413
12 2 Freezing and immobility 414
12 3 Defense calls and flash coloration 415
12 4 Counterattack 417
12 5 Methods of escape 418
12 5 a Birds 419
12 5 b Mammals 422
12 6 Flight distance 423
12 7 Flight and weight gain in birds 426
12 8 Autotomy and deflection of attack 431
12 9 Fear screams 434
CONTENTS
12 10 Death feigning 438
12 11 Summary 440
13 Framing questions about antipredator defenses
13 1 Introduction 443
13 2 Synergism between morphology and behavior 445
13 3 Defenses shown by different prey to different predators 447
13 4 Prey employ different defenses against different predators 447
13 5 Different prey use different defenses against the same predator 450
13 6 Prey summon several defenses against the same predator 453
13 6 a Repeated use of the same defense 453
13 6 b Different defenses 453
13 7 Predator-prey coevolution 456
13 8 Ten pressing questions 458
13 8 a How important is coloration in antipredator defense? 458
13 8 b How can we explain patterns of morphological and physiological defenses
across taxa? 458
13 8 C How do antipredator morphology and behavior interact? 459
13 8 d Do prey recognize individual predators? 459
13 8 e How common are multifunctional defenses? 460
13 8 fHow do predators respond to interactions with prey over time? 460
13 8 g How common are multiple attacks on grouped prey? 461
13 8M Do predators select prey on the basis of condition? 461
13 8 i Do individual predators vary in hunting style? 462
13 8-j How do predator learning mechanisms^ffect antipredator defenses? 462
13 9 Why are defenses imperfect? 463
13 10 Summary 464
Appendix: Scientific names of vertebrates mentioned in the text 467
References 487
Prey species index 577
Subject index 587 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Caro, Timothy M. |
| author_facet | Caro, Timothy M. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Caro, Timothy M. |
| author_variant | t m c tm tmc |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| callnumber-subject | QL - Zoology |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)56982330 (DE-599)BVBBV020844621 |
| dewey-full | 598.11 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 598 - Aves |
| dewey-raw | 598.11 |
| dewey-search | 598.11 |
| dewey-sort | 3598.11 |
| dewey-tens | 590 - Animals |
| discipline | Biologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV020844621 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T13:17:55Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T05:50:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0226094359 0226094367 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004026464 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014166432 |
| oclc_num | 56982330 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Grf2 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Grf2 |
| physical | XV, 591 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Univ. of Chicago Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Interspecific interactions |
| spelling | Caro, Timothy M. Verfasser aut Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals Tim Caro ; with drawings by Sheila Girling Chicago [u.a.] Univ. of Chicago Press 2005 XV, 591 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Interspecific interactions Includes bibliographical references (p. 487-574) and indexes Mammifères - Moyens de défense Oiseaux - Moyens de défense Birds Defenses Mammals Defenses Säugetiere (DE-588)4051253-8 gnd rswk-swf Räuber-Beute-Verhältnis (DE-588)4048274-1 gnd rswk-swf Vögel (DE-588)4063673-2 gnd rswk-swf Räuber-Beute-Verhältnis (DE-588)4048274-1 s Vögel (DE-588)4063673-2 s DE-604 Säugetiere (DE-588)4051253-8 s b DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/bios/uchi051/2004026464.html Contributor biographical information http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip053/2004026464.html Table of contents HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014166432&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Caro, Timothy M. Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals Mammifères - Moyens de défense Oiseaux - Moyens de défense Birds Defenses Mammals Defenses Säugetiere (DE-588)4051253-8 gnd Räuber-Beute-Verhältnis (DE-588)4048274-1 gnd Vögel (DE-588)4063673-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4051253-8 (DE-588)4048274-1 (DE-588)4063673-2 |
| title | Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals |
| title_auth | Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals |
| title_exact_search | Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals |
| title_full | Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals Tim Caro ; with drawings by Sheila Girling |
| title_fullStr | Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals Tim Caro ; with drawings by Sheila Girling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals Tim Caro ; with drawings by Sheila Girling |
| title_short | Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals |
| title_sort | antipredator defenses in birds and mammals |
| topic | Mammifères - Moyens de défense Oiseaux - Moyens de défense Birds Defenses Mammals Defenses Säugetiere (DE-588)4051253-8 gnd Räuber-Beute-Verhältnis (DE-588)4048274-1 gnd Vögel (DE-588)4063673-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mammifères - Moyens de défense Oiseaux - Moyens de défense Birds Defenses Mammals Defenses Säugetiere Räuber-Beute-Verhältnis Vögel |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/bios/uchi051/2004026464.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip053/2004026464.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014166432&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT carotimothym antipredatordefensesinbirdsandmammals |