Holdings: Primer on the autonomic nervous system

Primer on the autonomic nervous system:

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Bibliographic Details
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Academic Press 2004
Edition:	2. ed.
Subjects:	Autonomic Nervous System Diseases > physiopathology Autonomic Nervous System > physiology Autonomic nervous system > Diseases Autonomic nervous system > Physiology Vegetatives Nervensystem Krankheit Physiologie Aufsatzsammlung Einführung
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Physical Description:	XXVII, 459 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0125897626

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_version_	1807322105260277760
adam_text	Contents List of Contributors Preface xxvii xix PART ANATOMY 1. Development of the Autonomic Nervous System CARYL E. HILL Pathways and Fate of Neural Crest Cells 3 Factors Operating during Neural Crest Migration 3 Neurite Outgrowth and Target Contact 4 Factors Involved in Neurite Outgrowth and Neuronal Survival 5 Synapse Formation and Neuronal Differentiation 5 Conclusions 5 2. Mechanisms of Differentiation of Autonomic Neurons KWANG-SOO KIM The Autonomic Nervous System Is Derived from Neural Crest Cells 6 Signaling Molecules Regulate the Developmental Processes of the Autonomic Nervous System 6 Transcriptional Code Underlying the Development and Phenotypic Specification of the Autonomic Nervous System 7 Mashl 7 Phox2 Genes 7 Gata3 8 Activator Protein 2 8 Other Transcriptional Factors 8 Neurotransmitter Phenotypes of the Autonomic Nervous System 9 Noradrenaline Phenotype 9 Control Mechanism of DBH Gene Expression Is Closely Related to Autonomic Nervous System Development 9 Cholinergic Phenotype and the Switch of Neurotransmitter Phenotypes by the Target Cell Interactions 9 3. Milestones in Autonomic Research MAX R. BENNETT Receptors 12 Classical Transmitters: The Discovery of Noradrenaline, Acetylcholine, and Their Receptors 12 The Discovery of New Transmitters, Including Nucleotides, Peptides, and Nitric Oxide 12 Varicosities 12 Varicosities Shown to be the Source of Transmitters 12 Varicosities Have the Capacity to Take Up Transmitters After Their Release 12 Varicosities Possess Receptors That on Activation Modulate Further Transmitter Release 13 Generation of Currents and Second Messengers on Receptor Activation After Transmitter Release from Varicosities 13 Action Potentials, Initiated by the Generation of Junction Potentials, Are Caused by the Influx of Calcium Ions 13 Control of the Influx of Calcium Ions Is a Principal Means of Decreasing Blood Pressure 13 _PART_ II PHARMACOLOGY 4. Central Autonomic Control EDUARDO E. BENARROCH Anatomy of Central Autonomic Areas 17 Forebrain 17 Levels of Integration of Central Autonomic Control 18 VI Contents Bulbospinal Level 18 Pontomesencephalic Level Forebrain Level 18 18 5. Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System ROBERT W. HAMILL AND ROBERT E. SHAPIRO Sympathetic Nervous System 20 Sympathoadrenal Axis and the Adrenal Gland 23 Parasympathetic Nervous System 24 The Concept of Plurichemical Transmission and Chemical Coding 25 Functional Neuroanatomy and Biochemical Pharmacology 27 6. The Autonomic Neuroeffector Junction GEOFFREY BURNSTOCK Structure of the Autonomic Neuromuscular Junction 29 Varicose Terminal Axons 29 Junctional Cleft 29 Prejunctional and Postjunctional Specialization 30 Muscle Effector Bundles and Gap Junctions 30 Autonomic Neurotransmission 30 Electrophysiology 30 Receptor Localization on Smooth Muscle Cells 31 Model of Autonomic Neuroeffector Junction 32 7. Autonomic Neuromuscular Transmission MAX R. BENNETT New Transmitters and the Concept of Cotransmitters 34 Varicosities, Vesicle-Associated Proteins, and Calcium Fluxes 34 Ionotropic Receptors Are Localized to the Muscle Membrane at Varicosities 34 Metabotropic and Ionotropic Receptors Are Internalized and Recycled after Binding Transmitter 34 Sources of Intracellular Calcium in Smooth Muscle for Initiating Contraction 35 Modulation of Calcium Influx and the Control of Hypertension 35 8. Dopaminergic Neurotransmission CHRISTOPHER BELL 36 Transmitter Neurochemistry Transmitter Synthesis 36 Transmitter Storage and Release Transmitter Recycling 36 Future Questions 37 9. Dopamine Receptors AKI LAAKSO AND MARC G. CARON Structural and Functional Characteristics of Dopamine Receptors 39 Gene Structure 39 Receptor Structure 39 Signal Transduction 40 Dl-like Receptors 40 D2-like Receptors 41 Oligomerization 41 Pharmacology 42 Distribution 42 Distribution in the Brain 42 Dl Receptors 42 D2 Receptors 42 D3 Receptors 42 D4 Receptors 43 D5 Receptors 43 Dopamine Receptors in the Periphery 43 Regulation 43 10. Noradrenergic Neurotransmission DAVID S. GOLDSTEIN Noradrenergic Innervation of the Cardiovascular System 44 Norepinephrine: The Sympathetic Neurotransmitter 45 Norepinephrine Synthesis 45 Storage 46 Release 46 Disposition 47 11. oq-Adrenergic Receptors ROBERT M. GRAHAM Subtypes 50 Structure and Signaling 50 Ligand Binding and Activation Regulation 52 Vascular Subtypes 52 50 12. oc2-Adrenergic Receptors 36 LEE E. LIMBIRD 13. P-Adrenergic Receptors STEPHEN B. LIGGETT Signaling of P-AR Subtypes 57 Regulation of p-AR Function 57 Polymorphisms of P-AR 58 Contents VII 14. Purinergic Neurotransmission GEOFFREY BURNSTOCK. Sympathetic Nerves 61 Parasympathetic Nerves 61 Sensory-Motor Nerves 62 Intramural (Intrinsic) Nerves 63 Skeletal Neuromuscular Junctions 63 Synaptic Purinergic Transmission in Ganglia and Brain 64 Glial Cells 64 Plasticity of Expression of Purinergic Cotransmitters 64 Long-Term (Trophic) Signaling 64 P2X3 Receptors and Nociception 64 Future Developments 64 18. Acetylcholinesterase and Its Inhibitors ALBERT ENZ Mechanism of Action 77 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 77 Pharmacologic Actions of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition 77 Clinical Applications of Anticholinesterases 79 Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Alzheimer's Disease 80 19. Amino Acid Neurotransmission WILLIAM TALMAN 15. Adenosine Receptors and Autonomic Regulation ITALO BIAGGIONI Postsynaptic Antiadrenergic Effects of Adenosine 66 Presynaptic Effects of Adenosine on Efferent Nerves and Ganglionic Transmission 66 Adenosine and Central Autonomic Regulation 66 Neuroexcitatory Actions of Adenosine on Afferent Pathways 67 Integrated View of Adenosine and Cardiovascular Autonomic Regulation 67 16. Acetylcholine and Muscarinic Receptors B. V. RAMA SASTRY AND DAVID ROBERTSON Acetylcholine Synthesis and Metabolism: Drug Mechanisms 70 Acetylcholine Receptors 70 Muscarinic Agonists 71 Muscarinic Autonomic Effects of Acetylcholine 71 Muscarinic Antagonists 72 17. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Structure and Functional Properties PALMER TAYLOR Structural Considerations 73 Subtype Diversity of Nicotinic Receptors 73 Electrophysiologic Events Associated with Receptor Activation 74 Distribution of Nicotinic Receptors 76 20. Peptidergic Neurotransmission GRAHAM J. DOCKRAY Families of Peptide Transmitters 83 Generic Features of Peptidergic Transmission 83 Biosynthesis 83 Storage and Release 83 Receptors 84 Degradation 84 Chemical Coding 84 Overview of Peptides in the Autonomic Nervous System 84 21. Leptin Signaling in the Central Nervous System KAMAL RAHMOUNI, WILLIAM G. HAYNES, AND ALLYN L. MARK Central Neural Action of Leptin 86 Leptin Receptor 86 Intracellular Mechanisms of Leptin Signaling 86 Site of Leptin Action in the Brain 87 Interaction of Leptin and Neuropeptides in the Hypothalamus 87 Neuropeptide Y 87 Melanocortin System 88 Other Mediators 88 Conclusion 89 22. Nitrergic Neurotransmission JILL LINCOLN Synthesis of Nitric Oxide 90 Mechanisms of Nitrergic Neurotransmission 90 Nitrergic Neurotransmission in the Autonomic Nervous System and Pathologic Implications 91 viii Contents 23. Serotonin Receptors and Neurotransmission ELAINE SANDERS-BUSH AND CHARLES D. NICHOLS Localization 93 Synthesis and Metabolism 93 Neurotransmission 93 Receptors 94 Pharmacology and Role in Disease 94 24. Antidepressant-Sensitive Norepinephrine Transporters: Structure and Regulation RANDY D. BLAKELY _PART_ III PHYSIOLOGY 25. Cardiac and Other Visceral Afferents JOHN C. LONGHURST Anatomic Framework 103 Afferent Stimuli 103 Autonomic Reflex Responses to Visceral Afferent Activation 107 Pathologic Alterations of Visceral Afferents 107 26. Skeletal Muscle Afferents MARC P. KAUFMAN 27. Entrainment of Sympathetic Rhythms MICHAEL P. GILBEY Sympathetic Rhythm 114 Cardiac- and Respiratory-Related Rhythms Mechanisms Underlying Rhythms 114 Phasic Inputs Generate Rhythms 114 Entrainment of Rhythms 114 How Many Central Oscillators? 115 Functional Significance 115 28. Sexual Function JOHN D. STEWART Peripheral Structures 116 Central Nervous System 116 Physiologic Events 116 114 29. Gastrointestinal Function MICHAEL CAM1LLERI Salivary Secretion 118 Gastric Secretion 118 Pancreaticobiliary Secretion 118 Bile 118 Intestinal Secretion and Absorption 119 Control of Gut Motility 119 Normal Gastrointestinal Motor Function 120 30. Regulation of Metabolism ROBERT HOELDTKE Catecholamines and Glucose Metabolism 122 Catecholamines and Fat Metabolism 122 Catecholamines and Thermogenesis 122 Insulin and Autonomic Function 123 31. The Sweat Gland PHILLIP A. LOW Anatomy and Function of the Sweat Gland 124 Type 124 Density and Distribution 124 Physiology of Sweat Glands 124 Function 124 Innervation of Sweat Gland 124 Denervation 126 32. Temperature Regulation MIKIHIRO KIHARA, JUNICHI SUGENOYA, AND PHILLIP A. LOW Central Integration 127 Effector Mechanisms 127 Shivering 127 Nonshivering Thermogenesis 128 Vasomotor Response 128 Sudomotor Response 129 33. Autonomic Control of Airways PETER J. BARNES Overview of Airway Innervation Afferent Nerves 130 Slowly Adapting Receptors 130 Rapidly Adapting Receptors 130 C-Fibers 130 Cough 130 Neurogenic Inflammation 130 Cholinergic Nerves 130 Cholinergic Efferents 131 Muscarinic Receptors 131 130 Contents IX Cholinergic Reflexes 131 Anticholinergics in Airway Disease 131 Bronchodilator Nerves .131 Sympathetic Nerves 131 Inhibitory Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic Nerves 132 Neuropeptides 132 Neural Control of Airways in Disease 133 Asthma 133 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 133 34. Autonomic Control of Cardiac Function KLEBERG. FRANCHINI AND ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR. Autonomic Nerves Innervating the Mammalian Heart 134 Myocardial Nerve Terminals 135 The Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac Function 136 Interactions between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves 137 35. Neurogenic Control of Blood Vessels KLEBER G. FRANCHINI AND ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR Sympathetic Component 139 Sympathetic Fibers 139 Neuroeffector Junction 140 Neurotransmitters of Sympathetic Component 140 Release of Transmitter and Effector Action 141 Parasympathetic Component 142 Neural Control of Veins 142 Differential Vasomotor Control 142 36. Cerebral Circulation: Autonomic Influences PETER J. GOADSBY Neural Innervation of Brain Circulation 144 Extrinsic Neural Influences 144 Sympathetic Nervous System 144 Parasympathetic Nervous System 145 Effect of Direct Parasympathetic Stimulation on Cerebral Blood Flow In Vivo 146 37. High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Baroreflexes DWAIN L. ECKBERG 38. Venoarteriolar Reflex PHILLIP A. LOW Anatomy 147 Transduction 147 Methods for Study of Human Baroreflexes Integrated Baroreflex Responses 149 Baroreflex Resetting 150 Cardiopulmonary B aroreflexes 151 Summary 151 148 Skin Blood Flow 152 Venoarteriolar Reflex 152 39. The Cardioinhibitory Vasodepressor Reflex VALENTINA ACCURSO AND VIREND K. SOMERS Physiology 154 Clinical Conditions Predisposing to Activation of the Reflex 154 40. Autonomic Control of the Kidney EDWIN K. JACKSON Innervation of the Kidney 157 Autonomic Receptors in the Kidney 157 Reflex Regulation of Blood Volume 159 The Renorenal Reflex 160 Autonomic Control of the Kidney in Pathophysiologic States 160 41. Autonomic Control of the Pupil H. STANLEY THOMPSON Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic) Drugs 162 Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic) Drugs 162 Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic) Drugs 164 Sympatholytic Drugs (Adrenergic Blockers) 164 Other Agents 164 Iris Pigment and Pupillary Response to Drugs 164 42. Intraocular Pressure and Autonomic Dysfunction KAREN M. JOOS Systemic Blood Pressure and Intraocular Pressure Relation 166 Ocular Blood Flow 166 Autonomic Dysfunction 166 43. Angiotensin 11/Autonomic Interactions DEBRA 1. DIZ AND DAVID B. AVERILL Sympathetic Nervous System 168 Angiotensin II Influence on the Sympathetic Nervous System 168 Sympathetic Nervous System Influence on the Renin- Angiotensin System 168 X Contents Parasympathetic Nervous System 168 PART Angiotensin II Influence on the Parasympathetic IV Nervous System 168 Physiologic Examples of Regulation/Interactions 169 Baroreceptor Reflex 169 STRESS Chemoreceptor Reflex 169 Other Sensory Modalities 169 47. Exercise and the Autonomic Pathophysiology 170 Hypertension 170 Nervous System Congestive Heart Failure 170 VERNON S. BISHOP Consequences of Ang II-Mediated Enhancement of Sympathetic Nerve Activity to the Kidney 170 Receptor Pharmacology 170 48. Effects of High Altitude Conclusions 171 LUCIANO BERNARDI 44. Autonomic Effects of Anesthesia THOMAS ]. EBERT Direct Effects of Anesthetics on Sympathetic Outflow 172 Intravenous Anesthetics (Sedative/Hypnotics) 172 Human Baroreflex Function and Anesthetic Gases 173 Low-Pressure (Cardiopulmonary) Baroreflexes 173 High-Pressure Baroreflexes 173 Intravenous Anesthetics 173 Inhaled Agents 175 45. Peripheral Dopamine Systems GRAEME EISENHOFER AND DAVID S. GOLDSTEIN Dopamine in the Kidneys 176 Dopamine in the Gastrointestinal Tract Diet and Dopamine Sulfate 177 Perspectives 177 176 Effects of Acute Hypoxia 185 Effects of Chronic Hypoxia 186 Autonomic Nervous System and High-Altitude Illness 186 49. Hypothermia BRUCE C. PATON Etiologic Factors 187 General Response to Heat Loss 187 Specific Systematic Changes 187 Diagnosis 188 50. Psychological Stress and the Autonomic Nervous System MICHAEL G. ZIEGLER Normal Psychological Stresses and Autonomic Activity 189 Patterns of Autonomic Response to Stress 189 Gastrointestinal Control 190 Psychosomatic Disorders and the Autonomic Nervous System 190 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Panic, and Anxiety 190 46. Dopamine Mechanisms in the Kidney ROBERT M. CAREY Renal Dopamine Formation and Excretion 178 Renal Dopamine Receptor Expression 178 Dopaminergic Regulation of Renal Sodium Excretion 178 DrLike Receptors 178 D2-Like Receptors 179 Physiologic Interactions of the Renal Dopaminergic System and the Renin-Angiotensin System 179 Renal Dopamine and Hypertension 180 51. Aging and the Autonomic Nervous System VERA NOVAK AND LEWIS A. LIPSITZ Baroreflex Function 191 Sympathetic Activity 191 Parasympathetic Activity 191 Variability of Cardiovascular Signals 192 Neurotransmitters and Receptors 192 Cardiac P-Adrenergic Receptors 192 Vascular Reactivity 192 Volume Regulation 193 Cerebral Vasoregulation 193 Contents xi 52. Mind-Body Interactions DANIEL TRANEL Nonconscious Memory 194 Nonconscious Face Recognition in Prosopagnosia 194 Nonconscious Recognition in the Auditory Modality 194 Nonconscious Learning 195 Nonconscious Face Learning in Prosopagnosia 195 Nonconscious Learning of Affective Valence 195 Conditioning Without Awareness 196 Emotion 196 Impaired Skin Conductance Responses to Emotionally Charged Stimuli 196 Impaired Skin Conductance Responses to Familiar Faces 197 The Somatic Marker Hypothesis 197 PART VI EVALUATION OF AUTONOMIC FAILURE 56. Clinical Assessment of Autonomic Failure DAVID ROBERTSON Orthostatic Test 213 Tilt-Table Testing 216 Pharmacologic Tests 216 PART V NEUROPATHOLOGY 53. Oxidative Processes JING ZHANG AND THOMAS J. MONTINE Oxidative Stress 201 Mechanisms to Limit Reactive Oxygen Species and Reactive Nitrogen Species Accumulation 201 Oxidative Damage to Cellular Macromolecules 201 Lipid Peroxidation 201 Nucleic Acid 202 Protein 202 Cellular Repair and Detoxification Mechanisms for Oxidative Damage 203 Glutathione-S-transferases 203 Aldo-keto Oxidoreductases 203 DNA Repair 203 Summary 203 54. a-Synudein and Neurodegeneration MICHEL GOEDERT The Synuclein Family 204 The oc-Synuclein Diseases 204 Models of oc-Synucleinopathies 205 55. Experimental Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy STEVEN VERNINO Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 208 Experimental Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 208 57. Evaluation of the Patient with Syncope HORACIO KAUFMANN Mechanisms of Syncope 217 Orthostatic Hypotension 217 Acute Decrease in Cardiac Output 218 Acute Increase in Cerebrovascular Resistance 218 Diagnosis 219 Tilt Testing 220 Prognosis 220 58. Evaluation of the Patient with Orthostatic Intolerance RONALD SCHONDORF Overview 221 Clinical Features 221 Pathophysiology of Orthostatic Intolerance 221 Laboratory Evaluation of Orthostatic Intolerance 221 Symptoms of Orthostatic Intolerance 223 59. Sympathetic Microneurography B. GUNNARWALLIN Methodology 224 Equipment 224 Procedure 224 Analysis 225 Potential Difficulties 226 Mixed Sites 226 Changes of Electrode Site 226 xii Contents 60. Assessment of the Autonomic Control of the Cardiovascular System by Frequency Domain Approach RAFFAELLO FURLAN AND ALBERTO MALLIANI Methodology 228 Functional Significance of Cardiovascular Rhythms 228 Relation between Cardiovascular and Neural Rhythms 229 Physiology and Pathophysiology 229 61. Assessment of Sudomotor Function PHILLIP A. LOW AND RONALD SCHONDORF PART Tests of Sudomotor Function 231 Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test Skin Imprint Recordings 231 Skin Potential Recordings 231 Thermoregulatory Sweat Test 233 Integrated Evaluation of Sweating 233 231 VII CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 63. Hypertension and Sympathetic Nervous System Activity DAVID A. CALHOUN AND SUZANNE OPARIL Renal Sympathetic Stimulation in Experimental and Human Hypertension 241 Cardiac Sympathetic Stimulation in Human Hypertension 241 Sympathetic Nervous System Activity and Vascular Remodeling 242 Plasma Norepinephrine Levels 242 Regional Norepinephrine Spillover 243 Microneurography 243 Sympathetic and Vascular Reactivity 244 62. Biochemical Assessment of Sympathoadrenal Activity JOSEPH L. IZZO, JR., AND STANLEY F. FERNANDEZ Catecholamine Metabolism 234 Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines and Metabolites 234 Urinary Vanillylmandelic Acid Excretion 234 Urinary-Free Catecholamines 234 Urinary Metanephrines 234 Urinary Methoxyhydroxyphenyl Glycol 234 Plasma Catecholamines and Metabolites 235 Plasma Norepinephrine 235 Plasma Epinephrine 236 Plasma Dopamine 236 Plasma Dihydroxyphenyl Glycol 236 Plasma Metanephrines 236 Sulfoconjugates 236 Other Proteins and Peptides in Plasma 236 Dopamine P-hydroxylase 236 Chromogranin A 236 Neuropeptide Y 236 Tissue Catecholamine Concentrations 237 Tissue Catecholamines 237 Platelet Catecholamine 237 Cerebrospinal Fluid Catecholamines and Metabolites 237 Kinetic (Turnover) Studies 237 General Methodology 237 Radiotracer Infusions 237 Analytic Methods for Catecholamines 238 Sample Preservation 238 Analytic Techniques 238 64. The Autonomic Nervous System and Sudden Cardiac Death DAN M. RODEN Clinical Links between Autonomic Dysfunction and Sudden Cardiac Death 245 Basic Mechanisms 245 Conclusion 246 65. Congestive Heart Failure MAZHAR H. KHAN AND LAWRENCE I. SINOWAY Sympathetic Nervous System 247 Regulation of Sympathetic Nervous System Activity in Congestive Heart Failure 247 Implication of Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Congestive Heart Failure 247 Implications for Therapy 248 66. Neurally Mediated Syncope SATISH R. RAJ AND ROSE MARIE ROBERTSON Pathophysiology of Neurally Mediated Syncope 249 Diagnosis of Neurally Mediated Syncope 249 Tilt-Table Testing 250 Natural History of Neurally Mediated Syncope 250 Neurally Mediated Syncope Treatment 250 Contents xiii 67. Syncope in the Athlete VICTOR A. CONVERTINO Treatment 273 BH4 Deficiencies 273 Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency 273 Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency 273 PART VIII CATECHOLAMINE DISORDERS 68. The Autonomic Storm ALEJANDRO A. RABINSTEIN AND EELCO F. M. WIJDICKS Definition 257 Causes and Pathophysiology 257 Incidence 257 Clinical Manifestations 257 Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Evaluation 258 Treatment 258 Prognosis 258 69. Pheochromocytoma WILLIAM M. MANGER, RAY W. GIFFORD, JR., AND GRAEME EISENHOFER 73. Dopamine p-Hydroxylase Deficiency ANTON H. VAN DER MEIRACKER, FRANS BOOMSMA, AND JAAP DEINUM Clinical Presentation 274 Diagnosis 274 Differential Diagnosis 275 Genetics 275 Therapy 275 74. Menkes Disease STEPHEN G. KALER Epidemiology 277 Clinical Phenotype 277 Biochemical Phenotype 277 Autonomic Manifestations 277 Clinical Signs of Pysautonomia in Menkes Disease 277 Neurochemical Abnormalities 277 Molecular Diagnosis 278 Treatment 278 70. Chemodectoma and the Familial Paraganglioma Syndrome TERRY KETCH AND JAMES L. NETTERVILLE 71. Baroreflex Failure JENS JORDAN Causes of Baroreflex Failure 267 Clinical Presentation 267 Diagnosing Baroreflex Failure 269 Treatment 270 75. Norepinephrine Transporter Dysfunction MAUREEN K. HAHN Role of the Norepinephrine Transporter 280 The Human Norepinephrine Transporter Gene 280 Human Norepinephrine Transporter Single- Nucleotide Polymorphisms 280 A457P and Orthostatic Intolerance 280 Conclusions 281 76. Monoamine Oxidase Deficiency JACQUES W. M. LENDERS AND GRAEME EISENHOFER 72. Deficiencies of Tetrahydrobiopterin, Tyrosin Hydroxylase, and Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase KEITH HYLAND AND LAUREN A. ARNOLD Biochemistry 271 Presentation and Neurologic Symptoms 271 Diagnosis 272 Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiencies 272 Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency 273 Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency 273 PART IX CENTRAL AUTONOMIC DISORDERS 77. Parkinson's Disease THOMAS L. DAVIS Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation 287 Tests of Sympathetic Function 287 XIV Contents Tests of Parasympathetic Function 287 Orthostatic Hypotension 287 Constipation 288 Dysphagia 288 Drooling 288 Sexual Function 288 Bladder Dysfunction 288 78. Multiple System Atrophy NIALL QUINN History, Nosology, Epidemiology, Demographics, and Prognosis 290 History and Nosology 290 Epidemiology 290 Demographics and Prognosis 290 Clinical Features 290 Clinical Diagnostic Criteria 291 Differential Diagnosis 291 Paraclinical Investigations 291 Management 291 81. Autonomic Disturbances in Spinal Cord Injuries CHRISTOPHER J. MATHIAS Cardiovascular System 298 Cutaneous Circulation 300 Thermoregulation and Sudomotor Function 300 Gastrointestinal System 301 Urinary System 301 Reproductive System 301 82. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome P. DAVID CHARLES AND THOMAS L. DAVIS Clinical Features 302 Medications and Risk Factors Differential Diagnosis 303 Pathogenesis 304 Treatment 304 302 PART 79. Dementia with Lewy Bodies GREGOR K. WENNING AND M1CHAELA STAMPFER Clinical Aspects and Differential Diagnosis 293 Practical Management 293 Dementia 293 Hallucinations and Psychosis 293 Parkinsonism 294 Dysautonomia 294 80. Central Disorders of Autonomic Function EDUARDO E. BENARROCH Disorders of Telencephalic Autonomic Regions 295 Stroke 295 Seizures 295 Disorders of the Diencephalon 295 Hypothalamic Disorders 295 Paroxysmal Sympathetic Storms ("Diencephalic Seizures") 296 Fatal Familial Insomnia 296 Disorders of the Brainstem 296 Vertebrobasilar Disease 296 Posterior Fossa Tumors 296 Degenerative and Developmental Disorders 296 Inflammatory, Toxic, and Metabolic Disorders 297 Disorders of the Spinal Cord 297 X PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC FAILURE 83. Pure Autonomic Failure HORACIO KAUFMANN AND IRWIN J. SCHATZ Differential Diagnosis 309 Catecholamine Studies 310 Neuroendocrine Studies 310 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques 310 Neuropathology 310 Management 310 84. Familial Dysautonomia FELICIA B. AXELROD AND MAX J. HILZ Genetics and Diagnosis 312 Pathology 312 Sural Nerve 312 Spinal Cord 312 Sympathetic Nervous System 312 Parasympathetic Nervous System 313 Biochemical Data 313 Clinical Symptoms and Treatments 313 Prognosis 314 Contents XV 85. Hereditary Autonomic Neuropathies YADOLLAH HARATI AND OPAS NAWASIRIPONG Fabry's Disease 316 Clinical Manifestations of Fabry's Disease 316 Autonomic Involvement 316 Porphyria 317 Clinical Manifestation of Porphyria 317 Autonomic Involvement in Porphyria 318 Treatment of Porphyria 318 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B 318 Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies Type I and E (Charcot-Marie Tooth 1 and 2) 319 Types I, II, IV, and V Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy 319 86. Amyloidotic Autonomic Failure HAZEM MACHKHAS, OPAS NAWASIRIPONG, AND YADOLLAH HARATI Immunoglobulin Amyloidosis 320 Pathogenesis 320 Diagnosis 321 Treatment 321 Prognosis 322 Reactive Amyloidosis 322 Hereditary Amyloidosis 322 Pathogenesis 323 Laboratory Data and Diagnosis 323 Treatment and Prognosis 323 Sudomotor 330 Cardiovascular 330 89. Guillain-Barre Syndrome PHILLIP A. LOW AND JAMES G. MCLEOD Clinical Features 332 Investigations 332 Etiology or Mechanisms 332 Course and Prognosis 333 Management 333 90. Chagas' Disease DANIEL BULLA, ALBA LARRE BORGES, RAQUEL PONCE DE LEON, AND MARIO MEDICI 91. Drug-Induced Autonomic Dysfunction NEAL L. BENOWITZ Importance of Aging 336 Drug Interactions 336 Autonomic Neuropathy Produced by Specific Chemicals and Drugs 337 _PART_ XI ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE 87. Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy STEVEN VERNINO, PHILLIP A. LOW, AND VANDA A. LENNON Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 324 Description 324 Diagnosis 325 Clinical Course 325 Treatment 326 Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 326 88. Diabetic Autonomic Dysfunction ANDREW C. ERTL, MICHAEL PFEIFER, AND STEPHEN N. DAVIS Iris 328 Esophagus 328 Stomach 328 Gallbladder 329 Colon 329 Bladder 329 Penis 329 Vagina 330 Adernal Medulla 330 92. Neuropathic Postural Tachycardia Syndrome PHILLIP A. LOW Clinical Features 341 Quality of Life 341 Evidence of Peripheral Denervation 341 Other Pathophysiologic Studies 341 Follow-up 342 Management 342 93. Hyperadrenergic Postural Tachycardia Syndrome SIMI VINCENT AND DAVID ROBERTSON 94. Hypovolemia Syndrome FETNAT FOUAD-TARAZI Blood Volume and Syncope 346 Relation between Chronic Global Blood Volume Depletion and Neurocardiogenic Response to Upright Posture 347 xvi Contents Dynamics of Postural Blood Volume Shifts 347 Clinical Features of Chronic Idiopathic Hypovolemia 347 Hemodynamic Profile of Chronic Idiopathic Hypovolemia 348 Neurohumoral Indexes of Chronic Idiopathic Hypovolemia 348 Possible Mechanisms of Chronic Idiopathic Hypovolemia 348 Response to Therapy 349 Future Considerations 349 _part_ XII OTHER CLINICAL CONDITIONS 98. Hypoadrenocorticism DAVID H. P. STREETEN Effects of Autonomic Activity on Adrenocortical Secretion 366 Effects of Hypoadrenocorticism on Autonomic Failure 366 99. Mastocytosis L. JACKSON ROBERTS, II Mastocytosis and Allied Activation Disorders of the Mast Cell 368 Symptoms and Signs 368 Mast Cell Mediators Responsible for the Symptoms and Signs 368 Diagnosis 369 Summary 369 95. Disorders of Sweating ROBERT D. FEALEY Hypohidrosis and Anhidrosis 354 Distal Anhidrosis 356 Global Anhidrosis 356 Dermatomal, Focal, or Multifocal Anhidrosis 356 Segmental Anhidrosis 356 Hemianhidrosis 356 96. Male Erectile Dysfunction DOUGLAS F. MILAM Mechanism of Erection 359 Etiologic Factors of Erectile Dysfunction 359 Neuromuscular Junction Disorders 359 Neurogenic Erectile Dysfunction 360 Endocrine Disorders 360 Medical and Surgical Treatment 360 97. Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Autonomic Failure SUDHANSU CHOKROVERTY Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Autonomic Failure 362 Diagnosis 364 Treatment 364 General Measures and Medical Treatment 364 Mechanical Treatment 364 Surgical Treatment 365 100. Cocaine Overdose WANPEN VONGPATANASIN AND RONALD G. VICTOR Effects of Cocaine on the Peripheral Circulation 370 Autonomic Effects of Cocaine on the Heart 370 Effects of Cocaine on Thermoregulation 371 Treatment of Cocaine Overdose 371 101. Sympathetic Nervous System and Pain WILFRID JANIG Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling Depending on Activity in Sympathetic Neurons: Hypotheses Driven by Clinical Observations 374 Role of Sympathetic Nervous System in Generation of Pain and Hyperalgesia During Inflammation: Hypotheses Developed on the Basis of Experiments in Behavioral Animal Models 374 Cutaneous Mechanical Hyperalgesia Elicited by the Inflammatory Mediator Bradykinin 375 Cutaneous Hyperalgesia Generated by Nerve Growth Factor 375 Mechanical Hyperalgesic Behavior Generated by Activation of the Sympathoadrenal System (Adrenal Medulla) 375 102. Baroreflex Functioning in Monogenic Hypertension FRIEDRICH C. LUFT Autosomal-Dominant Hypertension with Brachydactyly 377 Contents XV11 Neurovascular Contact 378 Baroreflex Testing 378 Invasive Baroreflex Testing 378 Comparisons with Patients Who have Essential Hypertension 379 Lessons from Monogenic Hypertension 380 103. Carcinoid Tumors KENNETH R. HANDE PART XIII MANAGEMENT OF AUTONOMIC DISORDERS 107. Hypoglycemic Associated Autonomic Dysfunction DARLEEN A. SANDOVAL AND STEPHEN N. DAVIS 104. Chronic Fatigue and the Autonomic Nervous System ROY FREEMAN Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Orthostatic Intolerance, and Neurally Mediated Syncope 385 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Postural Tachycardia, and Orthostatic Intolerance 386 Pathophysiology of Postural Tachycardia 386 Conclusion 386 ■ 105. Paraneoplastic Autonomic Dysfunction RAMESH K. KHURANA Brainstem Dysfunction Syndrome 388 Morvan Syndrome 388 Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy 388 Enteric Neuronopathy 388 Autonomic Neuropathy 388 Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome 389 Diagnosis 389 Treatment 390 106. Panic Disorder MURRAY ESLER, MARL1ES ALVARENGA, DAVID KAYE, GAVIN LAMBERT, JANE THOMPSON, JACQU1 HASTINGS, ROSEMARY SCHWARZ, MARGARET MORRIS, AND JEFF RICHARDS Resting Sympathetic Nervous System Function in Panic Disorder 391 Sympathetic Nervous Activity and Epinephrine Secretion Rates 391 Epinephrine Cotransmission in Sympathetic Nerves 391 Reduction in Neuronal Norepinephrine Reuptake by Sympathetic Nerves 392 Autonomic Nervous Changes During a Panic Attack 392 Sympathetic Nerve Firing and Secretion of Epinephrine 392 Release of Neuropeptide Y 393 Mediating Autonomic Mechanisms of Cardiac Risk During a Panic Attack 393 108. Surgical Sympathectomy EMILY M. GARLAND 109. Physical Measures WOUTER WIELING Physical Counter Maneuvers 403 Leg-Crossing 403 Squatting 403 External Support 404 Conclusion 406 110. Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension: Nutritional Measures JENS JORDAN Water: A Pressor Agent 407 Caffeine 408 Tyramine 409 Sodium 409 Licorice 409 Nutritional Treatment of Supine Hypertension 409 111. Fludrocortisone ROSE MARIE ROBERTSON 112. Midodrine and Other Sympathomimetics JANICE L. GILDEN Midorine 413 Mechanism of Action 413 Pharmacology 413 Efficacy 413 Adverse Effects and Disadvantages 414 Dosing 414 Ephedrine/Other a Agonists 414 Mechanism of Action 414 XVU1 Contents Adverse Events and Disadvantages Dosing 415 414 Clinical Role of Acupuncture 427 Outstanding Issues in Acupuncture Research 427 113. Dihydroxyphenylserine ROY FREEMAN Precursor Therapy for Orthostatic Hypotension 416 114. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists in Autonomic Failure ROY FREEMAN Sympathomimetic Agents 419 Clonidine 420 Yohimbine 420 115. Erythropoietin in Autonomic Failure ITALO BIAGGIONI Modulation of Erythropoietin Production by the Autonomic Nervous System 421 The Anemia of Autonomic Failure 421 Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension 421 116. Bionic Baroreflex TAKAYUKl SATO, ANDRE DIEDR1CH, AND KENJI SUNAGAWA Bionic Baroreflex System 423 Theoretic Background 423 Implementation of Algorithm of Artificial Vasomotor Center in Bionic Baroreflex System 423 Efficacy of Bionic Baroreflex System 423 Epidural Catheter Approach for Human Bionic Baroreflex System 424 Clinical Implications 425 117. Acupuncture JOHN C. LONGHURST Western Understanding of Acupuncture 426 Neurologic Substrate 426 PART XIV EXPERIMENTAL AUTONOMIC NEUROSCIENCE 118. Autonomic Disorders in Animals MATTHEW ]. P1CKLO, SR. Sympathectomy 433 Surgical Sympathectomy 433 Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Immunosympathectomy 433 Immune-Mediated Sympathectomy 433 Chemical Sympathectomy 433 Immunotoxin Sympathectomy 434 Pathologic Autonomic Failure in Animals 434 119. Transgenic Strategies in Autonomic Research KAZUTO KOBAYASHI AND TOSHIHARU NAGATSU Transgenic Animal Model 435 Experimental Strategy of Immunotoxin-Mediated Cell Targeting Technique 435 Model for Autonomic Neuropathy 435 Future Aspects 436 120. Mouse Homologous Recombination Models NANCY R. KELLER Index 449 David Robertson, Editor-in-Chief Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Italo Biaggioni, Editor Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Geoffrey Burnstock, Editor Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK Phillip A. Low, Editor Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA The Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System presents, in a readable and accessible format, key information about how the autonomic nervous system controls the body, particularly in response to stress. This primer represents the largest collection of world-wide autonomic nervous system authorities ever to contribute to a single treatise. It is espe¬ cially suitable for students, scientists and physicians who wish to find, in a single location, the key information about all aspects of autonomic physiology and pathology. This primer provides up-to-date knowledge about basic and clinical auto¬ nomic neuroscience in a format designed to make learning easy and fun.
adam_txt	Contents List of Contributors Preface xxvii xix PART ANATOMY 1. Development of the Autonomic Nervous System CARYL E. HILL Pathways and Fate of Neural Crest Cells 3 Factors Operating during Neural Crest Migration 3 Neurite Outgrowth and Target Contact 4 Factors Involved in Neurite Outgrowth and Neuronal Survival 5 Synapse Formation and Neuronal Differentiation 5 Conclusions 5 2. Mechanisms of Differentiation of Autonomic Neurons KWANG-SOO KIM The Autonomic Nervous System Is Derived from Neural Crest Cells 6 Signaling Molecules Regulate the Developmental Processes of the Autonomic Nervous System 6 Transcriptional Code Underlying the Development and Phenotypic Specification of the Autonomic Nervous System 7 Mashl 7 Phox2 Genes 7 Gata3 8 Activator Protein 2 8 Other Transcriptional Factors 8 Neurotransmitter Phenotypes of the Autonomic Nervous System 9 Noradrenaline Phenotype 9 Control Mechanism of DBH Gene Expression Is Closely Related to Autonomic Nervous System Development 9 Cholinergic Phenotype and the Switch of Neurotransmitter Phenotypes by the Target Cell Interactions 9 3. Milestones in Autonomic Research MAX R. BENNETT Receptors 12 Classical Transmitters: The Discovery of Noradrenaline, Acetylcholine, and Their Receptors 12 The Discovery of New Transmitters, Including Nucleotides, Peptides, and Nitric Oxide 12 Varicosities 12 Varicosities Shown to be the Source of Transmitters 12 Varicosities Have the Capacity to Take Up Transmitters After Their Release 12 Varicosities Possess Receptors That on Activation Modulate Further Transmitter Release 13 Generation of Currents and Second Messengers on Receptor Activation After Transmitter Release from Varicosities 13 Action Potentials, Initiated by the Generation of Junction Potentials, Are Caused by the Influx of Calcium Ions 13 Control of the Influx of Calcium Ions Is a Principal Means of Decreasing Blood Pressure 13 _PART_ II PHARMACOLOGY 4. Central Autonomic Control EDUARDO E. BENARROCH Anatomy of Central Autonomic Areas 17 Forebrain 17 Levels of Integration of Central Autonomic Control 18 VI Contents Bulbospinal Level 18 Pontomesencephalic Level Forebrain Level 18 18 5. Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System ROBERT W. HAMILL AND ROBERT E. SHAPIRO Sympathetic Nervous System 20 Sympathoadrenal Axis and the Adrenal Gland 23 Parasympathetic Nervous System 24 The Concept of Plurichemical Transmission and Chemical Coding 25 Functional Neuroanatomy and Biochemical Pharmacology 27 6. The Autonomic Neuroeffector Junction GEOFFREY BURNSTOCK Structure of the Autonomic Neuromuscular Junction 29 Varicose Terminal Axons 29 Junctional Cleft 29 Prejunctional and Postjunctional Specialization 30 Muscle Effector Bundles and Gap Junctions 30 Autonomic Neurotransmission 30 Electrophysiology 30 Receptor Localization on Smooth Muscle Cells 31 Model of Autonomic Neuroeffector Junction 32 7. Autonomic Neuromuscular Transmission MAX R. BENNETT New Transmitters and the Concept of Cotransmitters 34 Varicosities, Vesicle-Associated Proteins, and Calcium Fluxes 34 Ionotropic Receptors Are Localized to the Muscle Membrane at Varicosities 34 Metabotropic and Ionotropic Receptors Are Internalized and Recycled after Binding Transmitter 34 Sources of Intracellular Calcium in Smooth Muscle for Initiating Contraction 35 Modulation of Calcium Influx and the Control of Hypertension 35 8. Dopaminergic Neurotransmission CHRISTOPHER BELL 36 Transmitter Neurochemistry Transmitter Synthesis 36 Transmitter Storage and Release Transmitter Recycling 36 Future Questions 37 9. Dopamine Receptors AKI LAAKSO AND MARC G. CARON Structural and Functional Characteristics of Dopamine Receptors 39 Gene Structure 39 Receptor Structure 39 Signal Transduction 40 Dl-like Receptors 40 D2-like Receptors 41 Oligomerization 41 Pharmacology 42 Distribution 42 Distribution in the Brain 42 Dl Receptors 42 D2 Receptors 42 D3 Receptors 42 D4 Receptors 43 D5 Receptors 43 Dopamine Receptors in the Periphery 43 Regulation 43 10. Noradrenergic Neurotransmission DAVID S. GOLDSTEIN Noradrenergic Innervation of the Cardiovascular System 44 Norepinephrine: The Sympathetic Neurotransmitter 45 Norepinephrine Synthesis 45 Storage 46 Release 46 Disposition 47 11. oq-Adrenergic Receptors ROBERT M. GRAHAM Subtypes 50 Structure and Signaling 50 Ligand Binding and Activation Regulation 52 Vascular Subtypes 52 50 12. oc2-Adrenergic Receptors 36 LEE E. LIMBIRD 13. P-Adrenergic Receptors STEPHEN B. LIGGETT Signaling of P-AR Subtypes 57 Regulation of p-AR Function 57 Polymorphisms of P-AR 58 Contents VII 14. Purinergic Neurotransmission GEOFFREY BURNSTOCK. Sympathetic Nerves 61 Parasympathetic Nerves 61 Sensory-Motor Nerves 62 Intramural (Intrinsic) Nerves 63 Skeletal Neuromuscular Junctions 63 Synaptic Purinergic Transmission in Ganglia and Brain 64 Glial Cells 64 Plasticity of Expression of Purinergic Cotransmitters 64 Long-Term (Trophic) Signaling 64 P2X3 Receptors and Nociception 64 Future Developments 64 18. Acetylcholinesterase and Its Inhibitors ALBERT ENZ Mechanism of Action 77 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 77 Pharmacologic Actions of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition 77 Clinical Applications of Anticholinesterases 79 Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Alzheimer's Disease 80 19. Amino Acid Neurotransmission WILLIAM TALMAN 15. Adenosine Receptors and Autonomic Regulation ITALO BIAGGIONI Postsynaptic Antiadrenergic Effects of Adenosine 66 Presynaptic Effects of Adenosine on Efferent Nerves and Ganglionic Transmission 66 Adenosine and Central Autonomic Regulation 66 Neuroexcitatory Actions of Adenosine on Afferent Pathways 67 Integrated View of Adenosine and Cardiovascular Autonomic Regulation 67 16. Acetylcholine and Muscarinic Receptors B. V. RAMA SASTRY AND DAVID ROBERTSON Acetylcholine Synthesis and Metabolism: Drug Mechanisms 70 Acetylcholine Receptors 70 Muscarinic Agonists 71 Muscarinic Autonomic Effects of Acetylcholine 71 Muscarinic Antagonists 72 17. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Structure and Functional Properties PALMER TAYLOR Structural Considerations 73 Subtype Diversity of Nicotinic Receptors 73 Electrophysiologic Events Associated with Receptor Activation 74 Distribution of Nicotinic Receptors 76 20. Peptidergic Neurotransmission GRAHAM J. DOCKRAY Families of Peptide Transmitters 83 Generic Features of Peptidergic Transmission 83 Biosynthesis 83 Storage and Release 83 Receptors 84 Degradation 84 Chemical Coding 84 Overview of Peptides in the Autonomic Nervous System 84 21. Leptin Signaling in the Central Nervous System KAMAL RAHMOUNI, WILLIAM G. HAYNES, AND ALLYN L. MARK Central Neural Action of Leptin 86 Leptin Receptor 86 Intracellular Mechanisms of Leptin Signaling 86 Site of Leptin Action in the Brain 87 Interaction of Leptin and Neuropeptides in the Hypothalamus 87 Neuropeptide Y 87 Melanocortin System 88 Other Mediators 88 Conclusion 89 22. Nitrergic Neurotransmission JILL LINCOLN Synthesis of Nitric Oxide 90 Mechanisms of Nitrergic Neurotransmission 90 Nitrergic Neurotransmission in the Autonomic Nervous System and Pathologic Implications 91 viii Contents 23. Serotonin Receptors and Neurotransmission ELAINE SANDERS-BUSH AND CHARLES D. NICHOLS Localization 93 Synthesis and Metabolism 93 Neurotransmission 93 Receptors 94 Pharmacology and Role in Disease 94 24. Antidepressant-Sensitive Norepinephrine Transporters: Structure and Regulation RANDY D. BLAKELY _PART_ III PHYSIOLOGY 25. Cardiac and Other Visceral Afferents JOHN C. LONGHURST Anatomic Framework 103 Afferent Stimuli 103 Autonomic Reflex Responses to Visceral Afferent Activation 107 Pathologic Alterations of Visceral Afferents 107 26. Skeletal Muscle Afferents MARC P. KAUFMAN 27. Entrainment of Sympathetic Rhythms MICHAEL P. GILBEY Sympathetic Rhythm 114 Cardiac- and Respiratory-Related Rhythms Mechanisms Underlying Rhythms 114 Phasic Inputs Generate Rhythms 114 Entrainment of Rhythms 114 How Many Central Oscillators? 115 Functional Significance 115 28. Sexual Function JOHN D. STEWART Peripheral Structures 116 Central Nervous System 116 Physiologic Events 116 114 29. Gastrointestinal Function MICHAEL CAM1LLERI Salivary Secretion 118 Gastric Secretion 118 Pancreaticobiliary Secretion 118 Bile 118 Intestinal Secretion and Absorption 119 Control of Gut Motility 119 Normal Gastrointestinal Motor Function 120 30. Regulation of Metabolism ROBERT HOELDTKE Catecholamines and Glucose Metabolism 122 Catecholamines and Fat Metabolism 122 Catecholamines and Thermogenesis 122 Insulin and Autonomic Function 123 31. The Sweat Gland PHILLIP A. LOW Anatomy and Function of the Sweat Gland 124 Type 124 Density and Distribution 124 Physiology of Sweat Glands 124 Function 124 Innervation of Sweat Gland 124 Denervation 126 32. Temperature Regulation MIKIHIRO KIHARA, JUNICHI SUGENOYA, AND PHILLIP A. LOW Central Integration 127 Effector Mechanisms 127 Shivering 127 Nonshivering Thermogenesis 128 Vasomotor Response 128 Sudomotor Response 129 33. Autonomic Control of Airways PETER J. BARNES Overview of Airway Innervation Afferent Nerves 130 Slowly Adapting Receptors 130 Rapidly Adapting Receptors 130 C-Fibers 130 Cough 130 Neurogenic Inflammation 130 Cholinergic Nerves 130 Cholinergic Efferents 131 Muscarinic Receptors 131 130 Contents IX Cholinergic Reflexes 131 Anticholinergics in Airway Disease 131 Bronchodilator Nerves .131 Sympathetic Nerves 131 Inhibitory Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic Nerves 132 Neuropeptides 132 Neural Control of Airways in Disease 133 Asthma 133 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 133 34. Autonomic Control of Cardiac Function KLEBERG. FRANCHINI AND ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR. Autonomic Nerves Innervating the Mammalian Heart 134 Myocardial Nerve Terminals 135 The Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac Function 136 Interactions between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves 137 35. Neurogenic Control of Blood Vessels KLEBER G. FRANCHINI AND ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR Sympathetic Component 139 Sympathetic Fibers 139 Neuroeffector Junction 140 Neurotransmitters of Sympathetic Component 140 Release of Transmitter and Effector Action 141 Parasympathetic Component 142 Neural Control of Veins 142 Differential Vasomotor Control 142 36. Cerebral Circulation: Autonomic Influences PETER J. GOADSBY Neural Innervation of Brain Circulation 144 Extrinsic Neural Influences 144 Sympathetic Nervous System 144 Parasympathetic Nervous System 145 Effect of Direct Parasympathetic Stimulation on Cerebral Blood Flow In Vivo 146 37. High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Baroreflexes DWAIN L. ECKBERG 38. Venoarteriolar Reflex PHILLIP A. LOW Anatomy 147 Transduction 147 Methods for Study of Human Baroreflexes Integrated Baroreflex Responses 149 Baroreflex Resetting 150 Cardiopulmonary B aroreflexes 151 Summary 151 148 Skin Blood Flow 152 Venoarteriolar Reflex 152 39. The Cardioinhibitory Vasodepressor Reflex VALENTINA ACCURSO AND VIREND K. SOMERS Physiology 154 Clinical Conditions Predisposing to Activation of the Reflex 154 40. Autonomic Control of the Kidney EDWIN K. JACKSON Innervation of the Kidney 157 Autonomic Receptors in the Kidney 157 Reflex Regulation of Blood Volume 159 The Renorenal Reflex 160 Autonomic Control of the Kidney in Pathophysiologic States 160 41. Autonomic Control of the Pupil H. STANLEY THOMPSON Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic) Drugs 162 Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic) Drugs 162 Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic) Drugs 164 Sympatholytic Drugs (Adrenergic Blockers) 164 Other Agents 164 Iris Pigment and Pupillary Response to Drugs 164 42. Intraocular Pressure and Autonomic Dysfunction KAREN M. JOOS Systemic Blood Pressure and Intraocular Pressure Relation 166 Ocular Blood Flow 166 Autonomic Dysfunction 166 43. Angiotensin 11/Autonomic Interactions DEBRA 1. DIZ AND DAVID B. AVERILL Sympathetic Nervous System 168 Angiotensin II Influence on the Sympathetic Nervous System 168 Sympathetic Nervous System Influence on the Renin- Angiotensin System 168 X Contents Parasympathetic Nervous System 168 PART Angiotensin II Influence on the Parasympathetic IV Nervous System 168 Physiologic Examples of Regulation/Interactions 169 Baroreceptor Reflex 169 STRESS Chemoreceptor Reflex 169 Other Sensory Modalities 169 47. Exercise and the Autonomic Pathophysiology 170 Hypertension 170 Nervous System Congestive Heart Failure 170 VERNON S. BISHOP Consequences of Ang II-Mediated Enhancement of Sympathetic Nerve Activity to the Kidney 170 Receptor Pharmacology 170 48. Effects of High Altitude Conclusions 171 LUCIANO BERNARDI 44. Autonomic Effects of Anesthesia THOMAS ]. EBERT Direct Effects of Anesthetics on Sympathetic Outflow 172 Intravenous Anesthetics (Sedative/Hypnotics) 172 Human Baroreflex Function and Anesthetic Gases 173 Low-Pressure (Cardiopulmonary) Baroreflexes 173 High-Pressure Baroreflexes 173 Intravenous Anesthetics 173 Inhaled Agents 175 45. Peripheral Dopamine Systems GRAEME EISENHOFER AND DAVID S. GOLDSTEIN Dopamine in the Kidneys 176 Dopamine in the Gastrointestinal Tract Diet and Dopamine Sulfate 177 Perspectives 177 176 Effects of Acute Hypoxia 185 Effects of Chronic Hypoxia 186 Autonomic Nervous System and High-Altitude Illness 186 49. Hypothermia BRUCE C. PATON Etiologic Factors 187 General Response to Heat Loss 187 Specific Systematic Changes 187 Diagnosis 188 50. Psychological Stress and the Autonomic Nervous System MICHAEL G. ZIEGLER Normal Psychological Stresses and Autonomic Activity 189 Patterns of Autonomic Response to Stress 189 Gastrointestinal Control 190 Psychosomatic Disorders and the Autonomic Nervous System 190 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Panic, and Anxiety 190 46. Dopamine Mechanisms in the Kidney ROBERT M. CAREY Renal Dopamine Formation and Excretion 178 Renal Dopamine Receptor Expression 178 Dopaminergic Regulation of Renal Sodium Excretion 178 DrLike Receptors 178 D2-Like Receptors 179 Physiologic Interactions of the Renal Dopaminergic System and the Renin-Angiotensin System 179 Renal Dopamine and Hypertension 180 51. Aging and the Autonomic Nervous System VERA NOVAK AND LEWIS A. LIPSITZ Baroreflex Function 191 Sympathetic Activity 191 Parasympathetic Activity 191 Variability of Cardiovascular Signals 192 Neurotransmitters and Receptors 192 Cardiac P-Adrenergic Receptors 192 Vascular Reactivity 192 Volume Regulation 193 Cerebral Vasoregulation 193 Contents xi 52. Mind-Body Interactions DANIEL TRANEL Nonconscious Memory 194 Nonconscious Face Recognition in Prosopagnosia 194 Nonconscious Recognition in the Auditory Modality 194 Nonconscious Learning 195 Nonconscious Face Learning in Prosopagnosia 195 Nonconscious Learning of Affective Valence 195 Conditioning Without Awareness 196 Emotion 196 Impaired Skin Conductance Responses to Emotionally Charged Stimuli 196 Impaired Skin Conductance Responses to Familiar Faces 197 The Somatic Marker Hypothesis 197 PART VI EVALUATION OF AUTONOMIC FAILURE 56. Clinical Assessment of Autonomic Failure DAVID ROBERTSON Orthostatic Test 213 Tilt-Table Testing 216 Pharmacologic Tests 216 PART V NEUROPATHOLOGY 53. Oxidative Processes JING ZHANG AND THOMAS J. MONTINE Oxidative Stress 201 Mechanisms to Limit Reactive Oxygen Species and Reactive Nitrogen Species Accumulation 201 Oxidative Damage to Cellular Macromolecules 201 Lipid Peroxidation 201 Nucleic Acid 202 Protein 202 Cellular Repair and Detoxification Mechanisms for Oxidative Damage 203 Glutathione-S-transferases 203 Aldo-keto Oxidoreductases 203 DNA Repair 203 Summary 203 54. a-Synudein and Neurodegeneration MICHEL GOEDERT The Synuclein Family 204 The oc-Synuclein Diseases 204 Models of oc-Synucleinopathies 205 55. Experimental Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy STEVEN VERNINO Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 208 Experimental Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 208 57. Evaluation of the Patient with Syncope HORACIO KAUFMANN Mechanisms of Syncope 217 Orthostatic Hypotension 217 Acute Decrease in Cardiac Output 218 Acute Increase in Cerebrovascular Resistance 218 Diagnosis 219 Tilt Testing 220 Prognosis 220 58. Evaluation of the Patient with Orthostatic Intolerance RONALD SCHONDORF Overview 221 Clinical Features 221 Pathophysiology of Orthostatic Intolerance 221 Laboratory Evaluation of Orthostatic Intolerance 221 Symptoms of Orthostatic Intolerance 223 59. Sympathetic Microneurography B. GUNNARWALLIN Methodology 224 Equipment 224 Procedure 224 Analysis 225 Potential Difficulties 226 Mixed Sites 226 Changes of Electrode Site 226 xii Contents 60. Assessment of the Autonomic Control of the Cardiovascular System by Frequency Domain Approach RAFFAELLO FURLAN AND ALBERTO MALLIANI Methodology 228 Functional Significance of Cardiovascular Rhythms 228 Relation between Cardiovascular and Neural Rhythms 229 Physiology and Pathophysiology 229 61. Assessment of Sudomotor Function PHILLIP A. LOW AND RONALD SCHONDORF PART Tests of Sudomotor Function 231 Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test Skin Imprint Recordings 231 Skin Potential Recordings 231 Thermoregulatory Sweat Test 233 Integrated Evaluation of Sweating 233 231 VII CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 63. Hypertension and Sympathetic Nervous System Activity DAVID A. CALHOUN AND SUZANNE OPARIL Renal Sympathetic Stimulation in Experimental and Human Hypertension 241 Cardiac Sympathetic Stimulation in Human Hypertension 241 Sympathetic Nervous System Activity and Vascular Remodeling 242 Plasma Norepinephrine Levels 242 Regional Norepinephrine Spillover 243 Microneurography 243 Sympathetic and Vascular Reactivity 244 62. Biochemical Assessment of Sympathoadrenal Activity JOSEPH L. IZZO, JR., AND STANLEY F. FERNANDEZ Catecholamine Metabolism 234 Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines and Metabolites 234 Urinary Vanillylmandelic Acid Excretion 234 Urinary-Free Catecholamines 234 Urinary Metanephrines 234 Urinary Methoxyhydroxyphenyl Glycol 234 Plasma Catecholamines and Metabolites 235 Plasma Norepinephrine 235 Plasma Epinephrine 236 Plasma Dopamine 236 Plasma Dihydroxyphenyl Glycol 236 Plasma Metanephrines 236 Sulfoconjugates 236 Other Proteins and Peptides in Plasma 236 Dopamine P-hydroxylase 236 Chromogranin A 236 Neuropeptide Y 236 Tissue Catecholamine Concentrations 237 Tissue Catecholamines 237 Platelet Catecholamine 237 Cerebrospinal Fluid Catecholamines and Metabolites 237 Kinetic (Turnover) Studies 237 General Methodology 237 Radiotracer Infusions 237 Analytic Methods for Catecholamines 238 Sample Preservation 238 Analytic Techniques 238 64. The Autonomic Nervous System and Sudden Cardiac Death DAN M. RODEN Clinical Links between Autonomic Dysfunction and Sudden Cardiac Death 245 Basic Mechanisms 245 Conclusion 246 65. Congestive Heart Failure MAZHAR H. KHAN AND LAWRENCE I. SINOWAY Sympathetic Nervous System 247 Regulation of Sympathetic Nervous System Activity in Congestive Heart Failure 247 Implication of Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Congestive Heart Failure 247 Implications for Therapy 248 66. Neurally Mediated Syncope SATISH R. RAJ AND ROSE MARIE ROBERTSON Pathophysiology of Neurally Mediated Syncope 249 Diagnosis of Neurally Mediated Syncope 249 Tilt-Table Testing 250 Natural History of Neurally Mediated Syncope 250 Neurally Mediated Syncope Treatment 250 Contents xiii 67. Syncope in the Athlete VICTOR A. CONVERTINO Treatment 273 BH4 Deficiencies 273 Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency 273 Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency 273 PART VIII CATECHOLAMINE DISORDERS 68. The Autonomic Storm ALEJANDRO A. RABINSTEIN AND EELCO F. M. WIJDICKS Definition 257 Causes and Pathophysiology 257 Incidence 257 Clinical Manifestations 257 Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Evaluation 258 Treatment 258 Prognosis 258 69. Pheochromocytoma WILLIAM M. MANGER, RAY W. GIFFORD, JR., AND GRAEME EISENHOFER 73. Dopamine p-Hydroxylase Deficiency ANTON H. VAN DER MEIRACKER, FRANS BOOMSMA, AND JAAP DEINUM Clinical Presentation 274 Diagnosis 274 Differential Diagnosis 275 Genetics 275 Therapy 275 74. Menkes Disease STEPHEN G. KALER Epidemiology 277 Clinical Phenotype 277 Biochemical Phenotype 277 Autonomic Manifestations 277 Clinical Signs of Pysautonomia in Menkes Disease 277 Neurochemical Abnormalities 277 Molecular Diagnosis 278 Treatment 278 70. Chemodectoma and the Familial Paraganglioma Syndrome TERRY KETCH AND JAMES L. NETTERVILLE 71. Baroreflex Failure JENS JORDAN Causes of Baroreflex Failure 267 Clinical Presentation 267 Diagnosing Baroreflex Failure 269 Treatment 270 75. Norepinephrine Transporter Dysfunction MAUREEN K. HAHN Role of the Norepinephrine Transporter 280 The Human Norepinephrine Transporter Gene 280 Human Norepinephrine Transporter Single- Nucleotide Polymorphisms 280 A457P and Orthostatic Intolerance 280 Conclusions 281 76. Monoamine Oxidase Deficiency JACQUES W. M. LENDERS AND GRAEME EISENHOFER 72. Deficiencies of Tetrahydrobiopterin, Tyrosin Hydroxylase, and Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase KEITH HYLAND AND LAUREN A. ARNOLD Biochemistry 271 Presentation and Neurologic Symptoms 271 Diagnosis 272 Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiencies 272 Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency 273 Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency 273 PART IX CENTRAL AUTONOMIC DISORDERS 77. Parkinson's Disease THOMAS L. DAVIS Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation 287 Tests of Sympathetic Function 287 XIV Contents Tests of Parasympathetic Function 287 Orthostatic Hypotension 287 Constipation 288 Dysphagia 288 Drooling 288 Sexual Function 288 Bladder Dysfunction 288 78. Multiple System Atrophy NIALL QUINN History, Nosology, Epidemiology, Demographics, and Prognosis 290 History and Nosology 290 Epidemiology 290 Demographics and Prognosis 290 Clinical Features 290 Clinical Diagnostic Criteria 291 Differential Diagnosis 291 Paraclinical Investigations 291 Management 291 81. Autonomic Disturbances in Spinal Cord Injuries CHRISTOPHER J. MATHIAS Cardiovascular System 298 Cutaneous Circulation 300 Thermoregulation and Sudomotor Function 300 Gastrointestinal System 301 Urinary System 301 Reproductive System 301 82. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome P. DAVID CHARLES AND THOMAS L. DAVIS Clinical Features 302 Medications and Risk Factors Differential Diagnosis 303 Pathogenesis 304 Treatment 304 302 PART 79. Dementia with Lewy Bodies GREGOR K. WENNING AND M1CHAELA STAMPFER Clinical Aspects and Differential Diagnosis 293 Practical Management 293 Dementia 293 Hallucinations and Psychosis 293 Parkinsonism 294 Dysautonomia 294 80. Central Disorders of Autonomic Function EDUARDO E. BENARROCH Disorders of Telencephalic Autonomic Regions 295 Stroke 295 Seizures 295 Disorders of the Diencephalon 295 Hypothalamic Disorders 295 Paroxysmal Sympathetic Storms ("Diencephalic Seizures") 296 Fatal Familial Insomnia 296 Disorders of the Brainstem 296 Vertebrobasilar Disease 296 Posterior Fossa Tumors 296 Degenerative and Developmental Disorders 296 Inflammatory, Toxic, and Metabolic Disorders 297 Disorders of the Spinal Cord 297 X PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC FAILURE 83. Pure Autonomic Failure HORACIO KAUFMANN AND IRWIN J. SCHATZ Differential Diagnosis 309 Catecholamine Studies 310 Neuroendocrine Studies 310 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques 310 Neuropathology 310 Management 310 84. Familial Dysautonomia FELICIA B. AXELROD AND MAX J. HILZ Genetics and Diagnosis 312 Pathology 312 Sural Nerve 312 Spinal Cord 312 Sympathetic Nervous System 312 Parasympathetic Nervous System 313 Biochemical Data 313 Clinical Symptoms and Treatments 313 Prognosis 314 Contents XV 85. Hereditary Autonomic Neuropathies YADOLLAH HARATI AND OPAS NAWASIRIPONG Fabry's Disease 316 Clinical Manifestations of Fabry's Disease 316 Autonomic Involvement 316 Porphyria 317 Clinical Manifestation of Porphyria 317 Autonomic Involvement in Porphyria 318 Treatment of Porphyria 318 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B 318 Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies Type I and E (Charcot-Marie Tooth 1 and 2) 319 Types I, II, IV, and V Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy 319 86. Amyloidotic Autonomic Failure HAZEM MACHKHAS, OPAS NAWASIRIPONG, AND YADOLLAH HARATI Immunoglobulin Amyloidosis 320 Pathogenesis 320 Diagnosis 321 Treatment 321 Prognosis 322 Reactive Amyloidosis 322 Hereditary Amyloidosis 322 Pathogenesis 323 Laboratory Data and Diagnosis 323 Treatment and Prognosis 323 Sudomotor 330 Cardiovascular 330 89. Guillain-Barre Syndrome PHILLIP A. LOW AND JAMES G. MCLEOD Clinical Features 332 Investigations 332 Etiology or Mechanisms 332 Course and Prognosis 333 Management 333 90. Chagas' Disease DANIEL BULLA, ALBA LARRE BORGES, RAQUEL PONCE DE LEON, AND MARIO MEDICI 91. Drug-Induced Autonomic Dysfunction NEAL L. BENOWITZ Importance of Aging 336 Drug Interactions 336 Autonomic Neuropathy Produced by Specific Chemicals and Drugs 337 _PART_ XI ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE 87. Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy STEVEN VERNINO, PHILLIP A. LOW, AND VANDA A. LENNON Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 324 Description 324 Diagnosis 325 Clinical Course 325 Treatment 326 Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 326 88. Diabetic Autonomic Dysfunction ANDREW C. ERTL, MICHAEL PFEIFER, AND STEPHEN N. DAVIS Iris 328 Esophagus 328 Stomach 328 Gallbladder 329 Colon 329 Bladder 329 Penis 329 Vagina 330 Adernal Medulla 330 92. Neuropathic Postural Tachycardia Syndrome PHILLIP A. LOW Clinical Features 341 Quality of Life 341 Evidence of Peripheral Denervation 341 Other Pathophysiologic Studies 341 Follow-up 342 Management 342 93. Hyperadrenergic Postural Tachycardia Syndrome SIMI VINCENT AND DAVID ROBERTSON 94. Hypovolemia Syndrome FETNAT FOUAD-TARAZI Blood Volume and Syncope 346 Relation between Chronic Global Blood Volume Depletion and Neurocardiogenic Response to Upright Posture 347 xvi Contents Dynamics of Postural Blood Volume Shifts 347 Clinical Features of Chronic Idiopathic Hypovolemia 347 Hemodynamic Profile of Chronic Idiopathic Hypovolemia 348 Neurohumoral Indexes of Chronic Idiopathic Hypovolemia 348 Possible Mechanisms of Chronic Idiopathic Hypovolemia 348 Response to Therapy 349 Future Considerations 349 _part_ XII OTHER CLINICAL CONDITIONS 98. Hypoadrenocorticism DAVID H. P. STREETEN Effects of Autonomic Activity on Adrenocortical Secretion 366 Effects of Hypoadrenocorticism on Autonomic Failure 366 99. Mastocytosis L. JACKSON ROBERTS, II Mastocytosis and Allied Activation Disorders of the Mast Cell 368 Symptoms and Signs 368 Mast Cell Mediators Responsible for the Symptoms and Signs 368 Diagnosis 369 Summary 369 95. Disorders of Sweating ROBERT D. FEALEY Hypohidrosis and Anhidrosis 354 Distal Anhidrosis 356 Global Anhidrosis 356 Dermatomal, Focal, or Multifocal Anhidrosis 356 Segmental Anhidrosis 356 Hemianhidrosis 356 96. Male Erectile Dysfunction DOUGLAS F. MILAM Mechanism of Erection 359 Etiologic Factors of Erectile Dysfunction 359 Neuromuscular Junction Disorders 359 Neurogenic Erectile Dysfunction 360 Endocrine Disorders 360 Medical and Surgical Treatment 360 97. Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Autonomic Failure SUDHANSU CHOKROVERTY Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Autonomic Failure 362 Diagnosis 364 Treatment 364 General Measures and Medical Treatment 364 Mechanical Treatment 364 Surgical Treatment 365 100. Cocaine Overdose WANPEN VONGPATANASIN AND RONALD G. VICTOR Effects of Cocaine on the Peripheral Circulation 370 Autonomic Effects of Cocaine on the Heart 370 Effects of Cocaine on Thermoregulation 371 Treatment of Cocaine Overdose 371 101. Sympathetic Nervous System and Pain WILFRID JANIG Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling Depending on Activity in Sympathetic Neurons: Hypotheses Driven by Clinical Observations 374 Role of Sympathetic Nervous System in Generation of Pain and Hyperalgesia During Inflammation: Hypotheses Developed on the Basis of Experiments in Behavioral Animal Models 374 Cutaneous Mechanical Hyperalgesia Elicited by the Inflammatory Mediator Bradykinin 375 Cutaneous Hyperalgesia Generated by Nerve Growth Factor 375 Mechanical Hyperalgesic Behavior Generated by Activation of the Sympathoadrenal System (Adrenal Medulla) 375 102. Baroreflex Functioning in Monogenic Hypertension FRIEDRICH C. LUFT Autosomal-Dominant Hypertension with Brachydactyly 377 Contents XV11 Neurovascular Contact 378 Baroreflex Testing 378 Invasive Baroreflex Testing 378 Comparisons with Patients Who have Essential Hypertension 379 Lessons from Monogenic Hypertension 380 103. Carcinoid Tumors KENNETH R. HANDE PART XIII MANAGEMENT OF AUTONOMIC DISORDERS 107. Hypoglycemic Associated Autonomic Dysfunction DARLEEN A. SANDOVAL AND STEPHEN N. DAVIS 104. Chronic Fatigue and the Autonomic Nervous System ROY FREEMAN Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Orthostatic Intolerance, and Neurally Mediated Syncope 385 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Postural Tachycardia, and Orthostatic Intolerance 386 Pathophysiology of Postural Tachycardia 386 Conclusion 386 ■ 105. Paraneoplastic Autonomic Dysfunction RAMESH K. KHURANA Brainstem Dysfunction Syndrome 388 Morvan Syndrome 388 Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy 388 Enteric Neuronopathy 388 Autonomic Neuropathy 388 Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome 389 Diagnosis 389 Treatment 390 106. Panic Disorder MURRAY ESLER, MARL1ES ALVARENGA, DAVID KAYE, GAVIN LAMBERT, JANE THOMPSON, JACQU1 HASTINGS, ROSEMARY SCHWARZ, MARGARET MORRIS, AND JEFF RICHARDS Resting Sympathetic Nervous System Function in Panic Disorder 391 Sympathetic Nervous Activity and Epinephrine Secretion Rates 391 Epinephrine Cotransmission in Sympathetic Nerves 391 Reduction in Neuronal Norepinephrine Reuptake by Sympathetic Nerves 392 Autonomic Nervous Changes During a Panic Attack 392 Sympathetic Nerve Firing and Secretion of Epinephrine 392 Release of Neuropeptide Y 393 Mediating Autonomic Mechanisms of Cardiac Risk During a Panic Attack 393 108. Surgical Sympathectomy EMILY M. GARLAND 109. Physical Measures WOUTER WIELING Physical Counter Maneuvers 403 Leg-Crossing 403 Squatting 403 External Support 404 Conclusion 406 110. Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension: Nutritional Measures JENS JORDAN Water: A Pressor Agent 407 Caffeine 408 Tyramine 409 Sodium 409 Licorice 409 Nutritional Treatment of Supine Hypertension 409 111. Fludrocortisone ROSE MARIE ROBERTSON 112. Midodrine and Other Sympathomimetics JANICE L. GILDEN Midorine 413 Mechanism of Action 413 Pharmacology 413 Efficacy 413 Adverse Effects and Disadvantages 414 Dosing 414 Ephedrine/Other a Agonists 414 Mechanism of Action 414 XVU1 Contents Adverse Events and Disadvantages Dosing 415 414 Clinical Role of Acupuncture 427 Outstanding Issues in Acupuncture Research 427 113. Dihydroxyphenylserine ROY FREEMAN Precursor Therapy for Orthostatic Hypotension 416 114. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists in Autonomic Failure ROY FREEMAN Sympathomimetic Agents 419 Clonidine 420 Yohimbine 420 115. Erythropoietin in Autonomic Failure ITALO BIAGGIONI Modulation of Erythropoietin Production by the Autonomic Nervous System 421 The Anemia of Autonomic Failure 421 Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension 421 116. Bionic Baroreflex TAKAYUKl SATO, ANDRE DIEDR1CH, AND KENJI SUNAGAWA Bionic Baroreflex System 423 Theoretic Background 423 Implementation of Algorithm of Artificial Vasomotor Center in Bionic Baroreflex System 423 Efficacy of Bionic Baroreflex System 423 Epidural Catheter Approach for Human Bionic Baroreflex System 424 Clinical Implications 425 117. Acupuncture JOHN C. LONGHURST Western Understanding of Acupuncture 426 Neurologic Substrate 426 PART XIV EXPERIMENTAL AUTONOMIC NEUROSCIENCE 118. Autonomic Disorders in Animals MATTHEW ]. P1CKLO, SR. Sympathectomy 433 Surgical Sympathectomy 433 Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Immunosympathectomy 433 Immune-Mediated Sympathectomy 433 Chemical Sympathectomy 433 Immunotoxin Sympathectomy 434 Pathologic Autonomic Failure in Animals 434 119. Transgenic Strategies in Autonomic Research KAZUTO KOBAYASHI AND TOSHIHARU NAGATSU Transgenic Animal Model 435 Experimental Strategy of Immunotoxin-Mediated Cell Targeting Technique 435 Model for Autonomic Neuropathy 435 Future Aspects 436 120. Mouse Homologous Recombination Models NANCY R. KELLER Index 449 David Robertson, Editor-in-Chief Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Italo Biaggioni, Editor Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Geoffrey Burnstock, Editor Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK Phillip A. Low, Editor Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA The Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System presents, in a readable and accessible format, key information about how the autonomic nervous system controls the body, particularly in response to stress. This primer represents the largest collection of world-wide autonomic nervous system authorities ever to contribute to a single treatise. It is espe¬ cially suitable for students, scientists and physicians who wish to find, in a single location, the key information about all aspects of autonomic physiology and pathology. This primer provides up-to-date knowledge about basic and clinical auto¬ nomic neuroscience in a format designed to make learning easy and fun.
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spelling	Primer on the autonomic nervous system ed. in chief: David Robertson 2. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Academic Press 2004 XXVII, 459 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Autonomic Nervous System Diseases physiopathology Autonomic Nervous System physiology Autonomic nervous system Diseases Autonomic nervous system Physiology Vegetatives Nervensystem (DE-588)4062444-4 gnd rswk-swf Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd rswk-swf Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Vegetatives Nervensystem (DE-588)4062444-4 s DE-604 Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 s DE-188 Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 s Robertson, David Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UBRegensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014165363&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014165363&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Primer on the autonomic nervous system Autonomic Nervous System Diseases physiopathology Autonomic Nervous System physiology Autonomic nervous system Diseases Autonomic nervous system Physiology Vegetatives Nervensystem (DE-588)4062444-4 gnd Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4062444-4 (DE-588)4032844-2 (DE-588)4045981-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 (DE-588)4151278-9
title	Primer on the autonomic nervous system
title_auth	Primer on the autonomic nervous system
title_exact_search	Primer on the autonomic nervous system
title_exact_search_txtP	Primer on the autonomic nervous system
title_full	Primer on the autonomic nervous system ed. in chief: David Robertson
title_fullStr	Primer on the autonomic nervous system ed. in chief: David Robertson
title_full_unstemmed	Primer on the autonomic nervous system ed. in chief: David Robertson
title_short	Primer on the autonomic nervous system
title_sort	primer on the autonomic nervous system
topic	Autonomic Nervous System Diseases physiopathology Autonomic Nervous System physiology Autonomic nervous system Diseases Autonomic nervous system Physiology Vegetatives Nervensystem (DE-588)4062444-4 gnd Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd
topic_facet	Autonomic Nervous System Diseases physiopathology Autonomic Nervous System physiology Autonomic nervous system Diseases Autonomic nervous system Physiology Vegetatives Nervensystem Krankheit Physiologie Aufsatzsammlung Einführung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014165363&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014165363&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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