Primer on the autonomic nervous system:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
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Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier, Academic Press
2004
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Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
Beschreibung: | XXVII, 459 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0125897626 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
List of Contributors
Preface xxvii
xix
PART
ANATOMY
1. Development of the Autonomic
Nervous System
CARYL E. HILL
Pathways and Fate of Neural Crest Cells 3
Factors Operating during Neural Crest Migration 3
Neurite Outgrowth and Target Contact 4
Factors Involved in Neurite Outgrowth and Neuronal
Survival 5
Synapse Formation and Neuronal Differentiation 5
Conclusions 5
2. Mechanisms of Differentiation of
Autonomic Neurons
KWANG-SOO KIM
The Autonomic Nervous System Is Derived from
Neural Crest Cells 6
Signaling Molecules Regulate the Developmental
Processes of the Autonomic Nervous System 6
Transcriptional Code Underlying the Development
and Phenotypic Specification of the Autonomic
Nervous System 7
Mashl 7
Phox2 Genes 7
Gata3 8
Activator Protein 2 8
Other Transcriptional Factors 8
Neurotransmitter Phenotypes of the Autonomic
Nervous System 9
Noradrenaline Phenotype 9
Control Mechanism of DBH Gene Expression Is
Closely Related to Autonomic Nervous System
Development 9
Cholinergic Phenotype and the Switch of Neurotransmitter
Phenotypes by the Target Cell Interactions 9
3. Milestones in Autonomic Research
MAX R. BENNETT
Receptors 12
Classical Transmitters: The Discovery of Noradrenaline,
Acetylcholine, and Their Receptors 12
The Discovery of New Transmitters, Including Nucleotides,
Peptides, and Nitric Oxide 12
Varicosities 12
Varicosities Shown to be the Source of Transmitters 12
Varicosities Have the Capacity to Take Up Transmitters
After Their Release 12
Varicosities Possess Receptors That on Activation Modulate
Further Transmitter Release 13
Generation of Currents and Second Messengers on
Receptor Activation After Transmitter Release from
Varicosities 13
Action Potentials, Initiated by the Generation of Junction
Potentials, Are Caused by the Influx of Calcium Ions 13
Control of the Influx of Calcium Ions Is a Principal Means of
Decreasing Blood Pressure 13
_PART_
II
PHARMACOLOGY
4. Central Autonomic Control
EDUARDO E. BENARROCH
Anatomy of Central Autonomic Areas 17
Forebrain 17
Levels of Integration of Central Autonomic Control 18
VI
Contents
Bulbospinal Level 18
Pontomesencephalic Level
Forebrain Level 18
18
5. Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System
ROBERT W. HAMILL AND ROBERT E. SHAPIRO
Sympathetic Nervous System 20
Sympathoadrenal Axis and the Adrenal Gland 23
Parasympathetic Nervous System 24
The Concept of Plurichemical Transmission and
Chemical Coding 25
Functional Neuroanatomy and Biochemical
Pharmacology 27
6. The Autonomic Neuroeffector Junction
GEOFFREY BURNSTOCK
Structure of the Autonomic Neuromuscular Junction 29
Varicose Terminal Axons 29
Junctional Cleft 29
Prejunctional and Postjunctional Specialization 30
Muscle Effector Bundles and Gap Junctions 30
Autonomic Neurotransmission 30
Electrophysiology 30
Receptor Localization on Smooth Muscle Cells 31
Model of Autonomic Neuroeffector Junction 32
7. Autonomic Neuromuscular Transmission
MAX R. BENNETT
New Transmitters and the Concept of Cotransmitters 34
Varicosities, Vesicle-Associated Proteins, and
Calcium Fluxes 34
Ionotropic Receptors Are Localized to the Muscle
Membrane at Varicosities 34
Metabotropic and Ionotropic Receptors Are
Internalized and Recycled after Binding
Transmitter 34
Sources of Intracellular Calcium in Smooth Muscle
for Initiating Contraction 35
Modulation of Calcium Influx and the Control of
Hypertension 35
8. Dopaminergic Neurotransmission
CHRISTOPHER BELL
36
Transmitter Neurochemistry
Transmitter Synthesis 36
Transmitter Storage and Release
Transmitter Recycling 36
Future Questions 37
9. Dopamine Receptors
AKI LAAKSO AND MARC G. CARON
Structural and Functional Characteristics of
Dopamine Receptors 39
Gene Structure 39
Receptor Structure 39
Signal Transduction 40
Dl-like Receptors 40
D2-like Receptors 41
Oligomerization 41
Pharmacology 42
Distribution 42
Distribution in the Brain 42
Dl Receptors 42
D2 Receptors 42
D3 Receptors 42
D4 Receptors 43
D5 Receptors 43
Dopamine Receptors in the Periphery 43
Regulation 43
10. Noradrenergic Neurotransmission
DAVID S. GOLDSTEIN
Noradrenergic Innervation of the Cardiovascular
System 44
Norepinephrine: The Sympathetic Neurotransmitter 45
Norepinephrine Synthesis 45
Storage 46
Release 46
Disposition 47
11. oq-Adrenergic Receptors
ROBERT M. GRAHAM
Subtypes 50
Structure and Signaling 50
Ligand Binding and Activation
Regulation 52
Vascular Subtypes 52
50
12. oc2-Adrenergic Receptors
36
LEE E. LIMBIRD
13. P-Adrenergic Receptors
STEPHEN B. LIGGETT
Signaling of P-AR Subtypes 57
Regulation of p-AR Function 57
Polymorphisms of P-AR 58
Contents
VII
14. Purinergic Neurotransmission
GEOFFREY BURNSTOCK.
Sympathetic Nerves 61
Parasympathetic Nerves 61
Sensory-Motor Nerves 62
Intramural (Intrinsic) Nerves 63
Skeletal Neuromuscular Junctions 63
Synaptic Purinergic Transmission in Ganglia and
Brain 64
Glial Cells 64
Plasticity of Expression of Purinergic Cotransmitters 64
Long-Term (Trophic) Signaling 64
P2X3 Receptors and Nociception 64
Future Developments 64
18. Acetylcholinesterase and Its Inhibitors
ALBERT ENZ
Mechanism of Action 77
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 77
Pharmacologic Actions of Acetylcholinesterase
Inhibition 77
Clinical Applications of Anticholinesterases 79
Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Alzheimer's Disease 80
19. Amino Acid Neurotransmission
WILLIAM TALMAN
15. Adenosine Receptors and
Autonomic Regulation
ITALO BIAGGIONI
Postsynaptic Antiadrenergic Effects of Adenosine 66
Presynaptic Effects of Adenosine on Efferent Nerves
and Ganglionic Transmission 66
Adenosine and Central Autonomic Regulation 66
Neuroexcitatory Actions of Adenosine on Afferent
Pathways 67
Integrated View of Adenosine and Cardiovascular
Autonomic Regulation 67
16. Acetylcholine and Muscarinic Receptors
B. V. RAMA SASTRY AND DAVID ROBERTSON
Acetylcholine Synthesis and Metabolism: Drug
Mechanisms 70
Acetylcholine Receptors 70
Muscarinic Agonists 71
Muscarinic Autonomic Effects of Acetylcholine 71
Muscarinic Antagonists 72
17. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors:
Structure and Functional Properties
PALMER TAYLOR
Structural Considerations 73
Subtype Diversity of Nicotinic Receptors 73
Electrophysiologic Events Associated with Receptor
Activation 74
Distribution of Nicotinic Receptors 76
20. Peptidergic Neurotransmission
GRAHAM J. DOCKRAY
Families of Peptide Transmitters 83
Generic Features of Peptidergic Transmission 83
Biosynthesis 83
Storage and Release 83
Receptors 84
Degradation 84
Chemical Coding 84
Overview of Peptides in the Autonomic Nervous
System 84
21. Leptin Signaling in the Central
Nervous System
KAMAL RAHMOUNI, WILLIAM G. HAYNES, AND ALLYN L. MARK
Central Neural Action of Leptin 86
Leptin Receptor 86
Intracellular Mechanisms of Leptin Signaling 86
Site of Leptin Action in the Brain 87
Interaction of Leptin and Neuropeptides in the
Hypothalamus 87
Neuropeptide Y 87
Melanocortin System 88
Other Mediators 88
Conclusion 89
22. Nitrergic Neurotransmission
JILL LINCOLN
Synthesis of Nitric Oxide 90
Mechanisms of Nitrergic Neurotransmission 90
Nitrergic Neurotransmission in the Autonomic Nervous
System and Pathologic Implications 91
viii
Contents
23. Serotonin Receptors and
Neurotransmission
ELAINE SANDERS-BUSH AND CHARLES D. NICHOLS
Localization 93
Synthesis and Metabolism 93
Neurotransmission 93
Receptors 94
Pharmacology and Role in Disease 94
24. Antidepressant-Sensitive
Norepinephrine Transporters:
Structure and Regulation
RANDY D. BLAKELY
_PART_
III
PHYSIOLOGY
25. Cardiac and Other Visceral Afferents
JOHN C. LONGHURST
Anatomic Framework 103
Afferent Stimuli 103
Autonomic Reflex Responses to Visceral Afferent
Activation 107
Pathologic Alterations of Visceral Afferents 107
26. Skeletal Muscle Afferents
MARC P. KAUFMAN
27. Entrainment of Sympathetic Rhythms
MICHAEL P. GILBEY
Sympathetic Rhythm 114
Cardiac- and Respiratory-Related Rhythms
Mechanisms Underlying Rhythms 114
Phasic Inputs Generate Rhythms 114
Entrainment of Rhythms 114
How Many Central Oscillators? 115
Functional Significance 115
28. Sexual Function
JOHN D. STEWART
Peripheral Structures 116
Central Nervous System 116
Physiologic Events 116
114
29. Gastrointestinal Function
MICHAEL CAM1LLERI
Salivary Secretion 118
Gastric Secretion 118
Pancreaticobiliary Secretion 118
Bile 118
Intestinal Secretion and Absorption 119
Control of Gut Motility 119
Normal Gastrointestinal Motor Function
120
30. Regulation of Metabolism
ROBERT HOELDTKE
Catecholamines and Glucose Metabolism 122
Catecholamines and Fat Metabolism 122
Catecholamines and Thermogenesis 122
Insulin and Autonomic Function 123
31. The Sweat Gland
PHILLIP A. LOW
Anatomy and Function of the Sweat Gland 124
Type 124
Density and Distribution 124
Physiology of Sweat Glands 124
Function 124
Innervation of Sweat Gland 124
Denervation 126
32. Temperature Regulation
MIKIHIRO KIHARA, JUNICHI SUGENOYA, AND PHILLIP A. LOW
Central Integration 127
Effector Mechanisms 127
Shivering 127
Nonshivering Thermogenesis 128
Vasomotor Response 128
Sudomotor Response 129
33. Autonomic Control of Airways
PETER J. BARNES
Overview of Airway Innervation
Afferent Nerves 130
Slowly Adapting Receptors 130
Rapidly Adapting Receptors 130
C-Fibers 130
Cough 130
Neurogenic Inflammation 130
Cholinergic Nerves 130
Cholinergic Efferents 131
Muscarinic Receptors 131
130
Contents
IX
Cholinergic Reflexes 131
Anticholinergics in Airway Disease 131
Bronchodilator Nerves .131
Sympathetic Nerves 131
Inhibitory Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic Nerves 132
Neuropeptides 132
Neural Control of Airways in Disease 133
Asthma 133
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 133
34. Autonomic Control of Cardiac Function
KLEBERG. FRANCHINI AND ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR.
Autonomic Nerves Innervating the Mammalian
Heart 134
Myocardial Nerve Terminals 135
The Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac
Function 136
Interactions between Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nerves 137
35. Neurogenic Control of Blood Vessels
KLEBER G. FRANCHINI AND ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR
Sympathetic Component 139
Sympathetic Fibers 139
Neuroeffector Junction 140
Neurotransmitters of Sympathetic Component 140
Release of Transmitter and Effector Action 141
Parasympathetic Component 142
Neural Control of Veins 142
Differential Vasomotor Control 142
36. Cerebral Circulation:
Autonomic Influences
PETER J. GOADSBY
Neural Innervation of Brain Circulation 144
Extrinsic Neural Influences 144
Sympathetic Nervous System 144
Parasympathetic Nervous System 145
Effect of Direct Parasympathetic Stimulation on
Cerebral Blood Flow In Vivo 146
37. High-Pressure and
Low-Pressure Baroreflexes
DWAIN L. ECKBERG
38. Venoarteriolar Reflex
PHILLIP A. LOW
Anatomy 147
Transduction 147
Methods for Study of Human Baroreflexes
Integrated Baroreflex Responses 149
Baroreflex Resetting 150
Cardiopulmonary B aroreflexes 151
Summary 151
148
Skin Blood Flow 152
Venoarteriolar Reflex 152
39. The Cardioinhibitory Vasodepressor Reflex
VALENTINA ACCURSO AND VIREND K. SOMERS
Physiology 154
Clinical Conditions Predisposing to Activation of
the Reflex 154
40. Autonomic Control of the Kidney
EDWIN K. JACKSON
Innervation of the Kidney 157
Autonomic Receptors in the Kidney 157
Reflex Regulation of Blood Volume 159
The Renorenal Reflex 160
Autonomic Control of the Kidney in
Pathophysiologic States 160
41. Autonomic Control of the Pupil
H. STANLEY THOMPSON
Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic) Drugs 162
Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic) Drugs 162
Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic) Drugs 164
Sympatholytic Drugs (Adrenergic Blockers) 164
Other Agents 164
Iris Pigment and Pupillary Response to Drugs 164
42. Intraocular Pressure and Autonomic
Dysfunction
KAREN M. JOOS
Systemic Blood Pressure and Intraocular Pressure
Relation 166
Ocular Blood Flow 166
Autonomic Dysfunction 166
43. Angiotensin 11/Autonomic Interactions
DEBRA 1. DIZ AND DAVID B. AVERILL
Sympathetic Nervous System 168
Angiotensin II Influence on the Sympathetic Nervous
System 168
Sympathetic Nervous System Influence on the Renin-
Angiotensin System 168
X
Contents
Parasympathetic Nervous System 168
PART
Angiotensin II Influence on the Parasympathetic
IV
Nervous System 168
Physiologic Examples of Regulation/Interactions 169
Baroreceptor Reflex 169
STRESS
Chemoreceptor Reflex 169
Other Sensory Modalities 169
47. Exercise and the Autonomic
Pathophysiology 170
Hypertension 170
Nervous System
Congestive Heart Failure 170
VERNON S. BISHOP
Consequences of Ang II-Mediated Enhancement of
Sympathetic Nerve Activity to the Kidney 170
Receptor Pharmacology 170
48. Effects of High Altitude
Conclusions 171
LUCIANO BERNARDI
44. Autonomic Effects of Anesthesia
THOMAS ]. EBERT
Direct Effects of Anesthetics on Sympathetic
Outflow 172
Intravenous Anesthetics (Sedative/Hypnotics) 172
Human Baroreflex Function and Anesthetic Gases 173
Low-Pressure (Cardiopulmonary) Baroreflexes 173
High-Pressure Baroreflexes 173
Intravenous Anesthetics 173
Inhaled Agents 175
45. Peripheral Dopamine Systems
GRAEME EISENHOFER AND DAVID S. GOLDSTEIN
Dopamine in the Kidneys 176
Dopamine in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Diet and Dopamine Sulfate 177
Perspectives 177
176
Effects of Acute Hypoxia 185
Effects of Chronic Hypoxia 186
Autonomic Nervous System and High-Altitude
Illness 186
49. Hypothermia
BRUCE C. PATON
Etiologic Factors 187
General Response to Heat Loss 187
Specific Systematic Changes 187
Diagnosis 188
50. Psychological Stress and the
Autonomic Nervous System
MICHAEL G. ZIEGLER
Normal Psychological Stresses and Autonomic
Activity 189
Patterns of Autonomic Response to Stress 189
Gastrointestinal Control 190
Psychosomatic Disorders and the Autonomic
Nervous System 190
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Panic, and Anxiety
190
46. Dopamine Mechanisms in the Kidney
ROBERT M. CAREY
Renal Dopamine Formation and Excretion 178
Renal Dopamine Receptor Expression 178
Dopaminergic Regulation of Renal Sodium
Excretion 178
DrLike Receptors 178
D2-Like Receptors 179
Physiologic Interactions of the Renal
Dopaminergic System and the Renin-Angiotensin
System 179
Renal Dopamine and Hypertension 180
51. Aging and the Autonomic
Nervous System
VERA NOVAK AND LEWIS A. LIPSITZ
Baroreflex Function 191
Sympathetic Activity 191
Parasympathetic Activity 191
Variability of Cardiovascular Signals 192
Neurotransmitters and Receptors 192
Cardiac P-Adrenergic Receptors 192
Vascular Reactivity 192
Volume Regulation 193
Cerebral Vasoregulation 193
Contents
xi
52. Mind-Body Interactions
DANIEL TRANEL
Nonconscious Memory 194
Nonconscious Face Recognition in Prosopagnosia 194
Nonconscious Recognition in the Auditory Modality 194
Nonconscious Learning 195
Nonconscious Face Learning in Prosopagnosia 195
Nonconscious Learning of Affective Valence 195
Conditioning Without Awareness 196
Emotion 196
Impaired Skin Conductance Responses to Emotionally
Charged Stimuli 196
Impaired Skin Conductance Responses to Familiar
Faces 197
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis 197
PART
VI
EVALUATION OF AUTONOMIC
FAILURE
56. Clinical Assessment of Autonomic Failure
DAVID ROBERTSON
Orthostatic Test 213
Tilt-Table Testing 216
Pharmacologic Tests 216
PART
V
NEUROPATHOLOGY
53. Oxidative Processes
JING ZHANG AND THOMAS J. MONTINE
Oxidative Stress 201
Mechanisms to Limit Reactive Oxygen Species
and Reactive Nitrogen Species Accumulation 201
Oxidative Damage to Cellular Macromolecules 201
Lipid Peroxidation 201
Nucleic Acid 202
Protein 202
Cellular Repair and Detoxification Mechanisms
for Oxidative Damage 203
Glutathione-S-transferases 203
Aldo-keto Oxidoreductases 203
DNA Repair 203
Summary 203
54. a-Synudein and Neurodegeneration
MICHEL GOEDERT
The Synuclein Family 204
The oc-Synuclein Diseases 204
Models of oc-Synucleinopathies 205
55. Experimental Autoimmune
Autonomic Neuropathy
STEVEN VERNINO
Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 208
Experimental Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy
208
57. Evaluation of the Patient with Syncope
HORACIO KAUFMANN
Mechanisms of Syncope 217
Orthostatic Hypotension 217
Acute Decrease in Cardiac Output 218
Acute Increase in Cerebrovascular Resistance 218
Diagnosis 219
Tilt Testing 220
Prognosis 220
58. Evaluation of the Patient with
Orthostatic Intolerance
RONALD SCHONDORF
Overview 221
Clinical Features 221
Pathophysiology of Orthostatic Intolerance 221
Laboratory Evaluation of Orthostatic Intolerance 221
Symptoms of Orthostatic Intolerance 223
59. Sympathetic Microneurography
B. GUNNARWALLIN
Methodology 224
Equipment 224
Procedure 224
Analysis 225
Potential Difficulties 226
Mixed Sites 226
Changes of Electrode Site 226
xii
Contents
60. Assessment of the Autonomic Control
of the Cardiovascular System by Frequency
Domain Approach
RAFFAELLO FURLAN AND ALBERTO MALLIANI
Methodology 228
Functional Significance of Cardiovascular Rhythms 228
Relation between Cardiovascular and Neural
Rhythms 229
Physiology and Pathophysiology 229
61. Assessment of Sudomotor Function
PHILLIP A. LOW AND RONALD SCHONDORF
PART
Tests of Sudomotor Function 231
Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test
Skin Imprint Recordings 231
Skin Potential Recordings 231
Thermoregulatory Sweat Test 233
Integrated Evaluation of Sweating 233
231
VII
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
63. Hypertension and Sympathetic
Nervous System Activity
DAVID A. CALHOUN AND SUZANNE OPARIL
Renal Sympathetic Stimulation in Experimental
and Human Hypertension 241
Cardiac Sympathetic Stimulation in Human
Hypertension 241
Sympathetic Nervous System Activity and
Vascular Remodeling 242
Plasma Norepinephrine Levels 242
Regional Norepinephrine Spillover 243
Microneurography 243
Sympathetic and Vascular Reactivity 244
62. Biochemical Assessment of
Sympathoadrenal Activity
JOSEPH L. IZZO, JR., AND STANLEY F. FERNANDEZ
Catecholamine Metabolism 234
Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines and
Metabolites 234
Urinary Vanillylmandelic Acid Excretion 234
Urinary-Free Catecholamines 234
Urinary Metanephrines 234
Urinary Methoxyhydroxyphenyl Glycol 234
Plasma Catecholamines and Metabolites 235
Plasma Norepinephrine 235
Plasma Epinephrine 236
Plasma Dopamine 236
Plasma Dihydroxyphenyl Glycol 236
Plasma Metanephrines 236
Sulfoconjugates 236
Other Proteins and Peptides in Plasma 236
Dopamine P-hydroxylase 236
Chromogranin A 236
Neuropeptide Y 236
Tissue Catecholamine Concentrations 237
Tissue Catecholamines 237
Platelet Catecholamine 237
Cerebrospinal Fluid Catecholamines and
Metabolites 237
Kinetic (Turnover) Studies 237
General Methodology 237
Radiotracer Infusions 237
Analytic Methods for Catecholamines 238
Sample Preservation 238
Analytic Techniques 238
64. The Autonomic Nervous System
and Sudden Cardiac Death
DAN M. RODEN
Clinical Links between Autonomic Dysfunction
and Sudden Cardiac Death 245
Basic Mechanisms 245
Conclusion 246
65. Congestive Heart Failure
MAZHAR H. KHAN AND LAWRENCE I. SINOWAY
Sympathetic Nervous System 247
Regulation of Sympathetic Nervous System
Activity in Congestive Heart Failure 247
Implication of Sympathetic Nervous System
Activation in Congestive Heart Failure 247
Implications for Therapy 248
66. Neurally Mediated Syncope
SATISH R. RAJ AND ROSE MARIE ROBERTSON
Pathophysiology of Neurally Mediated Syncope 249
Diagnosis of Neurally Mediated Syncope 249
Tilt-Table Testing 250
Natural History of Neurally Mediated Syncope 250
Neurally Mediated Syncope Treatment 250
Contents
xiii
67. Syncope in the Athlete
VICTOR A. CONVERTINO
Treatment 273
BH4 Deficiencies 273
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency 273
Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency
273
PART
VIII
CATECHOLAMINE DISORDERS
68. The Autonomic Storm
ALEJANDRO A. RABINSTEIN AND EELCO F. M. WIJDICKS
Definition 257
Causes and Pathophysiology 257
Incidence 257
Clinical Manifestations 257
Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Evaluation 258
Treatment 258
Prognosis 258
69. Pheochromocytoma
WILLIAM M. MANGER, RAY W. GIFFORD, JR., AND
GRAEME EISENHOFER
73. Dopamine p-Hydroxylase Deficiency
ANTON H. VAN DER MEIRACKER, FRANS BOOMSMA,
AND JAAP DEINUM
Clinical Presentation 274
Diagnosis 274
Differential Diagnosis 275
Genetics 275
Therapy 275
74. Menkes Disease
STEPHEN G. KALER
Epidemiology 277
Clinical Phenotype 277
Biochemical Phenotype 277
Autonomic Manifestations 277
Clinical Signs of Pysautonomia in Menkes Disease 277
Neurochemical Abnormalities 277
Molecular Diagnosis 278
Treatment 278
70. Chemodectoma and the Familial
Paraganglioma Syndrome
TERRY KETCH AND JAMES L. NETTERVILLE
71. Baroreflex Failure
JENS JORDAN
Causes of Baroreflex Failure 267
Clinical Presentation 267
Diagnosing Baroreflex Failure 269
Treatment 270
75. Norepinephrine Transporter Dysfunction
MAUREEN K. HAHN
Role of the Norepinephrine Transporter 280
The Human Norepinephrine Transporter Gene 280
Human Norepinephrine Transporter Single-
Nucleotide Polymorphisms 280
A457P and Orthostatic Intolerance 280
Conclusions 281
76. Monoamine Oxidase Deficiency
JACQUES W. M. LENDERS AND GRAEME EISENHOFER
72. Deficiencies of Tetrahydrobiopterin,
Tyrosin Hydroxylase, and Aromatic L-Amino
Acid Decarboxylase
KEITH HYLAND AND LAUREN A. ARNOLD
Biochemistry 271
Presentation and Neurologic Symptoms 271
Diagnosis 272
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiencies 272
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency 273
Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency 273
PART
IX
CENTRAL AUTONOMIC DISORDERS
77. Parkinson's Disease
THOMAS L. DAVIS
Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation 287
Tests of Sympathetic Function 287
XIV
Contents
Tests of Parasympathetic Function 287
Orthostatic Hypotension 287
Constipation 288
Dysphagia 288
Drooling 288
Sexual Function 288
Bladder Dysfunction 288
78. Multiple System Atrophy
NIALL QUINN
History, Nosology, Epidemiology, Demographics,
and Prognosis 290
History and Nosology 290
Epidemiology 290
Demographics and Prognosis 290
Clinical Features 290
Clinical Diagnostic Criteria 291
Differential Diagnosis 291
Paraclinical Investigations 291
Management 291
81. Autonomic Disturbances in
Spinal Cord Injuries
CHRISTOPHER J. MATHIAS
Cardiovascular System 298
Cutaneous Circulation 300
Thermoregulation and Sudomotor Function 300
Gastrointestinal System 301
Urinary System 301
Reproductive System 301
82. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
P. DAVID CHARLES AND THOMAS L. DAVIS
Clinical Features 302
Medications and Risk Factors
Differential Diagnosis 303
Pathogenesis 304
Treatment 304
302
PART
79. Dementia with Lewy Bodies
GREGOR K. WENNING AND M1CHAELA STAMPFER
Clinical Aspects and Differential Diagnosis 293
Practical Management 293
Dementia 293
Hallucinations and Psychosis 293
Parkinsonism 294
Dysautonomia 294
80. Central Disorders of Autonomic Function
EDUARDO E. BENARROCH
Disorders of Telencephalic Autonomic Regions 295
Stroke 295
Seizures 295
Disorders of the Diencephalon 295
Hypothalamic Disorders 295
Paroxysmal Sympathetic Storms ("Diencephalic
Seizures") 296
Fatal Familial Insomnia 296
Disorders of the Brainstem 296
Vertebrobasilar Disease 296
Posterior Fossa Tumors 296
Degenerative and Developmental Disorders 296
Inflammatory, Toxic, and Metabolic Disorders 297
Disorders of the Spinal Cord 297
X
PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC FAILURE
83. Pure Autonomic Failure
HORACIO KAUFMANN AND IRWIN J. SCHATZ
Differential Diagnosis 309
Catecholamine Studies 310
Neuroendocrine Studies 310
Diagnostic Imaging Techniques 310
Neuropathology 310
Management 310
84. Familial Dysautonomia
FELICIA B. AXELROD AND MAX J. HILZ
Genetics and Diagnosis 312
Pathology 312
Sural Nerve 312
Spinal Cord 312
Sympathetic Nervous System 312
Parasympathetic Nervous System 313
Biochemical Data 313
Clinical Symptoms and Treatments 313
Prognosis 314
Contents
XV
85. Hereditary Autonomic Neuropathies
YADOLLAH HARATI AND OPAS NAWASIRIPONG
Fabry's Disease 316
Clinical Manifestations of Fabry's Disease 316
Autonomic Involvement 316
Porphyria 317
Clinical Manifestation of Porphyria 317
Autonomic Involvement in Porphyria 318
Treatment of Porphyria 318
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B 318
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies Type
I and E (Charcot-Marie Tooth 1 and 2) 319
Types I, II, IV, and V Hereditary Sensory and
Autonomic Neuropathy 319
86. Amyloidotic Autonomic Failure
HAZEM MACHKHAS, OPAS NAWASIRIPONG, AND
YADOLLAH HARATI
Immunoglobulin Amyloidosis 320
Pathogenesis 320
Diagnosis 321
Treatment 321
Prognosis 322
Reactive Amyloidosis 322
Hereditary Amyloidosis 322
Pathogenesis 323
Laboratory Data and Diagnosis 323
Treatment and Prognosis 323
Sudomotor 330
Cardiovascular 330
89. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
PHILLIP A. LOW AND JAMES G. MCLEOD
Clinical Features 332
Investigations 332
Etiology or Mechanisms 332
Course and Prognosis 333
Management 333
90. Chagas' Disease
DANIEL BULLA, ALBA LARRE BORGES, RAQUEL PONCE DE LEON,
AND MARIO MEDICI
91. Drug-Induced Autonomic Dysfunction
NEAL L. BENOWITZ
Importance of Aging 336
Drug Interactions 336
Autonomic Neuropathy Produced by Specific
Chemicals and Drugs 337
_PART_
XI
ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE
87. Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy
STEVEN VERNINO, PHILLIP A. LOW, AND VANDA A. LENNON
Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 324
Description 324
Diagnosis 325
Clinical Course 325
Treatment 326
Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 326
88. Diabetic Autonomic Dysfunction
ANDREW C. ERTL, MICHAEL PFEIFER, AND STEPHEN N. DAVIS
Iris 328
Esophagus 328
Stomach 328
Gallbladder 329
Colon 329
Bladder 329
Penis 329
Vagina 330
Adernal Medulla 330
92. Neuropathic Postural
Tachycardia Syndrome
PHILLIP A. LOW
Clinical Features 341
Quality of Life 341
Evidence of Peripheral Denervation 341
Other Pathophysiologic Studies 341
Follow-up 342
Management 342
93. Hyperadrenergic Postural
Tachycardia Syndrome
SIMI VINCENT AND DAVID ROBERTSON
94. Hypovolemia Syndrome
FETNAT FOUAD-TARAZI
Blood Volume and Syncope 346
Relation between Chronic Global Blood Volume
Depletion and Neurocardiogenic Response to
Upright Posture 347
xvi
Contents
Dynamics of Postural Blood Volume Shifts 347
Clinical Features of Chronic Idiopathic
Hypovolemia 347
Hemodynamic Profile of Chronic Idiopathic
Hypovolemia 348
Neurohumoral Indexes of Chronic Idiopathic
Hypovolemia 348
Possible Mechanisms of Chronic Idiopathic
Hypovolemia 348
Response to Therapy 349
Future Considerations 349
_part_
XII
OTHER CLINICAL CONDITIONS
98. Hypoadrenocorticism
DAVID H. P. STREETEN
Effects of Autonomic Activity on Adrenocortical
Secretion 366
Effects of Hypoadrenocorticism on Autonomic
Failure 366
99. Mastocytosis
L. JACKSON ROBERTS, II
Mastocytosis and Allied Activation Disorders of
the Mast Cell 368
Symptoms and Signs 368
Mast Cell Mediators Responsible for the
Symptoms and Signs 368
Diagnosis 369
Summary 369
95. Disorders of Sweating
ROBERT D. FEALEY
Hypohidrosis and Anhidrosis 354
Distal Anhidrosis 356
Global Anhidrosis 356
Dermatomal, Focal, or Multifocal Anhidrosis 356
Segmental Anhidrosis 356
Hemianhidrosis 356
96. Male Erectile Dysfunction
DOUGLAS F. MILAM
Mechanism of Erection 359
Etiologic Factors of Erectile Dysfunction 359
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders 359
Neurogenic Erectile Dysfunction 360
Endocrine Disorders 360
Medical and Surgical Treatment 360
97. Sleep-Disordered Breathing
and Autonomic Failure
SUDHANSU CHOKROVERTY
Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Autonomic Failure 362
Diagnosis 364
Treatment 364
General Measures and Medical Treatment 364
Mechanical Treatment 364
Surgical Treatment 365
100. Cocaine Overdose
WANPEN VONGPATANASIN AND RONALD G. VICTOR
Effects of Cocaine on the Peripheral Circulation 370
Autonomic Effects of Cocaine on the Heart 370
Effects of Cocaine on Thermoregulation 371
Treatment of Cocaine Overdose 371
101. Sympathetic Nervous System and Pain
WILFRID JANIG
Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling Depending on
Activity in Sympathetic Neurons: Hypotheses
Driven by Clinical Observations 374
Role of Sympathetic Nervous System in Generation
of Pain and Hyperalgesia During Inflammation:
Hypotheses Developed on the Basis of
Experiments in Behavioral Animal Models 374
Cutaneous Mechanical Hyperalgesia Elicited by the
Inflammatory Mediator Bradykinin 375
Cutaneous Hyperalgesia Generated by Nerve Growth
Factor 375
Mechanical Hyperalgesic Behavior Generated by
Activation of the Sympathoadrenal System
(Adrenal Medulla) 375
102. Baroreflex Functioning in
Monogenic Hypertension
FRIEDRICH C. LUFT
Autosomal-Dominant Hypertension with
Brachydactyly 377
Contents
XV11
Neurovascular Contact 378
Baroreflex Testing 378
Invasive Baroreflex Testing 378
Comparisons with Patients Who have Essential
Hypertension 379
Lessons from Monogenic Hypertension 380
103. Carcinoid Tumors
KENNETH R. HANDE
PART
XIII
MANAGEMENT OF AUTONOMIC
DISORDERS
107. Hypoglycemic Associated
Autonomic Dysfunction
DARLEEN A. SANDOVAL AND STEPHEN N. DAVIS
104. Chronic Fatigue and the Autonomic
Nervous System
ROY FREEMAN
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Orthostatic Intolerance,
and Neurally Mediated Syncope 385
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Postural Tachycardia,
and Orthostatic Intolerance 386
Pathophysiology of Postural Tachycardia 386
Conclusion 386 ■
105. Paraneoplastic Autonomic Dysfunction
RAMESH K. KHURANA
Brainstem Dysfunction Syndrome 388
Morvan Syndrome 388
Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy 388
Enteric Neuronopathy 388
Autonomic Neuropathy 388
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome 389
Diagnosis 389
Treatment 390
106. Panic Disorder
MURRAY ESLER, MARL1ES ALVARENGA, DAVID KAYE,
GAVIN LAMBERT, JANE THOMPSON, JACQU1 HASTINGS,
ROSEMARY SCHWARZ, MARGARET MORRIS, AND
JEFF RICHARDS
Resting Sympathetic Nervous System Function in
Panic Disorder 391
Sympathetic Nervous Activity and Epinephrine
Secretion Rates 391
Epinephrine Cotransmission in Sympathetic Nerves 391
Reduction in Neuronal Norepinephrine Reuptake by
Sympathetic Nerves 392
Autonomic Nervous Changes During a Panic Attack 392
Sympathetic Nerve Firing and Secretion of Epinephrine 392
Release of Neuropeptide Y 393
Mediating Autonomic Mechanisms of Cardiac Risk
During a Panic Attack 393
108. Surgical Sympathectomy
EMILY M. GARLAND
109. Physical Measures
WOUTER WIELING
Physical Counter Maneuvers 403
Leg-Crossing 403
Squatting 403
External Support 404
Conclusion 406
110. Treatment of Orthostatic
Hypotension: Nutritional Measures
JENS JORDAN
Water: A Pressor Agent 407
Caffeine 408
Tyramine 409
Sodium 409
Licorice 409
Nutritional Treatment of Supine Hypertension 409
111. Fludrocortisone
ROSE MARIE ROBERTSON
112. Midodrine and Other
Sympathomimetics
JANICE L. GILDEN
Midorine 413
Mechanism of Action 413
Pharmacology 413
Efficacy 413
Adverse Effects and Disadvantages 414
Dosing 414
Ephedrine/Other a Agonists 414
Mechanism of Action 414
XVU1
Contents
Adverse Events and Disadvantages
Dosing 415
414
Clinical Role of Acupuncture 427
Outstanding Issues in Acupuncture Research
427
113. Dihydroxyphenylserine
ROY FREEMAN
Precursor Therapy for Orthostatic Hypotension 416
114. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists
in Autonomic Failure
ROY FREEMAN
Sympathomimetic Agents 419
Clonidine 420
Yohimbine 420
115. Erythropoietin in Autonomic Failure
ITALO BIAGGIONI
Modulation of Erythropoietin Production by the
Autonomic Nervous System 421
The Anemia of Autonomic Failure 421
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the
Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension 421
116. Bionic Baroreflex
TAKAYUKl SATO, ANDRE DIEDR1CH, AND KENJI SUNAGAWA
Bionic Baroreflex System 423
Theoretic Background 423
Implementation of Algorithm of Artificial Vasomotor
Center in Bionic Baroreflex System 423
Efficacy of Bionic Baroreflex System 423
Epidural Catheter Approach for Human Bionic
Baroreflex System 424
Clinical Implications 425
117. Acupuncture
JOHN C. LONGHURST
Western Understanding of Acupuncture 426
Neurologic Substrate 426
PART
XIV
EXPERIMENTAL AUTONOMIC
NEUROSCIENCE
118. Autonomic Disorders in Animals
MATTHEW ]. P1CKLO, SR.
Sympathectomy 433
Surgical Sympathectomy 433
Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Immunosympathectomy 433
Immune-Mediated Sympathectomy 433
Chemical Sympathectomy 433
Immunotoxin Sympathectomy 434
Pathologic Autonomic Failure in Animals 434
119. Transgenic Strategies in
Autonomic Research
KAZUTO KOBAYASHI AND TOSHIHARU NAGATSU
Transgenic Animal Model 435
Experimental Strategy of Immunotoxin-Mediated Cell
Targeting Technique 435
Model for Autonomic Neuropathy 435
Future Aspects 436
120. Mouse Homologous
Recombination Models
NANCY R. KELLER
Index 449
David Robertson, Editor-in-Chief
Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
and Neurology, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Italo Biaggioni, Editor
Departments of Medicine and
Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Geoffrey Burnstock, Editor
Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal
Free and University College Medical
School, London, UK
Phillip A. Low, Editor
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic
College of Medicine, Rochester,
Minnesota, USA
The Primer on the Autonomic Nervous
System presents, in a readable and
accessible format, key information about
how the autonomic nervous system
controls the body, particularly in response
to stress. This primer represents the
largest collection of world-wide autonomic
nervous system authorities ever to
contribute to a single treatise. It is espe¬
cially suitable for students, scientists and
physicians who wish to find, in a single
location, the key information about all
aspects of autonomic physiology and
pathology. This primer provides up-to-date
knowledge about basic and clinical auto¬
nomic neuroscience in a format designed
to make learning easy and fun. |
adam_txt |
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface xxvii
xix
PART
ANATOMY
1. Development of the Autonomic
Nervous System
CARYL E. HILL
Pathways and Fate of Neural Crest Cells 3
Factors Operating during Neural Crest Migration 3
Neurite Outgrowth and Target Contact 4
Factors Involved in Neurite Outgrowth and Neuronal
Survival 5
Synapse Formation and Neuronal Differentiation 5
Conclusions 5
2. Mechanisms of Differentiation of
Autonomic Neurons
KWANG-SOO KIM
The Autonomic Nervous System Is Derived from
Neural Crest Cells 6
Signaling Molecules Regulate the Developmental
Processes of the Autonomic Nervous System 6
Transcriptional Code Underlying the Development
and Phenotypic Specification of the Autonomic
Nervous System 7
Mashl 7
Phox2 Genes 7
Gata3 8
Activator Protein 2 8
Other Transcriptional Factors 8
Neurotransmitter Phenotypes of the Autonomic
Nervous System 9
Noradrenaline Phenotype 9
Control Mechanism of DBH Gene Expression Is
Closely Related to Autonomic Nervous System
Development 9
Cholinergic Phenotype and the Switch of Neurotransmitter
Phenotypes by the Target Cell Interactions 9
3. Milestones in Autonomic Research
MAX R. BENNETT
Receptors 12
Classical Transmitters: The Discovery of Noradrenaline,
Acetylcholine, and Their Receptors 12
The Discovery of New Transmitters, Including Nucleotides,
Peptides, and Nitric Oxide 12
Varicosities 12
Varicosities Shown to be the Source of Transmitters 12
Varicosities Have the Capacity to Take Up Transmitters
After Their Release 12
Varicosities Possess Receptors That on Activation Modulate
Further Transmitter Release 13
Generation of Currents and Second Messengers on
Receptor Activation After Transmitter Release from
Varicosities 13
Action Potentials, Initiated by the Generation of Junction
Potentials, Are Caused by the Influx of Calcium Ions 13
Control of the Influx of Calcium Ions Is a Principal Means of
Decreasing Blood Pressure 13
_PART_
II
PHARMACOLOGY
4. Central Autonomic Control
EDUARDO E. BENARROCH
Anatomy of Central Autonomic Areas 17
Forebrain 17
Levels of Integration of Central Autonomic Control 18
VI
Contents
Bulbospinal Level 18
Pontomesencephalic Level
Forebrain Level 18
18
5. Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System
ROBERT W. HAMILL AND ROBERT E. SHAPIRO
Sympathetic Nervous System 20
Sympathoadrenal Axis and the Adrenal Gland 23
Parasympathetic Nervous System 24
The Concept of Plurichemical Transmission and
Chemical Coding 25
Functional Neuroanatomy and Biochemical
Pharmacology 27
6. The Autonomic Neuroeffector Junction
GEOFFREY BURNSTOCK
Structure of the Autonomic Neuromuscular Junction 29
Varicose Terminal Axons 29
Junctional Cleft 29
Prejunctional and Postjunctional Specialization 30
Muscle Effector Bundles and Gap Junctions 30
Autonomic Neurotransmission 30
Electrophysiology 30
Receptor Localization on Smooth Muscle Cells 31
Model of Autonomic Neuroeffector Junction 32
7. Autonomic Neuromuscular Transmission
MAX R. BENNETT
New Transmitters and the Concept of Cotransmitters 34
Varicosities, Vesicle-Associated Proteins, and
Calcium Fluxes 34
Ionotropic Receptors Are Localized to the Muscle
Membrane at Varicosities 34
Metabotropic and Ionotropic Receptors Are
Internalized and Recycled after Binding
Transmitter 34
Sources of Intracellular Calcium in Smooth Muscle
for Initiating Contraction 35
Modulation of Calcium Influx and the Control of
Hypertension 35
8. Dopaminergic Neurotransmission
CHRISTOPHER BELL
36
Transmitter Neurochemistry
Transmitter Synthesis 36
Transmitter Storage and Release
Transmitter Recycling 36
Future Questions 37
9. Dopamine Receptors
AKI LAAKSO AND MARC G. CARON
Structural and Functional Characteristics of
Dopamine Receptors 39
Gene Structure 39
Receptor Structure 39
Signal Transduction 40
Dl-like Receptors 40
D2-like Receptors 41
Oligomerization 41
Pharmacology 42
Distribution 42
Distribution in the Brain 42
Dl Receptors 42
D2 Receptors 42
D3 Receptors 42
D4 Receptors 43
D5 Receptors 43
Dopamine Receptors in the Periphery 43
Regulation 43
10. Noradrenergic Neurotransmission
DAVID S. GOLDSTEIN
Noradrenergic Innervation of the Cardiovascular
System 44
Norepinephrine: The Sympathetic Neurotransmitter 45
Norepinephrine Synthesis 45
Storage 46
Release 46
Disposition 47
11. oq-Adrenergic Receptors
ROBERT M. GRAHAM
Subtypes 50
Structure and Signaling 50
Ligand Binding and Activation
Regulation 52
Vascular Subtypes 52
50
12. oc2-Adrenergic Receptors
36
LEE E. LIMBIRD
13. P-Adrenergic Receptors
STEPHEN B. LIGGETT
Signaling of P-AR Subtypes 57
Regulation of p-AR Function 57
Polymorphisms of P-AR 58
Contents
VII
14. Purinergic Neurotransmission
GEOFFREY BURNSTOCK.
Sympathetic Nerves 61
Parasympathetic Nerves 61
Sensory-Motor Nerves 62
Intramural (Intrinsic) Nerves 63
Skeletal Neuromuscular Junctions 63
Synaptic Purinergic Transmission in Ganglia and
Brain 64
Glial Cells 64
Plasticity of Expression of Purinergic Cotransmitters 64
Long-Term (Trophic) Signaling 64
P2X3 Receptors and Nociception 64
Future Developments 64
18. Acetylcholinesterase and Its Inhibitors
ALBERT ENZ
Mechanism of Action 77
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 77
Pharmacologic Actions of Acetylcholinesterase
Inhibition 77
Clinical Applications of Anticholinesterases 79
Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Alzheimer's Disease 80
19. Amino Acid Neurotransmission
WILLIAM TALMAN
15. Adenosine Receptors and
Autonomic Regulation
ITALO BIAGGIONI
Postsynaptic Antiadrenergic Effects of Adenosine 66
Presynaptic Effects of Adenosine on Efferent Nerves
and Ganglionic Transmission 66
Adenosine and Central Autonomic Regulation 66
Neuroexcitatory Actions of Adenosine on Afferent
Pathways 67
Integrated View of Adenosine and Cardiovascular
Autonomic Regulation 67
16. Acetylcholine and Muscarinic Receptors
B. V. RAMA SASTRY AND DAVID ROBERTSON
Acetylcholine Synthesis and Metabolism: Drug
Mechanisms 70
Acetylcholine Receptors 70
Muscarinic Agonists 71
Muscarinic Autonomic Effects of Acetylcholine 71
Muscarinic Antagonists 72
17. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors:
Structure and Functional Properties
PALMER TAYLOR
Structural Considerations 73
Subtype Diversity of Nicotinic Receptors 73
Electrophysiologic Events Associated with Receptor
Activation 74
Distribution of Nicotinic Receptors 76
20. Peptidergic Neurotransmission
GRAHAM J. DOCKRAY
Families of Peptide Transmitters 83
Generic Features of Peptidergic Transmission 83
Biosynthesis 83
Storage and Release 83
Receptors 84
Degradation 84
Chemical Coding 84
Overview of Peptides in the Autonomic Nervous
System 84
21. Leptin Signaling in the Central
Nervous System
KAMAL RAHMOUNI, WILLIAM G. HAYNES, AND ALLYN L. MARK
Central Neural Action of Leptin 86
Leptin Receptor 86
Intracellular Mechanisms of Leptin Signaling 86
Site of Leptin Action in the Brain 87
Interaction of Leptin and Neuropeptides in the
Hypothalamus 87
Neuropeptide Y 87
Melanocortin System 88
Other Mediators 88
Conclusion 89
22. Nitrergic Neurotransmission
JILL LINCOLN
Synthesis of Nitric Oxide 90
Mechanisms of Nitrergic Neurotransmission 90
Nitrergic Neurotransmission in the Autonomic Nervous
System and Pathologic Implications 91
viii
Contents
23. Serotonin Receptors and
Neurotransmission
ELAINE SANDERS-BUSH AND CHARLES D. NICHOLS
Localization 93
Synthesis and Metabolism 93
Neurotransmission 93
Receptors 94
Pharmacology and Role in Disease 94
24. Antidepressant-Sensitive
Norepinephrine Transporters:
Structure and Regulation
RANDY D. BLAKELY
_PART_
III
PHYSIOLOGY
25. Cardiac and Other Visceral Afferents
JOHN C. LONGHURST
Anatomic Framework 103
Afferent Stimuli 103
Autonomic Reflex Responses to Visceral Afferent
Activation 107
Pathologic Alterations of Visceral Afferents 107
26. Skeletal Muscle Afferents
MARC P. KAUFMAN
27. Entrainment of Sympathetic Rhythms
MICHAEL P. GILBEY
Sympathetic Rhythm 114
Cardiac- and Respiratory-Related Rhythms
Mechanisms Underlying Rhythms 114
Phasic Inputs Generate Rhythms 114
Entrainment of Rhythms 114
How Many Central Oscillators? 115
Functional Significance 115
28. Sexual Function
JOHN D. STEWART
Peripheral Structures 116
Central Nervous System 116
Physiologic Events 116
114
29. Gastrointestinal Function
MICHAEL CAM1LLERI
Salivary Secretion 118
Gastric Secretion 118
Pancreaticobiliary Secretion 118
Bile 118
Intestinal Secretion and Absorption 119
Control of Gut Motility 119
Normal Gastrointestinal Motor Function
120
30. Regulation of Metabolism
ROBERT HOELDTKE
Catecholamines and Glucose Metabolism 122
Catecholamines and Fat Metabolism 122
Catecholamines and Thermogenesis 122
Insulin and Autonomic Function 123
31. The Sweat Gland
PHILLIP A. LOW
Anatomy and Function of the Sweat Gland 124
Type 124
Density and Distribution 124
Physiology of Sweat Glands 124
Function 124
Innervation of Sweat Gland 124
Denervation 126
32. Temperature Regulation
MIKIHIRO KIHARA, JUNICHI SUGENOYA, AND PHILLIP A. LOW
Central Integration 127
Effector Mechanisms 127
Shivering 127
Nonshivering Thermogenesis 128
Vasomotor Response 128
Sudomotor Response 129
33. Autonomic Control of Airways
PETER J. BARNES
Overview of Airway Innervation
Afferent Nerves 130
Slowly Adapting Receptors 130
Rapidly Adapting Receptors 130
C-Fibers 130
Cough 130
Neurogenic Inflammation 130
Cholinergic Nerves 130
Cholinergic Efferents 131
Muscarinic Receptors 131
130
Contents
IX
Cholinergic Reflexes 131
Anticholinergics in Airway Disease 131
Bronchodilator Nerves .131
Sympathetic Nerves 131
Inhibitory Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic Nerves 132
Neuropeptides 132
Neural Control of Airways in Disease 133
Asthma 133
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 133
34. Autonomic Control of Cardiac Function
KLEBERG. FRANCHINI AND ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR.
Autonomic Nerves Innervating the Mammalian
Heart 134
Myocardial Nerve Terminals 135
The Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac
Function 136
Interactions between Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nerves 137
35. Neurogenic Control of Blood Vessels
KLEBER G. FRANCHINI AND ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR
Sympathetic Component 139
Sympathetic Fibers 139
Neuroeffector Junction 140
Neurotransmitters of Sympathetic Component 140
Release of Transmitter and Effector Action 141
Parasympathetic Component 142
Neural Control of Veins 142
Differential Vasomotor Control 142
36. Cerebral Circulation:
Autonomic Influences
PETER J. GOADSBY
Neural Innervation of Brain Circulation 144
Extrinsic Neural Influences 144
Sympathetic Nervous System 144
Parasympathetic Nervous System 145
Effect of Direct Parasympathetic Stimulation on
Cerebral Blood Flow In Vivo 146
37. High-Pressure and
Low-Pressure Baroreflexes
DWAIN L. ECKBERG
38. Venoarteriolar Reflex
PHILLIP A. LOW
Anatomy 147
Transduction 147
Methods for Study of Human Baroreflexes
Integrated Baroreflex Responses 149
Baroreflex Resetting 150
Cardiopulmonary B aroreflexes 151
Summary 151
148
Skin Blood Flow 152
Venoarteriolar Reflex 152
39. The Cardioinhibitory Vasodepressor Reflex
VALENTINA ACCURSO AND VIREND K. SOMERS
Physiology 154
Clinical Conditions Predisposing to Activation of
the Reflex 154
40. Autonomic Control of the Kidney
EDWIN K. JACKSON
Innervation of the Kidney 157
Autonomic Receptors in the Kidney 157
Reflex Regulation of Blood Volume 159
The Renorenal Reflex 160
Autonomic Control of the Kidney in
Pathophysiologic States 160
41. Autonomic Control of the Pupil
H. STANLEY THOMPSON
Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic) Drugs 162
Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic) Drugs 162
Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic) Drugs 164
Sympatholytic Drugs (Adrenergic Blockers) 164
Other Agents 164
Iris Pigment and Pupillary Response to Drugs 164
42. Intraocular Pressure and Autonomic
Dysfunction
KAREN M. JOOS
Systemic Blood Pressure and Intraocular Pressure
Relation 166
Ocular Blood Flow 166
Autonomic Dysfunction 166
43. Angiotensin 11/Autonomic Interactions
DEBRA 1. DIZ AND DAVID B. AVERILL
Sympathetic Nervous System 168
Angiotensin II Influence on the Sympathetic Nervous
System 168
Sympathetic Nervous System Influence on the Renin-
Angiotensin System 168
X
Contents
Parasympathetic Nervous System 168
PART
Angiotensin II Influence on the Parasympathetic
IV
Nervous System 168
Physiologic Examples of Regulation/Interactions 169
Baroreceptor Reflex 169
STRESS
Chemoreceptor Reflex 169
Other Sensory Modalities 169
47. Exercise and the Autonomic
Pathophysiology 170
Hypertension 170
Nervous System
Congestive Heart Failure 170
VERNON S. BISHOP
Consequences of Ang II-Mediated Enhancement of
Sympathetic Nerve Activity to the Kidney 170
Receptor Pharmacology 170
48. Effects of High Altitude
Conclusions 171
LUCIANO BERNARDI
44. Autonomic Effects of Anesthesia
THOMAS ]. EBERT
Direct Effects of Anesthetics on Sympathetic
Outflow 172
Intravenous Anesthetics (Sedative/Hypnotics) 172
Human Baroreflex Function and Anesthetic Gases 173
Low-Pressure (Cardiopulmonary) Baroreflexes 173
High-Pressure Baroreflexes 173
Intravenous Anesthetics 173
Inhaled Agents 175
45. Peripheral Dopamine Systems
GRAEME EISENHOFER AND DAVID S. GOLDSTEIN
Dopamine in the Kidneys 176
Dopamine in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Diet and Dopamine Sulfate 177
Perspectives 177
176
Effects of Acute Hypoxia 185
Effects of Chronic Hypoxia 186
Autonomic Nervous System and High-Altitude
Illness 186
49. Hypothermia
BRUCE C. PATON
Etiologic Factors 187
General Response to Heat Loss 187
Specific Systematic Changes 187
Diagnosis 188
50. Psychological Stress and the
Autonomic Nervous System
MICHAEL G. ZIEGLER
Normal Psychological Stresses and Autonomic
Activity 189
Patterns of Autonomic Response to Stress 189
Gastrointestinal Control 190
Psychosomatic Disorders and the Autonomic
Nervous System 190
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Panic, and Anxiety
190
46. Dopamine Mechanisms in the Kidney
ROBERT M. CAREY
Renal Dopamine Formation and Excretion 178
Renal Dopamine Receptor Expression 178
Dopaminergic Regulation of Renal Sodium
Excretion 178
DrLike Receptors 178
D2-Like Receptors 179
Physiologic Interactions of the Renal
Dopaminergic System and the Renin-Angiotensin
System 179
Renal Dopamine and Hypertension 180
51. Aging and the Autonomic
Nervous System
VERA NOVAK AND LEWIS A. LIPSITZ
Baroreflex Function 191
Sympathetic Activity 191
Parasympathetic Activity 191
Variability of Cardiovascular Signals 192
Neurotransmitters and Receptors 192
Cardiac P-Adrenergic Receptors 192
Vascular Reactivity 192
Volume Regulation 193
Cerebral Vasoregulation 193
Contents
xi
52. Mind-Body Interactions
DANIEL TRANEL
Nonconscious Memory 194
Nonconscious Face Recognition in Prosopagnosia 194
Nonconscious Recognition in the Auditory Modality 194
Nonconscious Learning 195
Nonconscious Face Learning in Prosopagnosia 195
Nonconscious Learning of Affective Valence 195
Conditioning Without Awareness 196
Emotion 196
Impaired Skin Conductance Responses to Emotionally
Charged Stimuli 196
Impaired Skin Conductance Responses to Familiar
Faces 197
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis 197
PART
VI
EVALUATION OF AUTONOMIC
FAILURE
56. Clinical Assessment of Autonomic Failure
DAVID ROBERTSON
Orthostatic Test 213
Tilt-Table Testing 216
Pharmacologic Tests 216
PART
V
NEUROPATHOLOGY
53. Oxidative Processes
JING ZHANG AND THOMAS J. MONTINE
Oxidative Stress 201
Mechanisms to Limit Reactive Oxygen Species
and Reactive Nitrogen Species Accumulation 201
Oxidative Damage to Cellular Macromolecules 201
Lipid Peroxidation 201
Nucleic Acid 202
Protein 202
Cellular Repair and Detoxification Mechanisms
for Oxidative Damage 203
Glutathione-S-transferases 203
Aldo-keto Oxidoreductases 203
DNA Repair 203
Summary 203
54. a-Synudein and Neurodegeneration
MICHEL GOEDERT
The Synuclein Family 204
The oc-Synuclein Diseases 204
Models of oc-Synucleinopathies 205
55. Experimental Autoimmune
Autonomic Neuropathy
STEVEN VERNINO
Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 208
Experimental Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy
208
57. Evaluation of the Patient with Syncope
HORACIO KAUFMANN
Mechanisms of Syncope 217
Orthostatic Hypotension 217
Acute Decrease in Cardiac Output 218
Acute Increase in Cerebrovascular Resistance 218
Diagnosis 219
Tilt Testing 220
Prognosis 220
58. Evaluation of the Patient with
Orthostatic Intolerance
RONALD SCHONDORF
Overview 221
Clinical Features 221
Pathophysiology of Orthostatic Intolerance 221
Laboratory Evaluation of Orthostatic Intolerance 221
Symptoms of Orthostatic Intolerance 223
59. Sympathetic Microneurography
B. GUNNARWALLIN
Methodology 224
Equipment 224
Procedure 224
Analysis 225
Potential Difficulties 226
Mixed Sites 226
Changes of Electrode Site 226
xii
Contents
60. Assessment of the Autonomic Control
of the Cardiovascular System by Frequency
Domain Approach
RAFFAELLO FURLAN AND ALBERTO MALLIANI
Methodology 228
Functional Significance of Cardiovascular Rhythms 228
Relation between Cardiovascular and Neural
Rhythms 229
Physiology and Pathophysiology 229
61. Assessment of Sudomotor Function
PHILLIP A. LOW AND RONALD SCHONDORF
PART
Tests of Sudomotor Function 231
Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test
Skin Imprint Recordings 231
Skin Potential Recordings 231
Thermoregulatory Sweat Test 233
Integrated Evaluation of Sweating 233
231
VII
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
63. Hypertension and Sympathetic
Nervous System Activity
DAVID A. CALHOUN AND SUZANNE OPARIL
Renal Sympathetic Stimulation in Experimental
and Human Hypertension 241
Cardiac Sympathetic Stimulation in Human
Hypertension 241
Sympathetic Nervous System Activity and
Vascular Remodeling 242
Plasma Norepinephrine Levels 242
Regional Norepinephrine Spillover 243
Microneurography 243
Sympathetic and Vascular Reactivity 244
62. Biochemical Assessment of
Sympathoadrenal Activity
JOSEPH L. IZZO, JR., AND STANLEY F. FERNANDEZ
Catecholamine Metabolism 234
Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines and
Metabolites 234
Urinary Vanillylmandelic Acid Excretion 234
Urinary-Free Catecholamines 234
Urinary Metanephrines 234
Urinary Methoxyhydroxyphenyl Glycol 234
Plasma Catecholamines and Metabolites 235
Plasma Norepinephrine 235
Plasma Epinephrine 236
Plasma Dopamine 236
Plasma Dihydroxyphenyl Glycol 236
Plasma Metanephrines 236
Sulfoconjugates 236
Other Proteins and Peptides in Plasma 236
Dopamine P-hydroxylase 236
Chromogranin A 236
Neuropeptide Y 236
Tissue Catecholamine Concentrations 237
Tissue Catecholamines 237
Platelet Catecholamine 237
Cerebrospinal Fluid Catecholamines and
Metabolites 237
Kinetic (Turnover) Studies 237
General Methodology 237
Radiotracer Infusions 237
Analytic Methods for Catecholamines 238
Sample Preservation 238
Analytic Techniques 238
64. The Autonomic Nervous System
and Sudden Cardiac Death
DAN M. RODEN
Clinical Links between Autonomic Dysfunction
and Sudden Cardiac Death 245
Basic Mechanisms 245
Conclusion 246
65. Congestive Heart Failure
MAZHAR H. KHAN AND LAWRENCE I. SINOWAY
Sympathetic Nervous System 247
Regulation of Sympathetic Nervous System
Activity in Congestive Heart Failure 247
Implication of Sympathetic Nervous System
Activation in Congestive Heart Failure 247
Implications for Therapy 248
66. Neurally Mediated Syncope
SATISH R. RAJ AND ROSE MARIE ROBERTSON
Pathophysiology of Neurally Mediated Syncope 249
Diagnosis of Neurally Mediated Syncope 249
Tilt-Table Testing 250
Natural History of Neurally Mediated Syncope 250
Neurally Mediated Syncope Treatment 250
Contents
xiii
67. Syncope in the Athlete
VICTOR A. CONVERTINO
Treatment 273
BH4 Deficiencies 273
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency 273
Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency
273
PART
VIII
CATECHOLAMINE DISORDERS
68. The Autonomic Storm
ALEJANDRO A. RABINSTEIN AND EELCO F. M. WIJDICKS
Definition 257
Causes and Pathophysiology 257
Incidence 257
Clinical Manifestations 257
Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Evaluation 258
Treatment 258
Prognosis 258
69. Pheochromocytoma
WILLIAM M. MANGER, RAY W. GIFFORD, JR., AND
GRAEME EISENHOFER
73. Dopamine p-Hydroxylase Deficiency
ANTON H. VAN DER MEIRACKER, FRANS BOOMSMA,
AND JAAP DEINUM
Clinical Presentation 274
Diagnosis 274
Differential Diagnosis 275
Genetics 275
Therapy 275
74. Menkes Disease
STEPHEN G. KALER
Epidemiology 277
Clinical Phenotype 277
Biochemical Phenotype 277
Autonomic Manifestations 277
Clinical Signs of Pysautonomia in Menkes Disease 277
Neurochemical Abnormalities 277
Molecular Diagnosis 278
Treatment 278
70. Chemodectoma and the Familial
Paraganglioma Syndrome
TERRY KETCH AND JAMES L. NETTERVILLE
71. Baroreflex Failure
JENS JORDAN
Causes of Baroreflex Failure 267
Clinical Presentation 267
Diagnosing Baroreflex Failure 269
Treatment 270
75. Norepinephrine Transporter Dysfunction
MAUREEN K. HAHN
Role of the Norepinephrine Transporter 280
The Human Norepinephrine Transporter Gene 280
Human Norepinephrine Transporter Single-
Nucleotide Polymorphisms 280
A457P and Orthostatic Intolerance 280
Conclusions 281
76. Monoamine Oxidase Deficiency
JACQUES W. M. LENDERS AND GRAEME EISENHOFER
72. Deficiencies of Tetrahydrobiopterin,
Tyrosin Hydroxylase, and Aromatic L-Amino
Acid Decarboxylase
KEITH HYLAND AND LAUREN A. ARNOLD
Biochemistry 271
Presentation and Neurologic Symptoms 271
Diagnosis 272
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiencies 272
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency 273
Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency 273
PART
IX
CENTRAL AUTONOMIC DISORDERS
77. Parkinson's Disease
THOMAS L. DAVIS
Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation 287
Tests of Sympathetic Function 287
XIV
Contents
Tests of Parasympathetic Function 287
Orthostatic Hypotension 287
Constipation 288
Dysphagia 288
Drooling 288
Sexual Function 288
Bladder Dysfunction 288
78. Multiple System Atrophy
NIALL QUINN
History, Nosology, Epidemiology, Demographics,
and Prognosis 290
History and Nosology 290
Epidemiology 290
Demographics and Prognosis 290
Clinical Features 290
Clinical Diagnostic Criteria 291
Differential Diagnosis 291
Paraclinical Investigations 291
Management 291
81. Autonomic Disturbances in
Spinal Cord Injuries
CHRISTOPHER J. MATHIAS
Cardiovascular System 298
Cutaneous Circulation 300
Thermoregulation and Sudomotor Function 300
Gastrointestinal System 301
Urinary System 301
Reproductive System 301
82. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
P. DAVID CHARLES AND THOMAS L. DAVIS
Clinical Features 302
Medications and Risk Factors
Differential Diagnosis 303
Pathogenesis 304
Treatment 304
302
PART
79. Dementia with Lewy Bodies
GREGOR K. WENNING AND M1CHAELA STAMPFER
Clinical Aspects and Differential Diagnosis 293
Practical Management 293
Dementia 293
Hallucinations and Psychosis 293
Parkinsonism 294
Dysautonomia 294
80. Central Disorders of Autonomic Function
EDUARDO E. BENARROCH
Disorders of Telencephalic Autonomic Regions 295
Stroke 295
Seizures 295
Disorders of the Diencephalon 295
Hypothalamic Disorders 295
Paroxysmal Sympathetic Storms ("Diencephalic
Seizures") 296
Fatal Familial Insomnia 296
Disorders of the Brainstem 296
Vertebrobasilar Disease 296
Posterior Fossa Tumors 296
Degenerative and Developmental Disorders 296
Inflammatory, Toxic, and Metabolic Disorders 297
Disorders of the Spinal Cord 297
X
PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC FAILURE
83. Pure Autonomic Failure
HORACIO KAUFMANN AND IRWIN J. SCHATZ
Differential Diagnosis 309
Catecholamine Studies 310
Neuroendocrine Studies 310
Diagnostic Imaging Techniques 310
Neuropathology 310
Management 310
84. Familial Dysautonomia
FELICIA B. AXELROD AND MAX J. HILZ
Genetics and Diagnosis 312
Pathology 312
Sural Nerve 312
Spinal Cord 312
Sympathetic Nervous System 312
Parasympathetic Nervous System 313
Biochemical Data 313
Clinical Symptoms and Treatments 313
Prognosis 314
Contents
XV
85. Hereditary Autonomic Neuropathies
YADOLLAH HARATI AND OPAS NAWASIRIPONG
Fabry's Disease 316
Clinical Manifestations of Fabry's Disease 316
Autonomic Involvement 316
Porphyria 317
Clinical Manifestation of Porphyria 317
Autonomic Involvement in Porphyria 318
Treatment of Porphyria 318
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B 318
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies Type
I and E (Charcot-Marie Tooth 1 and 2) 319
Types I, II, IV, and V Hereditary Sensory and
Autonomic Neuropathy 319
86. Amyloidotic Autonomic Failure
HAZEM MACHKHAS, OPAS NAWASIRIPONG, AND
YADOLLAH HARATI
Immunoglobulin Amyloidosis 320
Pathogenesis 320
Diagnosis 321
Treatment 321
Prognosis 322
Reactive Amyloidosis 322
Hereditary Amyloidosis 322
Pathogenesis 323
Laboratory Data and Diagnosis 323
Treatment and Prognosis 323
Sudomotor 330
Cardiovascular 330
89. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
PHILLIP A. LOW AND JAMES G. MCLEOD
Clinical Features 332
Investigations 332
Etiology or Mechanisms 332
Course and Prognosis 333
Management 333
90. Chagas' Disease
DANIEL BULLA, ALBA LARRE BORGES, RAQUEL PONCE DE LEON,
AND MARIO MEDICI
91. Drug-Induced Autonomic Dysfunction
NEAL L. BENOWITZ
Importance of Aging 336
Drug Interactions 336
Autonomic Neuropathy Produced by Specific
Chemicals and Drugs 337
_PART_
XI
ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE
87. Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy
STEVEN VERNINO, PHILLIP A. LOW, AND VANDA A. LENNON
Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 324
Description 324
Diagnosis 325
Clinical Course 325
Treatment 326
Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy 326
88. Diabetic Autonomic Dysfunction
ANDREW C. ERTL, MICHAEL PFEIFER, AND STEPHEN N. DAVIS
Iris 328
Esophagus 328
Stomach 328
Gallbladder 329
Colon 329
Bladder 329
Penis 329
Vagina 330
Adernal Medulla 330
92. Neuropathic Postural
Tachycardia Syndrome
PHILLIP A. LOW
Clinical Features 341
Quality of Life 341
Evidence of Peripheral Denervation 341
Other Pathophysiologic Studies 341
Follow-up 342
Management 342
93. Hyperadrenergic Postural
Tachycardia Syndrome
SIMI VINCENT AND DAVID ROBERTSON
94. Hypovolemia Syndrome
FETNAT FOUAD-TARAZI
Blood Volume and Syncope 346
Relation between Chronic Global Blood Volume
Depletion and Neurocardiogenic Response to
Upright Posture 347
xvi
Contents
Dynamics of Postural Blood Volume Shifts 347
Clinical Features of Chronic Idiopathic
Hypovolemia 347
Hemodynamic Profile of Chronic Idiopathic
Hypovolemia 348
Neurohumoral Indexes of Chronic Idiopathic
Hypovolemia 348
Possible Mechanisms of Chronic Idiopathic
Hypovolemia 348
Response to Therapy 349
Future Considerations 349
_part_
XII
OTHER CLINICAL CONDITIONS
98. Hypoadrenocorticism
DAVID H. P. STREETEN
Effects of Autonomic Activity on Adrenocortical
Secretion 366
Effects of Hypoadrenocorticism on Autonomic
Failure 366
99. Mastocytosis
L. JACKSON ROBERTS, II
Mastocytosis and Allied Activation Disorders of
the Mast Cell 368
Symptoms and Signs 368
Mast Cell Mediators Responsible for the
Symptoms and Signs 368
Diagnosis 369
Summary 369
95. Disorders of Sweating
ROBERT D. FEALEY
Hypohidrosis and Anhidrosis 354
Distal Anhidrosis 356
Global Anhidrosis 356
Dermatomal, Focal, or Multifocal Anhidrosis 356
Segmental Anhidrosis 356
Hemianhidrosis 356
96. Male Erectile Dysfunction
DOUGLAS F. MILAM
Mechanism of Erection 359
Etiologic Factors of Erectile Dysfunction 359
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders 359
Neurogenic Erectile Dysfunction 360
Endocrine Disorders 360
Medical and Surgical Treatment 360
97. Sleep-Disordered Breathing
and Autonomic Failure
SUDHANSU CHOKROVERTY
Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Autonomic Failure 362
Diagnosis 364
Treatment 364
General Measures and Medical Treatment 364
Mechanical Treatment 364
Surgical Treatment 365
100. Cocaine Overdose
WANPEN VONGPATANASIN AND RONALD G. VICTOR
Effects of Cocaine on the Peripheral Circulation 370
Autonomic Effects of Cocaine on the Heart 370
Effects of Cocaine on Thermoregulation 371
Treatment of Cocaine Overdose 371
101. Sympathetic Nervous System and Pain
WILFRID JANIG
Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling Depending on
Activity in Sympathetic Neurons: Hypotheses
Driven by Clinical Observations 374
Role of Sympathetic Nervous System in Generation
of Pain and Hyperalgesia During Inflammation:
Hypotheses Developed on the Basis of
Experiments in Behavioral Animal Models 374
Cutaneous Mechanical Hyperalgesia Elicited by the
Inflammatory Mediator Bradykinin 375
Cutaneous Hyperalgesia Generated by Nerve Growth
Factor 375
Mechanical Hyperalgesic Behavior Generated by
Activation of the Sympathoadrenal System
(Adrenal Medulla) 375
102. Baroreflex Functioning in
Monogenic Hypertension
FRIEDRICH C. LUFT
Autosomal-Dominant Hypertension with
Brachydactyly 377
Contents
XV11
Neurovascular Contact 378
Baroreflex Testing 378
Invasive Baroreflex Testing 378
Comparisons with Patients Who have Essential
Hypertension 379
Lessons from Monogenic Hypertension 380
103. Carcinoid Tumors
KENNETH R. HANDE
PART
XIII
MANAGEMENT OF AUTONOMIC
DISORDERS
107. Hypoglycemic Associated
Autonomic Dysfunction
DARLEEN A. SANDOVAL AND STEPHEN N. DAVIS
104. Chronic Fatigue and the Autonomic
Nervous System
ROY FREEMAN
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Orthostatic Intolerance,
and Neurally Mediated Syncope 385
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Postural Tachycardia,
and Orthostatic Intolerance 386
Pathophysiology of Postural Tachycardia 386
Conclusion 386 ■
105. Paraneoplastic Autonomic Dysfunction
RAMESH K. KHURANA
Brainstem Dysfunction Syndrome 388
Morvan Syndrome 388
Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy 388
Enteric Neuronopathy 388
Autonomic Neuropathy 388
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome 389
Diagnosis 389
Treatment 390
106. Panic Disorder
MURRAY ESLER, MARL1ES ALVARENGA, DAVID KAYE,
GAVIN LAMBERT, JANE THOMPSON, JACQU1 HASTINGS,
ROSEMARY SCHWARZ, MARGARET MORRIS, AND
JEFF RICHARDS
Resting Sympathetic Nervous System Function in
Panic Disorder 391
Sympathetic Nervous Activity and Epinephrine
Secretion Rates 391
Epinephrine Cotransmission in Sympathetic Nerves 391
Reduction in Neuronal Norepinephrine Reuptake by
Sympathetic Nerves 392
Autonomic Nervous Changes During a Panic Attack 392
Sympathetic Nerve Firing and Secretion of Epinephrine 392
Release of Neuropeptide Y 393
Mediating Autonomic Mechanisms of Cardiac Risk
During a Panic Attack 393
108. Surgical Sympathectomy
EMILY M. GARLAND
109. Physical Measures
WOUTER WIELING
Physical Counter Maneuvers 403
Leg-Crossing 403
Squatting 403
External Support 404
Conclusion 406
110. Treatment of Orthostatic
Hypotension: Nutritional Measures
JENS JORDAN
Water: A Pressor Agent 407
Caffeine 408
Tyramine 409
Sodium 409
Licorice 409
Nutritional Treatment of Supine Hypertension 409
111. Fludrocortisone
ROSE MARIE ROBERTSON
112. Midodrine and Other
Sympathomimetics
JANICE L. GILDEN
Midorine 413
Mechanism of Action 413
Pharmacology 413
Efficacy 413
Adverse Effects and Disadvantages 414
Dosing 414
Ephedrine/Other a Agonists 414
Mechanism of Action 414
XVU1
Contents
Adverse Events and Disadvantages
Dosing 415
414
Clinical Role of Acupuncture 427
Outstanding Issues in Acupuncture Research
427
113. Dihydroxyphenylserine
ROY FREEMAN
Precursor Therapy for Orthostatic Hypotension 416
114. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists
in Autonomic Failure
ROY FREEMAN
Sympathomimetic Agents 419
Clonidine 420
Yohimbine 420
115. Erythropoietin in Autonomic Failure
ITALO BIAGGIONI
Modulation of Erythropoietin Production by the
Autonomic Nervous System 421
The Anemia of Autonomic Failure 421
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the
Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension 421
116. Bionic Baroreflex
TAKAYUKl SATO, ANDRE DIEDR1CH, AND KENJI SUNAGAWA
Bionic Baroreflex System 423
Theoretic Background 423
Implementation of Algorithm of Artificial Vasomotor
Center in Bionic Baroreflex System 423
Efficacy of Bionic Baroreflex System 423
Epidural Catheter Approach for Human Bionic
Baroreflex System 424
Clinical Implications 425
117. Acupuncture
JOHN C. LONGHURST
Western Understanding of Acupuncture 426
Neurologic Substrate 426
PART
XIV
EXPERIMENTAL AUTONOMIC
NEUROSCIENCE
118. Autonomic Disorders in Animals
MATTHEW ]. P1CKLO, SR.
Sympathectomy 433
Surgical Sympathectomy 433
Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Immunosympathectomy 433
Immune-Mediated Sympathectomy 433
Chemical Sympathectomy 433
Immunotoxin Sympathectomy 434
Pathologic Autonomic Failure in Animals 434
119. Transgenic Strategies in
Autonomic Research
KAZUTO KOBAYASHI AND TOSHIHARU NAGATSU
Transgenic Animal Model 435
Experimental Strategy of Immunotoxin-Mediated Cell
Targeting Technique 435
Model for Autonomic Neuropathy 435
Future Aspects 436
120. Mouse Homologous
Recombination Models
NANCY R. KELLER
Index 449
David Robertson, Editor-in-Chief
Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
and Neurology, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Italo Biaggioni, Editor
Departments of Medicine and
Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Geoffrey Burnstock, Editor
Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal
Free and University College Medical
School, London, UK
Phillip A. Low, Editor
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic
College of Medicine, Rochester,
Minnesota, USA
The Primer on the Autonomic Nervous
System presents, in a readable and
accessible format, key information about
how the autonomic nervous system
controls the body, particularly in response
to stress. This primer represents the
largest collection of world-wide autonomic
nervous system authorities ever to
contribute to a single treatise. It is espe¬
cially suitable for students, scientists and
physicians who wish to find, in a single
location, the key information about all
aspects of autonomic physiology and
pathology. This primer provides up-to-date
knowledge about basic and clinical auto¬
nomic neuroscience in a format designed
to make learning easy and fun. |
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callnumber-sort | RC 3407 |
callnumber-subject | RC - Internal Medicine |
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dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
dewey-ones | 616 - Diseases |
dewey-raw | 616.8/56 |
dewey-search | 616.8/56 |
dewey-sort | 3616.8 256 |
dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
discipline | Biologie Medizin |
discipline_str_mv | Biologie Medizin |
edition | 2. ed. |
format | Book |
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genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung Einführung |
id | DE-604.BV020843526 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-02T13:17:31Z |
indexdate | 2024-08-14T00:51:12Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 0125897626 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014165363 |
oclc_num | 187738978 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-578 |
owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-578 |
physical | XXVII, 459 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2004 |
publishDateSearch | 2004 |
publishDateSort | 2004 |
publisher | Elsevier, Academic Press |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Primer on the autonomic nervous system ed. in chief: David Robertson 2. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Academic Press 2004 XXVII, 459 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Autonomic Nervous System Diseases physiopathology Autonomic Nervous System physiology Autonomic nervous system Diseases Autonomic nervous system Physiology Vegetatives Nervensystem (DE-588)4062444-4 gnd rswk-swf Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd rswk-swf Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Vegetatives Nervensystem (DE-588)4062444-4 s DE-604 Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 s DE-188 Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 s Robertson, David Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UBRegensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014165363&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014165363&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
spellingShingle | Primer on the autonomic nervous system Autonomic Nervous System Diseases physiopathology Autonomic Nervous System physiology Autonomic nervous system Diseases Autonomic nervous system Physiology Vegetatives Nervensystem (DE-588)4062444-4 gnd Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4062444-4 (DE-588)4032844-2 (DE-588)4045981-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
title | Primer on the autonomic nervous system |
title_auth | Primer on the autonomic nervous system |
title_exact_search | Primer on the autonomic nervous system |
title_exact_search_txtP | Primer on the autonomic nervous system |
title_full | Primer on the autonomic nervous system ed. in chief: David Robertson |
title_fullStr | Primer on the autonomic nervous system ed. in chief: David Robertson |
title_full_unstemmed | Primer on the autonomic nervous system ed. in chief: David Robertson |
title_short | Primer on the autonomic nervous system |
title_sort | primer on the autonomic nervous system |
topic | Autonomic Nervous System Diseases physiopathology Autonomic Nervous System physiology Autonomic nervous system Diseases Autonomic nervous system Physiology Vegetatives Nervensystem (DE-588)4062444-4 gnd Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Autonomic Nervous System Diseases physiopathology Autonomic Nervous System physiology Autonomic nervous system Diseases Autonomic nervous system Physiology Vegetatives Nervensystem Krankheit Physiologie Aufsatzsammlung Einführung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014165363&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014165363&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT robertsondavid primerontheautonomicnervoussystem |