User interface design and evaluation:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam
Elsevier
2005
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Morgan Kaufmann series in interactive technologies
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Includes bibliographical references (p. 631-640) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 669 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0120884364 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a User interface design and evaluation |c Debbie Stone ... [et al.] |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam |b Elsevier |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 669 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Morgan Kaufmann series in interactive technologies | |
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 631-640) and index | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Gebruikersinterfaces |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a User interfaces (Computer systems) | |
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| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Stone, Deborah L. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m OEBV Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014161899&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | * * * * ********* FIGURE CREDITS XXI PREFACE XXIII P A R T 1
INTRODUCING U S E R I N T E R F A C E D E S I G N 1 * 1
INTRODUCTION 3* I. WHY THE USER INTERFACE MATTERS 3* 2. COMPUTERS ARE
UBIQUITOUS 3* 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD USER INTERFACE DESIGN 5* 3.1.
WHAT IS A GOOD USER INTERFACE DESIGN? 6* 3.2 THE PROBLEMS OF POOR OR BAD
USER INTERFACES 7* 3.3 SAFETY AND THE USER INTERFACE 10* 3.4 ELECTIONS
AND THE USER INTERFACE 12* 4. DESIGNING FOR USERS 15* 4.1 USER-CENTERED
DESIGN 15* 4.2 THE CLASSIC LIFE CYDE 16* 4.3 INVOLVING USERS 17* 4.4
MAKING THE DESIGN PROCESS LNTERATIVE 19* 5. THE TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
NEEDED FOR UI DESIGN 21* 6. EVALUATION 21* 6.1 WHEN AND HOW DO YOU
EVALUATE? 22* 7. SUMMARY 24* P A R T 2 R E Q U I R E M E N T S 2 5 *
2 H O W T O G A T H E R REQUIREMENTS : S O M E TECHNIQUES T O U
S E 29* 1. INTRODUCTION 29* 2. OBSERVING YOUR USERS 29* 2.1 DIRECT
OBSERVATION 29* 2.2 INDIRECT OBSERVATION: VIDEO RECARDING 30* 2.3 POINTS
TO CONSIDER IN RELATION TO OBSERVATION 31* 3. INTERVIEWING YOUR USERS
33* 3.1 POINTS TO CONSIDER IN RELATION TO INTERVIEWING 33* 4.
QUESTIONNAIRES AND SURVEYS 34* 4.1 TYPES OF QUESTION STRUCTURE 34* 4.2
POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN DESIGNING QUESTIONNAIRES 35* 5. SUMMARY 36* VIII
CONTENTS 3* FINDING OUT ABOUT THE USERS AND THE DOMAIN 37* 1.*
INTRODUCTION 37* 2.* USERS: FINDING OUT WHO THEY ARE 39* 2.1* DESCRIBING
THE USERS: USERS HAVE CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE RELEVANT* TO UI DESIGN
39* 2.2* DESIGNING FOR PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS 40* 2.3* USER PROFILING:
DESCRIBING YOM USERS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 42* 2.4* SMALLER USER
GROUPS ARE EASIER TO DESIGN FOR 44* 2.5* PERSONAS: ANOTHER WAY TO
DESCRIBE YOUR USERS 48* 2.6* OTHER STAKEHOLDERS 50* 3.* USERS NEEDS:
FINDING OUT WHAT USERS WANT 51* 4.* THE DOMAIN: WHAT EXPERT KNOWLEDGE IS
RELEVANT TO THE APPLICATION? 52* 4.1* UNDERSTANDING THE DOMAIN 52* 4.2*
REPRESENTING THE DOMAIN 53* 5.* SUMMARY 55* 4* FINDING OUT ABOUT TASKS
AND WORK 57* 1.* INTRODUCTION: DESCRIBING USERS WORK 57* 1.1* GOALS,
TASKS, AND ACTIONS 57* 1.2* TASK ANALYSIS 60* 1.3* MENTAL MODELS 77* 2.*
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: WHERE IS THIS WORK DONE? 83* 2.1* THE
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: IS THIS A PLEASANT PLACE TO BE? 84* 2.2* THE
SAFETY ENVIRONMENT: IS THIS A SAFE PLACE TO BE? 85* 2.3* THE SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT: DO PEOPLE HELP EACH OTHER? 85* 2.4* THE ORGANIZATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT: DOES MANAGEMENT SUPPORT THIS* WORK? 85* 2.5* THE USER
SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT 86* 2.6* CONSIDERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND
HOW THEY AFFECT* DESIGN 86* 3.* SUMMARY 87* 5* REQUIREMENTS GATHERING:
KNOWLEDGE OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN 89* 1.* INTRODUCTION: THE TWO TYPES
OF KNOWLEDGE NEEDED FOR USER INTERFACE* DESIGN 89* 2.* FOUR
PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES 90* 2.1* USERS SEE WHAT THEY EXPECT TO SEE 90*
2.2* USERS HAVE DIFFICULTY FOCUSING ON MORE THAN ONE ACTIVITY AT A* TIME
91* 2.3* IT IS EASIER TO PERCEIVE A STRUCTURED LAYOUT 92* 2.4* IT IS
EASIER TO RECOGNIZE SOMETHING THAN TO RECALL IT 95* 3.* THREE PRINCIPLES
FROM EXPERIENCE: VISIBILITY, AFFORDANCE, AND* FEEDBACK 97* 3.1* THE
PRINCIPLE OFVISIBILITY: IT SHOULD BE OBVIOUS WHAT A CONTROLLS* USED FOR
97* IX CONTENTS 3.2* THE PRINCIPLE OF AFFORDANCE: LT SHOULD BE OBVIOUS
HOW A CONTROLLS* USED 97* 3.3* THE PRINCIPLE OF FEEDBACK: LT SHOULD BE
OBVIOUS WHEN A CONTROL HAS* BEEN USED 98* 4. DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND
DESIGN RULES: KNOWLEDGE FOR USER INTERFACE DESIGN 99 5. SUMMARY 100* - 6
THINKING ABOUT REQUIREMENTS AND DESCRIBING THEM 103* L. INTRODUCTION
103* 2. USABILITY REQUIREMENTS 103* 2.1* EARLY VIEWS OF USABILITY 104*
2.2* THE MODEM-DAYVIEW OFUSABILITY 108* 3. CONSTRAINTS AND TRADE-OFFS IN
RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS GATHERING 109* 3.1* COSTS/BUDGETS/TIMESCALES UO
3.2* TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS 110* 3.3* TRADE-OFFS 110* 4. PROBLEMS WITH
REQUIREMENTS GATHERING 111* 5. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION 112* 6.
PROTOTYPING 114* 6.1* PURPOSES OF PROTOTYPING: WHY BOTHER TRYING OUT
YOUR IDEAS? 114* 6.2* LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES 115* 6.3* HIGH-FIDELITY
PROTOTYPES: USING SOFTWARE TOOLS TO TRY OUT YOUR* IDEAS 120* 6.4*
CAUTIONS ABOUT PROTOTYPING 121* 7. SUMMARY 121* 7 CASE STUDY ON
REQUIREMENTS: TOKAIRO, PART 1 123* L. INTRODUCTION 123* 2. THE SYSTEM
123* 3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 124* 3.1* THE COMPANIES LNVOLVED IN THE
PROJECT 124* 3.2* THE SOFTWARE HOUSE: TOKAIRO 126* 3.3* THE CLIENT:
TANKFREIGHT 126* 3.4* THE FIRST INSTALLATION: SHELL HAVEN 126* 4. USER
REQUIREMENTS GATHERING 128* 4.1* THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE USERS,
TASKS, AND ENVIRONMENT 128* 4.2* HOW TOKAIRO GATHERED THE USER
REQUIREMENTS 129* 5. SUMMARY 134* PART 3 DESIGN 135* 8 WORK
REENGINEERING AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 139* L. INTRODUCTION 139* L.1*
INTRODUCTION TO THE DIGITAL LIBRARY 140* X CONTENTS 2.* WORK
REENGINEERING FOR THE DIGITAL LIBRARY 14] 3.* TASK ALLOCATION FOR THE
DIGITAL LIBRARY 143* 4.* CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ]44* 4.] DERIVING CONCRETE
USE CASES FROM ESSENTIAL USE CASES 146* 4.2* IDENTIFYING TASK OBJECTS,
ATTRIBUTES, AND ACTIONS 147* 4.3* MARKING UP THE CONCRETE USE CASES TO
IDENTIFY TASK OBJECTS,* THEIR ATTRIBUTES, AND ACTIONS 150* 4.4*
PROTOTYPING TASK OBJECTS, ATTRIBUTES, AND ACTIONS 152* 4.5* CREATING THE
CONTENT DIAGRAM 153* 5.* SUMMARY 16] 9 DESIGN GUIDANCE AND DESIGN
RATIONALE 165* 1.* INTRODUCTION 165* 2.* SOURCES OF DESIGN GUIDANCE 166*
2.1* USER INTERFACE STANDARDS 166* 2.2* STYLE GUIDES 168* 3.* DESIGN
PRINCIPLES: SIMPLICITY, STRUCTURE, CONSISTENCY, AND* TOLERANCE 170* 3.1*
SIMPLICITY 170* 3.2* STRUCTURE 172* 3.3* TOLERANCE 176* 4.*
ACCESSIBILITY 177* 4.1* THE PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN 177* 4.2* W3C
WEB CONTENT ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINES 178* 4.3* SECTION 508 181* 4.4* THE
LIMITATIONS OF GUIDELINES 181* 5.* DESIGN RATIONALE 184* 5.1* THE
BENEFITS OF RECORDING DESIGN DECISIONS 184* 5.2* HOW TO RECORD DESIGN
DECISIONS 185* 6.* SUMMARY 186* 10* INTERACTION DESIGN 187* 1.*
INTRODUCTION 187* 2.* THE HUMAN ACTION CYDE 187* 2.1* THE DETAILS OFTHE
HUMAN ACTION CYDE 187* 2.2* USING THE HUMAN ACTION CYDE TO INFLUENCE THE
DESIGN* PROCESS 190* 3.* COMMUNICATING THE DESIGNERS UNDERSTANDING OFTHE
SYSTEM 191* 3.1* DESIGNER S MODEL 195* 3.2* SYSTEM IMAGE 195* 3.3* HOW
THE USER INTERFACE ENABLES THE USER TO DEVELOP AN ACEURATE MENTAL MODEL
]97 4.* USING METAPHORS TO DEVELOP ACEURATE MENTAL MODELS 199* 4.1 THE
BENEFITS OFMETAPHOR 200* XI CONTENTS 4.2 PROBLEMS WITH METAPHOR 201* 4.3
CHOOSING A SUITABLE METAPHOR OR SET OF METAPHORS 203* 5. SUMMARY 204* 11
INTERACTION STYLES 205* 1. LNTRODUCTION 205* 2. INTERACTION STYLES 205*
2.1 COMMAND LINE 206* 2.2 MENU SELECTION 208* 2.3 FORM-FILL 210* 2.4
DIRECT MANIPULATION 213* 2.5 ANTHROPOMORPHIC 215* 2.6 BLENDING
INTERACTION STYLES 216* 2.7 CHOOSING THE MOST APPROPRIATE INTERACTION
STYLE 216* 3. SUMMARY 220* 12 CHOOSING INTERACTION DEVICES: HARDWARE
COMPONENTS 221* 1. INTRODUCTION 221* 2. CHOOSING INTERACTION DEVICES
221* 2.1 INTERACTION DEVICES AS TOOLS 221* 2.2 WHY STUDY INTERACTION
DEVICES? 223* 3. INPUT DEVICES 224* 3.1 KEYBOARDS, KEYPADS, AND BUTTONS
224* 3.2 POINTING DEVICES 229* 3.3 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO ENTERING
INFORMATION 238* 4. OUTPUT DEVICES 241* 4.1 SCREENS 241* 4.2
LOUDSPEAKERS 242* 4.3 SIMPLE OUTPUT DEVICES 243* 4.4 ALTERNATIVE
APPROACHES TO OUTPUTTING INFORMATION 245* 5. SUMMARY 246* 13 CHOOSING
INTERACTION ELEMENTS: SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 247* 1. INTRODUCTION 247* 2.
TEXT 248* 2.I HOW TO ENSURE THAT YOUR TEXT IS LEGIBLE 248* 2.2 HOW TO
ENSURE THAT YOUR TEXT MAKES SENSE 248* 3. COLOR 251* 3.1 THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR 251* 3.2 CHOOSING COLORS WITH THE RIGHT
CONNOTATIONS 251* 3.3 HOW TO USE COLOR EFFECTIVELY 253* 3.4 USING COLOR
TO REPRESENT INFORMATION 256* 4. IMAGES 260* 4.1 USING IMAGES
EFFECTIVELY 260* 5. MOVING IMAGES 263* XII CONTENTS 5.1 USING ANIMATION
EFFECTIVELY 264* 5.2 USING VIDEO CLIPS EFFECTIVELY 265* 6. SOUND 266*
6.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOUND 266* 6.2 MAKING GOOD USE OF SOUND EFFECTS
267* 6.3 USING MUSIC EFFECTIVELY 267* 6.4 USING SPEECH EFFECTIVELY 267*
6.5 PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF SOUND 269* 7. SUMMARY 270* 14 MOVING FROM
CHOOSING COMPONENTS INTO DESIGN AREAS 271* 1. INTRODUCTION 271* 2.
COMBINING INTERACTION DEVICES AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 271* 3. PRINCIPLES
OF GOOD LAYOUT 272* 3.1 CREATE NATURAL GROUPINGS 273* 3.2 SEPARATE THE
CURRENTLY ACTIVE COMPONENTS 273* 3.3 EMPHASIZE LMPORTANT COMPONENTS 273*
3.4 USE WHITE SPACE EFFECTIVELY 273* 3.5 MAKE THE CONTROLS VISIBLE 274*
3.6 BALANCE AESTHETICS AND USABILITY 274* 4. WHAT IS A DESIGN AREA? 278*
4.1 DESIGN COMPONENTS AND DESIGN AREAS 279* 5. SUMMARY 280* 15 CASE
STUDY ON DESIGN: TOKAIRO, PART 2 281* 1. INTRODUCTION 281* 2. THE
DRIVER S WORKSHEET 281* 3. THE KIOSK 282* 4. HOW TOKAIRO DESIGNED THE UL
284* 4.1 ESTABLISHING THE GROUND RULES: SIMPLICITY AND FLEXIBILITY 284*
4.2 CHOOSING THE TECHNOLOGY: SIMPLICITY AND FAMILIARITY 284* 4.3
DEVELOPING PROTOTYPES: COMMUNICATING IDEAS 286* 4.4 DESIGNING THE
SCREENS 288* 4.5 DESIGNING THE WORKSHEET 289* 4.6 DEVELOPING PROTOTYPES:
FACILITATING EVALUATION 289* 4.7 TWO SURPRISES 292* 5. SUMMARY 293* 16
DESIGNING A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) 295* 1. INTRODUCTION 295* 2.
THE APPEARANCE OFWIDGETS IN DIFFERENT PIECES OF SOFTWARE 297* 3. THE
ENERGETIC SPORTS CENTER 299* 3.1 DOMAIN 299* 3.2 USERS 300* 3.3 MAIN
TASKS 300* XIII CONTENTS 3.4 ENVIRONMENT 301* 3.5 TECHNOLOGY 302* 3.6
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 302* 4. CHOOSING WIDGETS TO STRUCTURE THE INTERACTION
304* 4.1 USING PRIMARYWINDOWS 304* 4.2 USING SECONDARYWINDOWS 305* 4.3
USING TABS 308* 5. CHOOSINGWIDGETS TO CONTROL THE INTERACTION 309* 5.1
USING MENUS 309* 5.2 USING TOOL BARS 312* 5.3 USING COMMAND BUTTONS 314*
6. CHOOSINGWIDGETS TO ENTER INFORMATION 316* 6.1 USING OPTION BUTTONS
AND CHECK BOXES 316* 6.2 USING LIST BOXES 319* 6.3 USING TEXT BOXES 321*
7. COMBINING GOI WIDGETS 322* 8. SUMMARY 330* 17 DESIGNING TOR THE WEB
331* 1. INTRODUCTION 331* 2. THE LOVELY ROOMS HOTEL BOOKING SERVICE 332*
2.1 DOMAIN 332* 2.2 USERS 332* 2.3 TASKS 333* 2.4 ENVIRONMENT 333* 2.5
TECHNOLOGY 333* 2.6 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 333* 3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR WEB
SITES 334* 3.1 HIGH-QUALITY CONTENT 334* 3.2 OFTEN UPDATED 334* 3.3
MINIMAL DOWNLOAD TIME 336* 3.4 EASE OF USE 336* 3.5 RELEVANT TO USER S
NEEDS 336* 3.6 UNIQUE TO THE ONLINE MEDIUM 336* 3.7 NET-CENTRIC
CORPORATE CULTURE 336* 4. DESIGNINGWEB SITES 337* 4.1 DESIGNING THE WEB
SITE STRUCTURE 337* 4.2 HELPING THE USERS KNOWWHERE THEY ARE 342* 4.3
HELPING THE USERS NAVIGATE AROUND THE SITE 343* 4.4 NAVIGATION AIDS 345*
5. DESIGNING HORNE PAGES AND INTERIOR PAGES 350* 5.1 DESIGNING THE HORNE
PAGE 350* 5.2 DESIGNING INTERIOR PAGES 351* 6. DESIGN ISSUES FOR WEB
PAGES 355* 6.1 WIDGETS ON WEB PAGES 355* CONTENTS 6.2 SCROLLING 355*
XIV* 6.3 DESIGNING FOR DIFFERENT SCREENS AND PLATFORMS 357* 6.4 USING
THE SCREEN AREA EFFECTIVELY 357* 6.5 IMPROVING THE DOWNLOAD TIME 358*
6.6 USING STYLE SHEETS 361* 6.7 DESIGNING FOR ACCESSIBILITY 361* 7.
WRITING THE CONTENT OFWEB PAGES 365* 7.1 KEEP TEXT TO A MINIMUM 366* 7.2
HELP USERS TO SCAN 366* 7.3 DIVIDING LONG BLOCKS OFTEXT INTO SEPARATE
SECTIONS 367* 8.* SUMMARY 369* 18* THE DESIGN OF EMBEDDED COMPUTER
SYSTEMS AND SMALL DEVICES 371* 1.* INTRODUCTION 371* 2.* TYPES OF
EMBEDDED SYSTEM 372* 2.1 SAFETY CRITICAL SYSTEMS 372* 2.2 INFORMATION
APPLIANCES 374* 3.* DESIGN ISSUES FOR LAS 375* 3.] PORTABILITY 375* 3.2
GENERAL PURPOSE VERSUS SPECIAL PURPOSE 378* 3.3 CONNECTEDNESS 382* 3.4
THE COMMERCIAL ENVIRONMENT 383* 4.* DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR EMBEDDED
DEVICES 383* 4.] UI DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HANDHELD DEVICES 383* 4.2
GUIDELINES SPECIFIC TO A MANUFACTURER 385* 4.3 GUIDELINES FOR KIOSKS
386* 5.* SUMMARY 386* 19* CASE STUDY ON REQUIREMENTS, DESIGN, AND
EVALUATION: NATS 387* 1.* INTRODUCTION 387* 2.* THE FINAL APPROACH
SPACING TOOL (FAST) 388* 2.1 NATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES 388* 2.2 AIR
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 388* 2.3 FINAL APPROACH CONTROL 389* 2.4 THE
FAST USER INTERFACE 391* 3.* HOW THE TEAM DEVELOPED FAST 394* 3.1 NATS
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 394* 3.2 THE HUMAN FACTORS UNIT 394* 3.3 THE
FASTPROJECT TEAM 394* 4.* REQUIREMENTS GATHERING 395* 4.] THE DORNAIN,
USERS, ENVIRONMENT, AND USABILITY REQUIREMENTS 395* 4.2 HOW THE PROJECT
TEAM GATHERED THE USER REQUIREMENTS 396* 5. THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF
THE USER INTERFACE 396* 5.1 DESIGN BY PROTOTYPING 398* CONTENTS 5.2*
PREPARING TO EVALUATE 400* XV* 5.3* OBSERVING THE CONTROLLERS 402* 5.4*
INSPECTING THE USER INTERFACE 406* 5.5* ANALYZING AND LNTERPRETING THE
EVALUATION DATA 408* 5.6* COMMUNICATING THE FINDINGS TO THE CUSTOMER
408* 6. SUMMARY 409* APPENDIX 1 GUI DESIGN GUIDELINES 411* APPENDIX 2
PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR WEB SITE DESIGN 413* APPENDIX 3 WEB SITES
FOR USERS WITH DISABILITIES 417* PART 4 EVALUATION 419* 20 WHY EVALUATE
THE USABILITY OF USER INTERFACE DESIGNS? 423* 1. INTRODUCTION 423* 2.
WBY EVALUATE THE USABILITY OF USER INTERFACE DESIGNS? 423* 2.1.* DOES
THE INTERFACE MEET THE USABILITY REQUIREMENTS? 423* 2.2* EXPLORING OTHER
CONCERNS IN EVALUATIONS 425* 3. USERS, TASKS, ENVIRONMENT, AND DOMAIN
425* 3.1* OUR RUNNING EXAMPLE: GLOBAL WARMING 425* 3.2* DESCRIPTION OF
THE GLOBAL WARMING USER INTERFACE 427* 4. THE ACTIVITIES OF USABILITY
EVALUATIONS 432* 4.1* THE PROCESS OF USABILITY EVALUATION IS ITERATIVE
434* 4.2* TECHNIQUES FOR USABILITY EVALUATIONS 434* 5. WBAT HAPPENS IN A
USER OBSERVATION EVALUATION SESSION? 435* 6. SUMMARY 436* 21 DECIDING ON
WHAT YOU NEED TO EVALUATE: THE STRATEGY 439* 1. INTRODUCTION 439* 2.
CREATING AN EVALUATION STRATEGY 439* 2.1* WBAT IS THE PURPOSE OFTHIS
EVALUATION? 439* 2.2* WBAT TYPE OF DATA DO I WANT TO COLLECT? 444* 2.3*
WBAT AM I EVALUATING? 445* 2.4* WBAT CONSTRAINTS DO I HAVE? 446* 2.5*
DOCUMENTING THE EVALUATION STRATEGY 446* 3. THE GLOBAL WARMING UI: THE
EVALUATION STRATEGY 447* 3.1* DECIDING WBAT TO TEST 448* 3.2* DO YOU
HAVE TO WORK WITHIN ANY CONSTRAINTS? 450* 3.3* WRITING UP YOUR
EVALUATION STRATEGY FOR THE GLOBAL WARMING* EVALUATION 450* 4. SUMMARY
451* 22 PLANNING WHO, WHAT, WHEN, AND WHERE 453* L. INTRODUCTION 453* 2.
CHOOSING YOUR USERS 453* CONTENTS 2.1 WHO IS A REAL USER? 454* XVI* 2.2
USERS WORKING ALONE OR IN PAIRS 456* 2.3 NUMBER OF PARTIEIPANTS 457* 2.4
REERUITING EXTRA PARTICIPANTS 458* 2.5 IDEAS FOR PARTIEIPANTS 458* 2.6
OFFERING INEENTIVES 458* 2.7 REERUITING SEREENERS AND PRETEST
QUESTIONNAIRES 462* 2.8 CHOOSING USERS FOR GLOBAL WARMING 462* 3.
CREATING A TIMETABLE 463* 3.1 DECIDE THE DURATION OF THE EVALUATION
SESSION 463* 3.2 CREATE AN EVALUATION TIMETABLE 463* 4. PREPARING TASK
DESERIPTIONS 466* 4.1 TASK CARDS 467* 4.2 TASK DESERIPTIONS FAR GLOBAL
WARMING 468* 5. WHERE WILL YOU DO THE EVALUATION? 468* 5.1 FIELD STUDIES
468* 5.2 CONTROLLED STUDIES 470* 5.3 THE SETTING FOR THE GLOBAL WARMING
EVALUATION 471* 5.4 ARRANGING USABILITY EVALUATION SESSIONS 473* 5.5 THE
ARRANGEMENTS FAR THE GLOBAL WARMING EVALUATION 473* 6. SUMMARY 473* 23
DECIDING HOW TO COLLECT DATA 475* 1. LNTRODUETION: PREPARING TO COLLEET
EVALUATION DATA 475* 2. TIMING AND LOGGING AETIONS 476* 2.1 AUTOMATIE
LOGGING OF KEYSTROKES AND MOUSE CLIEKS 476* 2.2 SPECIALIST LOGGING
SOFTWARE FOR USABILITY EVALUATIONS 477* 2.3 CHOOSING A LOGGING PRODUET
477* 3. THINK-ALOUD AND OFFERING HELP 478* 3.1 USING COGNITIVE
WALKTHROUGH QUESTIONS 479* 4. TAKING NOTES WHEN OBSERVING USERS 480* 5.
CONDUETING POST-SESSION DISEUSSIONS 480* 6. QUESTIONNAIRES 482* 7. USING
TEEHNOLOGIES TO HELP WITH REEORDING 484* 7.1 VIDEO AND AUDIO REEORDING
484* 7.2 EYE-TRAEKING EQUIPMENT 485* 7.3 PRACTITIONER S CHOIEE
OFTEEHNOLOGY 486* 8. THE GLOBAL WARMING CHOIEES FOR DATA COLLEETION 488*
9. SUMMARY 489* 24 FINAL PREPARATIONS FOR THE EVALUATION 491* 1.
INTRODUETION 491* 1.1 EVALUATION MATERIALS FOR GLOBAL WARMING 491* 2.
ROLES FOR EVAJUATORS 491* XVII CONTENTS 2.1 FACILITATOR 491* 2.2
NOTE-TAKER 494* 2.3 EQUIPMENT OPERATOR 494* 2.4 OBSERVER 494* 2.5 MEETER
AND GREETER 495* 2.6 RECRUITER 495* 2.7 THE LONE EVALUATOR 495* 3.
CREATING AN EVALUATION SCRIPT 496* 3.1 AN EXAMPLE OF AN EVALUATION
SCRIPT 497* 3.2 USING A SCRIPT FOR THE GLOBAL WARMING EVALUATION 497* 4.
FORMS TO USE WHEN ASKING FOR PERMISSION TO RECORD 499* 4.1 NONDISCLOSURE
AGREEMENTS 501* 5. THE PILOT TEST 503* 5.1 PARTICIPANTS FOR YOUR PILOT
TEST 503* 5.2 DESIGN AND ASSEMBLE THE TEST ENVIRONMENT 503* 5.3 RUN THE
PILOT TEST 503* 6. SUMMARY 504* 25 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 01 USER
OBSERVATION EVALUATION DATA 505* 1. LNTRODUCTION: HOW TO ANALYZE AND
INTERPRET DATA FROM YOUR EVALUATION 505* 2. COLLATING THE DATA 505* 3.
SUMMARIZING THE DATA 507* 4. REVIEWING THE DATA TO IDENTIFY USABILITY
PROBLEMS 507* 5. WORKING WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA 508* 6. WORKING WITH
QUALITATIVE DATA 511* 6.1 AN EXAMPLE OF DATA FROM GLOBAL WARMING 511*
6.2 MAKING DECISIONS WITH QUALITATIVE DATA 513* 7. INTERPRETATION
OFUSER-OBSERVATION DATA 516* 7.1 ASSIGNING SEVERITIES 516* 7.2
RECOMMENDING CHANGES 517* 8. WRITING THE EVALUATION REPORT 519* 8.1 AN
ACADEMIC REPORT ON GLOBAL WARMING 519* 8.2 SHOULD YOU DESCRIBE YOUR
METHOD? 523* 8.3 DESCRIBING YOUR RESULTS 523* 9. SUMMARY 523* 26
INSPECTIONS 01 THE USER INTERFACE 525* 1. INTRODUCTION 525* 2. CREATING
THE EVALUATION PLAN FOR HEURISTIC INSPECTION 525* 2.1 CHOOSING THE
HEURISTICS 525* 2.2 THE INSPECTORS 529* 3. CONDUCTING A HEURISTIC
INSPECTION 529* 3.1 TASK DESCRIPTIONS 529* 3.2 THE LOCATION OF THE
EVALUATION SESSION 530* 3.3 COLLECTING EVALUATION DATA 530* CONTENTS
XVIII 4. ANALYSIS OF HEURISTIC INSPECTION DATA 531* 5. INTERPRETATION OF
HEURISTIC INSPECTION DATA 531 6. BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF HEURISTIC
EVALUATIONS 531* 7. VARIATIONS OF USABILITY INSPECTION 533* 7.1
PARTICIPATORY HEURISTIC EVALUATIONS 533* 7.2 GUIDELINE REVIEWS 533* 7.3
STANDARDS INSPECTIONS 536* 7.4 COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGH 536* 7.5 PEER
REVIEWS 537* 8. SUMMARY 537* 27 VARIATIONS AND MORE COMPREHENSIVE
EVALUATIONS 539* I. INTRODUCTION 539* 2. A CORNPARISON OF USER
OBSERVATION AND HEURISTIC INSPECTION 539* 3. OBSERVE, LISTEN. COMPARE,
MEASURE: THE ELEMENTS OF EVALUATION 540* 4. COMBINING THE ELEMENTS FOR
EVALUATION 541* 5. VARYING OTHER ASPECTS OF THE EVALUATION 544* 6.
VARIATIONS OF USER OBSERVATIONS 546* 6.1 REMOTE MODERATED TESTING 546*
6.2 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT EVALUATIONS 548* 7. OBTAINING OPINIONS AND
LDEAS 549* 7.1 FOCUSGROUPS 549* 7.2 CARD SORTING 549* 8. EVALUATIONS
WITHOUT PEOPLE 549* 8.1 ACCESSIBILITY CHECKERS AND HTML VALIDATORS 549*
8.2 USABILITY CHECKERS 551* 8.3 HYBRID METHODS 551* 9. DIFFERENT
PURPOSES OF EVALUATIONS 551* 9.1 EXPLORATORY EVALUATIONS 552* 9.2
VALIDATION EVALUATION 552* 9.3 ASSESSMENT EVALUATION 552* 9.4 COMPARISON
EVALUATION 552* 10. UNDERTAKING MORE COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATIONS 556* 11.
SUMMARY 556* PART 5 PERSUASION 559* 28 COMMUNICATING AND USING FINDINGS
563* I. INTRODUCTION 563* 2. MAKING USE OF YOUR FINDINGS 564* 2.1 USING
YOUR RESULTS 564* 2.2 COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS 565* 3. WHO IS AFFECTED
BY THE CHANGEST 570* 3.1 WHO IS INVOLVED IN YOUR PROJECT? 572* CONTENTS
3.2 CHOOSING WAYS TO COMMUNICATE THE RESULTS 575* XIX* 3.3 IS YOUR
ORGANIZATION USER CENTERED? 581* 4. SUMMARY 583* 29 WINNING AND
MAINTAINING SUPPORT FOR USER-CENTERED DESIGN 585* L. INTRODUCTION 585*
2. SKEPTICISM ARGUMENTS: FINDING OUT ABOUT USABILITY 586* 2.I
ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS THAT MAY CONFLICT WITH USABILITY 587* 3.
SKEPTICISRN ARGUMENTS: CREATING CURIOSITY 589* 3.1 START SMALL 589*
3.2 FIND A CHAMPION 589* 3.3 BE AN OBJECTIVE VOICE 590* 4. CURIOSITY
ARGUMENTS: MOVING TOWARD ACCEPTANCE 591* 4.1 COST OF STAFFTIME AND
ACCURACY 592* 4.2 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT: COMPUTER TIME 593* 4.3 COSTS
OF LEARNING AND TRAINING 593* 4.4 CONTINUING SUPPORT COSTS 595* 4.5 COST
OF SUPPORT 595* 4.6 COST OF MAINTENANCE AND CHANGE 596* 4.7 COST
IUSTIFICATION IS NOT THE WHOLE STORY 596* 5. ACCEPTANCE ARGUMENTS:
MAINTAINING MOMENTUM 599* 5.1 BE SENSITIVE TO THE STAGE OF THE PROJECT
599* 5.2 BALANCE DELIVERY AND USABILITY 600* 5.3 MANAGE USER
EXPECTATIONS 601* 5.4 00 NOT BECOME STUCK ON ONE TECHNIQUE 601* 6.
PARTNERSHIP : THE BENEFITS 601* 7. SUMMARY 602* 30 SUMMARY 603*
GLOSSARY 605* REFERENCES 631* INDEX 641
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* * * * ********* FIGURE CREDITS XXI PREFACE XXIII P A R T 1
INTRODUCING U S E R I N T E R F A C E D E S I G N 1 * 1
INTRODUCTION 3* I. WHY THE USER INTERFACE MATTERS 3* 2. COMPUTERS ARE
UBIQUITOUS 3* 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD USER INTERFACE DESIGN 5* 3.1.
WHAT IS A GOOD USER INTERFACE DESIGN? 6* 3.2 THE PROBLEMS OF POOR OR BAD
USER INTERFACES 7* 3.3 SAFETY AND THE USER INTERFACE 10* 3.4 ELECTIONS
AND THE USER INTERFACE 12* 4. DESIGNING FOR USERS 15* 4.1 USER-CENTERED
DESIGN 15* 4.2 THE CLASSIC LIFE CYDE 16* 4.3 INVOLVING USERS 17* 4.4
MAKING THE DESIGN PROCESS LNTERATIVE 19* 5. THE TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
NEEDED FOR UI DESIGN 21* 6. EVALUATION 21* 6.1 WHEN AND HOW DO YOU
EVALUATE? 22* 7. SUMMARY 24* P A R T 2 R E Q U I R E M E N T S 2 5 *
2 H O W T O G A T H E R REQUIREMENTS : S O M E TECHNIQUES T O U
S E 29* 1. INTRODUCTION 29* 2. OBSERVING YOUR USERS 29* 2.1 DIRECT
OBSERVATION 29* 2.2 INDIRECT OBSERVATION: VIDEO RECARDING 30* 2.3 POINTS
TO CONSIDER IN RELATION TO OBSERVATION 31* 3. INTERVIEWING YOUR USERS
33* 3.1 POINTS TO CONSIDER IN RELATION TO INTERVIEWING 33* 4.
QUESTIONNAIRES AND SURVEYS 34* 4.1 TYPES OF QUESTION STRUCTURE 34* 4.2
POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN DESIGNING QUESTIONNAIRES 35* 5. SUMMARY 36* VIII
CONTENTS 3* FINDING OUT ABOUT THE USERS AND THE DOMAIN 37* 1.*
INTRODUCTION 37* 2.* USERS: FINDING OUT WHO THEY ARE 39* 2.1* DESCRIBING
THE USERS: USERS HAVE "CHARACTERISTICS" THAT ARE RELEVANT* TO UI DESIGN
39* 2.2* DESIGNING FOR PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS 40* 2.3* USER PROFILING:
DESCRIBING YOM USERS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 42* 2.4* SMALLER USER
GROUPS ARE EASIER TO DESIGN FOR 44* 2.5* PERSONAS: ANOTHER WAY TO
DESCRIBE YOUR USERS 48* 2.6* OTHER STAKEHOLDERS 50* 3.* USERS' NEEDS:
FINDING OUT WHAT USERS WANT 51* 4.* THE DOMAIN: WHAT EXPERT KNOWLEDGE IS
RELEVANT TO THE APPLICATION? 52* 4.1* UNDERSTANDING THE DOMAIN 52* 4.2*
REPRESENTING THE DOMAIN 53* 5.* SUMMARY 55* 4* FINDING OUT ABOUT TASKS
AND WORK 57* 1.* INTRODUCTION: DESCRIBING USERS' WORK 57* 1.1* GOALS,
TASKS, AND ACTIONS 57* 1.2* TASK ANALYSIS 60* 1.3* MENTAL MODELS 77* 2.*
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: WHERE IS THIS WORK DONE? 83* 2.1* THE
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: IS THIS A PLEASANT PLACE TO BE? 84* 2.2* THE
SAFETY ENVIRONMENT: IS THIS A SAFE PLACE TO BE? 85* 2.3* THE SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT: DO PEOPLE HELP EACH OTHER? 85* 2.4* THE ORGANIZATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT: DOES MANAGEMENT SUPPORT THIS* WORK? 85* 2.5* THE USER
SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT 86* 2.6* CONSIDERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND
HOW THEY AFFECT* DESIGN 86* 3.* SUMMARY 87* 5* REQUIREMENTS GATHERING:
KNOWLEDGE OF USER INTERFACE DESIGN 89* 1.* INTRODUCTION: THE TWO TYPES
OF KNOWLEDGE NEEDED FOR USER INTERFACE* DESIGN 89* 2.* FOUR
PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES 90* 2.1* USERS SEE WHAT THEY EXPECT TO SEE 90*
2.2* USERS HAVE DIFFICULTY FOCUSING ON MORE THAN ONE ACTIVITY AT A* TIME
91* 2.3* IT IS EASIER TO PERCEIVE A STRUCTURED LAYOUT 92* 2.4* IT IS
EASIER TO RECOGNIZE SOMETHING THAN TO RECALL IT 95* 3.* THREE PRINCIPLES
FROM EXPERIENCE: VISIBILITY, AFFORDANCE, AND* FEEDBACK 97* 3.1* THE
PRINCIPLE OFVISIBILITY: IT SHOULD BE OBVIOUS WHAT A CONTROLLS* USED FOR
97* IX CONTENTS 3.2* THE PRINCIPLE OF AFFORDANCE: LT SHOULD BE OBVIOUS
HOW A CONTROLLS* USED 97* 3.3* THE PRINCIPLE OF FEEDBACK: LT SHOULD BE
OBVIOUS WHEN A CONTROL HAS* BEEN USED 98* 4. DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND
DESIGN RULES: KNOWLEDGE FOR USER INTERFACE DESIGN 99 5. SUMMARY 100* - 6
THINKING ABOUT REQUIREMENTS AND DESCRIBING THEM 103* L. INTRODUCTION
103* 2. USABILITY REQUIREMENTS 103* 2.1* EARLY VIEWS OF USABILITY 104*
2.2* THE MODEM-DAYVIEW OFUSABILITY 108* 3. CONSTRAINTS AND TRADE-OFFS IN
RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS GATHERING 109* 3.1* COSTS/BUDGETS/TIMESCALES UO
3.2* TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS 110* 3.3* TRADE-OFFS 110* 4. PROBLEMS WITH
REQUIREMENTS GATHERING 111* 5. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION 112* 6.
PROTOTYPING 114* 6.1* PURPOSES OF PROTOTYPING: WHY BOTHER TRYING OUT
YOUR IDEAS? 114* 6.2* LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES 115* 6.3* HIGH-FIDELITY
PROTOTYPES: USING SOFTWARE TOOLS TO TRY OUT YOUR* IDEAS 120* 6.4*
CAUTIONS ABOUT PROTOTYPING 121* 7. SUMMARY 121* 7 CASE STUDY ON
REQUIREMENTS: TOKAIRO, PART 1 123* L. INTRODUCTION 123* 2. THE SYSTEM
123* 3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 124* 3.1* THE COMPANIES LNVOLVED IN THE
PROJECT 124* 3.2* THE SOFTWARE HOUSE: TOKAIRO 126* 3.3* THE CLIENT:
TANKFREIGHT 126* 3.4* THE FIRST INSTALLATION: SHELL HAVEN 126* 4. USER
REQUIREMENTS GATHERING 128* 4.1* THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE USERS,
TASKS, AND ENVIRONMENT 128* 4.2* HOW TOKAIRO GATHERED THE USER
REQUIREMENTS 129* 5. SUMMARY 134* PART 3 DESIGN 135* 8 WORK
REENGINEERING AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 139* L. INTRODUCTION 139* L.1*
INTRODUCTION TO THE DIGITAL LIBRARY 140* X CONTENTS 2.* WORK
REENGINEERING FOR THE DIGITAL LIBRARY 14] 3.* TASK ALLOCATION FOR THE
DIGITAL LIBRARY 143* 4.* CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ]44* 4.] DERIVING CONCRETE
USE CASES FROM ESSENTIAL USE CASES 146* 4.2* IDENTIFYING TASK OBJECTS,
ATTRIBUTES, AND ACTIONS 147* 4.3* MARKING UP THE CONCRETE USE CASES TO
IDENTIFY TASK OBJECTS,* THEIR ATTRIBUTES, AND ACTIONS 150* 4.4*
PROTOTYPING TASK OBJECTS, ATTRIBUTES, AND ACTIONS 152* 4.5* CREATING THE
CONTENT DIAGRAM 153* 5.* SUMMARY 16] 9 DESIGN GUIDANCE AND DESIGN
RATIONALE 165* 1.* INTRODUCTION 165* 2.* SOURCES OF DESIGN GUIDANCE 166*
2.1* USER INTERFACE STANDARDS 166* 2.2* STYLE GUIDES 168* 3.* DESIGN
PRINCIPLES: SIMPLICITY, STRUCTURE, CONSISTENCY, AND* TOLERANCE 170* 3.1*
SIMPLICITY 170* 3.2* STRUCTURE 172* 3.3* TOLERANCE 176* 4.*
ACCESSIBILITY 177* 4.1* THE PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN 177* 4.2* W3C
WEB CONTENT ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINES 178* 4.3* SECTION 508 181* 4.4* THE
LIMITATIONS OF GUIDELINES 181* 5.* DESIGN RATIONALE 184* 5.1* THE
BENEFITS OF RECORDING DESIGN DECISIONS 184* 5.2* HOW TO RECORD DESIGN
DECISIONS 185* 6.* SUMMARY 186* 10* INTERACTION DESIGN 187* 1.*
INTRODUCTION 187* 2.* THE HUMAN ACTION CYDE 187* 2.1* THE DETAILS OFTHE
HUMAN ACTION CYDE 187* 2.2* USING THE HUMAN ACTION CYDE TO INFLUENCE THE
DESIGN* PROCESS 190* 3.* COMMUNICATING THE DESIGNERS UNDERSTANDING OFTHE
SYSTEM 191* 3.1* DESIGNER'S MODEL 195* 3.2* SYSTEM IMAGE 195* 3.3* HOW
THE USER INTERFACE ENABLES THE USER TO DEVELOP AN ACEURATE MENTAL MODEL
]97 4.* USING METAPHORS TO DEVELOP ACEURATE MENTAL MODELS 199* 4.1 THE
BENEFITS OFMETAPHOR 200* XI CONTENTS 4.2 PROBLEMS WITH METAPHOR 201* 4.3
CHOOSING A SUITABLE METAPHOR OR SET OF METAPHORS 203* 5. SUMMARY 204* 11
INTERACTION STYLES 205* 1. LNTRODUCTION 205* 2. INTERACTION STYLES 205*
2.1 COMMAND LINE 206* 2.2 MENU SELECTION 208* 2.3 FORM-FILL 210* 2.4
DIRECT MANIPULATION 213* 2.5 ANTHROPOMORPHIC 215* 2.6 BLENDING
INTERACTION STYLES 216* 2.7 CHOOSING THE MOST APPROPRIATE INTERACTION
STYLE 216* 3. SUMMARY 220* 12 CHOOSING INTERACTION DEVICES: HARDWARE
COMPONENTS 221* 1. INTRODUCTION 221* 2. CHOOSING INTERACTION DEVICES
221* 2.1 INTERACTION DEVICES AS TOOLS 221* 2.2 WHY STUDY INTERACTION
DEVICES? 223* 3. INPUT DEVICES 224* 3.1 KEYBOARDS, KEYPADS, AND BUTTONS
224* 3.2 POINTING DEVICES 229* 3.3 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO ENTERING
INFORMATION 238* 4. OUTPUT DEVICES 241* 4.1 SCREENS 241* 4.2
LOUDSPEAKERS 242* 4.3 SIMPLE OUTPUT DEVICES 243* 4.4 ALTERNATIVE
APPROACHES TO OUTPUTTING INFORMATION 245* 5. SUMMARY 246* 13 CHOOSING
INTERACTION ELEMENTS: SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 247* 1. INTRODUCTION 247* 2.
TEXT 248* 2.I HOW TO ENSURE THAT YOUR TEXT IS LEGIBLE 248* 2.2 HOW TO
ENSURE THAT YOUR TEXT MAKES SENSE 248* 3. COLOR 251* 3.1 THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR 251* 3.2 CHOOSING COLORS WITH THE RIGHT
CONNOTATIONS 251* 3.3 HOW TO USE COLOR EFFECTIVELY 253* 3.4 USING COLOR
TO REPRESENT INFORMATION 256* 4. IMAGES 260* 4.1 USING IMAGES
EFFECTIVELY 260* 5. MOVING IMAGES 263* XII CONTENTS 5.1 USING ANIMATION
EFFECTIVELY 264* 5.2 USING VIDEO CLIPS EFFECTIVELY 265* 6. SOUND 266*
6.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOUND 266* 6.2 MAKING GOOD USE OF SOUND EFFECTS
267* 6.3 USING MUSIC EFFECTIVELY 267* 6.4 USING SPEECH EFFECTIVELY 267*
6.5 PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF SOUND 269* 7. SUMMARY 270* 14 MOVING FROM
CHOOSING COMPONENTS INTO DESIGN AREAS 271* 1. INTRODUCTION 271* 2.
COMBINING INTERACTION DEVICES AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 271* 3. PRINCIPLES
OF GOOD LAYOUT 272* 3.1 CREATE NATURAL GROUPINGS 273* 3.2 SEPARATE THE
CURRENTLY ACTIVE COMPONENTS 273* 3.3 EMPHASIZE LMPORTANT COMPONENTS 273*
3.4 USE WHITE SPACE EFFECTIVELY 273* 3.5 MAKE THE CONTROLS VISIBLE 274*
3.6 BALANCE AESTHETICS AND USABILITY 274* 4. WHAT IS A DESIGN AREA? 278*
4.1 DESIGN COMPONENTS AND DESIGN AREAS 279* 5. SUMMARY 280* 15 CASE
STUDY ON DESIGN: TOKAIRO, PART 2 281* 1. INTRODUCTION 281* 2. THE
DRIVER'S WORKSHEET 281* 3. THE KIOSK 282* 4. HOW TOKAIRO DESIGNED THE UL
284* 4.1 ESTABLISHING THE GROUND RULES: SIMPLICITY AND FLEXIBILITY 284*
4.2 CHOOSING THE TECHNOLOGY: SIMPLICITY AND FAMILIARITY 284* 4.3
DEVELOPING PROTOTYPES: COMMUNICATING IDEAS 286* 4.4 DESIGNING THE
SCREENS 288* 4.5 DESIGNING THE WORKSHEET 289* 4.6 DEVELOPING PROTOTYPES:
FACILITATING EVALUATION 289* 4.7 TWO SURPRISES 292* 5. SUMMARY 293* 16
DESIGNING A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) 295* 1. INTRODUCTION 295* 2.
THE APPEARANCE OFWIDGETS IN DIFFERENT PIECES OF SOFTWARE 297* 3. THE
ENERGETIC SPORTS CENTER 299* 3.1 DOMAIN 299* 3.2 USERS 300* 3.3 MAIN
TASKS 300* XIII CONTENTS 3.4 ENVIRONMENT 301* 3.5 TECHNOLOGY 302* 3.6
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 302* 4. CHOOSING WIDGETS TO STRUCTURE THE INTERACTION
304* 4.1 USING PRIMARYWINDOWS 304* 4.2 USING SECONDARYWINDOWS 305* 4.3
USING TABS 308* 5. CHOOSINGWIDGETS TO CONTROL THE INTERACTION 309* 5.1
USING MENUS 309* 5.2 USING TOOL BARS 312* 5.3 USING COMMAND BUTTONS 314*
6. CHOOSINGWIDGETS TO ENTER INFORMATION 316* 6.1 USING OPTION BUTTONS
AND CHECK BOXES 316* 6.2 USING LIST BOXES 319* 6.3 USING TEXT BOXES 321*
7. COMBINING GOI WIDGETS 322* 8. SUMMARY 330* 17 DESIGNING TOR THE WEB
331* 1. INTRODUCTION 331* 2. THE LOVELY ROOMS HOTEL BOOKING SERVICE 332*
2.1 DOMAIN 332* 2.2 USERS 332* 2.3 TASKS 333* 2.4 ENVIRONMENT 333* 2.5
TECHNOLOGY 333* 2.6 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 333* 3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR WEB
SITES 334* 3.1 HIGH-QUALITY CONTENT 334* 3.2 OFTEN UPDATED 334* 3.3
MINIMAL DOWNLOAD TIME 336* 3.4 EASE OF USE 336* 3.5 RELEVANT TO USER'S
NEEDS 336* 3.6 UNIQUE TO THE ONLINE MEDIUM 336* 3.7 NET-CENTRIC
CORPORATE CULTURE 336* 4. DESIGNINGWEB SITES 337* 4.1 DESIGNING THE WEB
SITE STRUCTURE 337* 4.2 HELPING THE USERS KNOWWHERE THEY ARE 342* 4.3
HELPING THE USERS NAVIGATE AROUND THE SITE 343* 4.4 NAVIGATION AIDS 345*
5. DESIGNING HORNE PAGES AND INTERIOR PAGES 350* 5.1 DESIGNING THE HORNE
PAGE 350* 5.2 DESIGNING INTERIOR PAGES 351* 6. DESIGN ISSUES FOR WEB
PAGES 355* 6.1 WIDGETS ON WEB PAGES 355* CONTENTS 6.2 SCROLLING 355*
XIV* 6.3 DESIGNING FOR DIFFERENT SCREENS AND PLATFORMS 357* 6.4 USING
THE SCREEN AREA EFFECTIVELY 357* 6.5 IMPROVING THE DOWNLOAD TIME 358*
6.6 USING STYLE SHEETS 361* 6.7 DESIGNING FOR ACCESSIBILITY 361* 7.
WRITING THE CONTENT OFWEB PAGES 365* 7.1 KEEP TEXT TO A MINIMUM 366* 7.2
HELP USERS TO SCAN 366* 7.3 DIVIDING LONG BLOCKS OFTEXT INTO SEPARATE
SECTIONS 367* 8.* SUMMARY 369* 18* THE DESIGN OF EMBEDDED COMPUTER
SYSTEMS AND SMALL DEVICES 371* 1.* INTRODUCTION 371* 2.* TYPES OF
EMBEDDED SYSTEM 372* 2.1 SAFETY CRITICAL SYSTEMS 372* 2.2 INFORMATION
APPLIANCES 374* 3.* DESIGN ISSUES FOR LAS 375* 3.] PORTABILITY 375* 3.2
GENERAL PURPOSE VERSUS SPECIAL PURPOSE 378* 3.3 CONNECTEDNESS 382* 3.4
THE COMMERCIAL ENVIRONMENT 383* 4.* DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR EMBEDDED
DEVICES 383* 4.] UI DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HANDHELD DEVICES 383* 4.2
GUIDELINES SPECIFIC TO A MANUFACTURER 385* 4.3 GUIDELINES FOR KIOSKS
386* 5.* SUMMARY 386* 19* CASE STUDY ON REQUIREMENTS, DESIGN, AND
EVALUATION: NATS 387* 1.* INTRODUCTION 387* 2.* THE FINAL APPROACH
SPACING TOOL (FAST) 388* 2.1 NATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES 388* 2.2 AIR
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 388* 2.3 FINAL APPROACH CONTROL 389* 2.4 THE
FAST USER INTERFACE 391* 3.* HOW THE TEAM DEVELOPED FAST 394* 3.1 NATS
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 394* 3.2 THE HUMAN FACTORS UNIT 394* 3.3 THE
FASTPROJECT TEAM 394* 4.* REQUIREMENTS GATHERING 395* 4.] THE DORNAIN,
USERS, ENVIRONMENT, AND USABILITY REQUIREMENTS 395* 4.2 HOW THE PROJECT
TEAM GATHERED THE USER REQUIREMENTS 396* 5. THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF
THE USER INTERFACE 396* 5.1 DESIGN BY PROTOTYPING 398* CONTENTS 5.2*
PREPARING TO EVALUATE 400* XV* 5.3* OBSERVING THE CONTROLLERS 402* 5.4*
INSPECTING THE USER INTERFACE 406* 5.5* ANALYZING AND LNTERPRETING THE
EVALUATION DATA 408* 5.6* COMMUNICATING THE FINDINGS TO THE CUSTOMER
408* 6. SUMMARY 409* APPENDIX 1 GUI DESIGN GUIDELINES 411* APPENDIX 2
PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR WEB SITE DESIGN 413* APPENDIX 3 WEB SITES
FOR USERS WITH DISABILITIES 417* PART 4 EVALUATION 419* 20 WHY EVALUATE
THE USABILITY OF USER INTERFACE DESIGNS? 423* 1. INTRODUCTION 423* 2.
WBY EVALUATE THE USABILITY OF USER INTERFACE DESIGNS? 423* 2.1.* DOES
THE INTERFACE MEET THE USABILITY REQUIREMENTS? 423* 2.2* EXPLORING OTHER
CONCERNS IN EVALUATIONS 425* 3. USERS, TASKS, ENVIRONMENT, AND DOMAIN
425* 3.1* OUR RUNNING EXAMPLE: GLOBAL WARMING 425* 3.2* DESCRIPTION OF
THE GLOBAL WARMING USER INTERFACE 427* 4. THE ACTIVITIES OF USABILITY
EVALUATIONS 432* 4.1* THE PROCESS OF USABILITY EVALUATION IS ITERATIVE
434* 4.2* TECHNIQUES FOR USABILITY EVALUATIONS 434* 5. WBAT HAPPENS IN A
USER OBSERVATION EVALUATION SESSION? 435* 6. SUMMARY 436* 21 DECIDING ON
WHAT YOU NEED TO EVALUATE: THE STRATEGY 439* 1. INTRODUCTION 439* 2.
CREATING AN EVALUATION STRATEGY 439* 2.1* WBAT IS THE PURPOSE OFTHIS
EVALUATION? 439* 2.2* WBAT TYPE OF DATA DO I WANT TO COLLECT? 444* 2.3*
WBAT AM I EVALUATING? 445* 2.4* WBAT CONSTRAINTS DO I HAVE? 446* 2.5*
DOCUMENTING THE EVALUATION STRATEGY 446* 3. THE GLOBAL WARMING UI: THE
EVALUATION STRATEGY 447* 3.1* DECIDING WBAT TO TEST 448* 3.2* DO YOU
HAVE TO WORK WITHIN ANY CONSTRAINTS? 450* 3.3* WRITING UP YOUR
EVALUATION STRATEGY FOR THE GLOBAL WARMING* EVALUATION 450* 4. SUMMARY
451* 22 PLANNING WHO, WHAT, WHEN, AND WHERE 453* L. INTRODUCTION 453* 2.
CHOOSING YOUR USERS 453* CONTENTS 2.1 WHO IS A REAL USER? 454* XVI* 2.2
USERS WORKING ALONE OR IN PAIRS 456* 2.3 NUMBER OF PARTIEIPANTS 457* 2.4
REERUITING EXTRA PARTICIPANTS 458* 2.5 IDEAS FOR PARTIEIPANTS 458* 2.6
OFFERING INEENTIVES 458* 2.7 REERUITING SEREENERS AND PRETEST
QUESTIONNAIRES 462* 2.8 CHOOSING USERS FOR GLOBAL WARMING 462* 3.
CREATING A TIMETABLE 463* 3.1 DECIDE THE DURATION OF THE EVALUATION
SESSION 463* 3.2 CREATE AN EVALUATION TIMETABLE 463* 4. PREPARING TASK
DESERIPTIONS 466* 4.1 TASK CARDS 467* 4.2 TASK DESERIPTIONS FAR GLOBAL
WARMING 468* 5. WHERE WILL YOU DO THE EVALUATION? 468* 5.1 FIELD STUDIES
468* 5.2 CONTROLLED STUDIES 470* 5.3 THE SETTING FOR THE GLOBAL WARMING
EVALUATION 471* 5.4 ARRANGING USABILITY EVALUATION SESSIONS 473* 5.5 THE
ARRANGEMENTS FAR THE GLOBAL WARMING EVALUATION 473* 6. SUMMARY 473* 23
DECIDING HOW TO COLLECT DATA 475* 1. LNTRODUETION: PREPARING TO COLLEET
EVALUATION DATA 475* 2. TIMING AND LOGGING AETIONS 476* 2.1 AUTOMATIE
LOGGING OF KEYSTROKES AND MOUSE CLIEKS 476* 2.2 SPECIALIST LOGGING
SOFTWARE FOR USABILITY EVALUATIONS 477* 2.3 CHOOSING A LOGGING PRODUET
477* 3. THINK-ALOUD AND OFFERING HELP 478* 3.1 USING COGNITIVE
WALKTHROUGH QUESTIONS 479* 4. TAKING NOTES WHEN OBSERVING USERS 480* 5.
CONDUETING POST-SESSION DISEUSSIONS 480* 6. QUESTIONNAIRES 482* 7. USING
TEEHNOLOGIES TO HELP WITH REEORDING 484* 7.1 VIDEO AND AUDIO REEORDING
484* 7.2 EYE-TRAEKING EQUIPMENT 485* 7.3 PRACTITIONER'S CHOIEE
OFTEEHNOLOGY 486* 8. THE GLOBAL WARMING CHOIEES FOR DATA COLLEETION 488*
9. SUMMARY 489* 24 FINAL PREPARATIONS FOR THE EVALUATION 491* 1.
INTRODUETION 491* 1.1 EVALUATION MATERIALS FOR GLOBAL WARMING 491* 2.
ROLES FOR EVAJUATORS 491* XVII CONTENTS 2.1 FACILITATOR 491* 2.2
NOTE-TAKER 494* 2.3 EQUIPMENT OPERATOR 494* 2.4 OBSERVER 494* 2.5 MEETER
AND GREETER 495* 2.6 RECRUITER 495* 2.7 THE LONE EVALUATOR 495* 3.
CREATING AN EVALUATION SCRIPT 496* 3.1 AN EXAMPLE OF AN EVALUATION
SCRIPT 497* 3.2 USING A SCRIPT FOR THE GLOBAL WARMING EVALUATION 497* 4.
FORMS TO USE WHEN ASKING FOR PERMISSION TO RECORD 499* 4.1 NONDISCLOSURE
AGREEMENTS 501* 5. THE PILOT TEST 503* 5.1 PARTICIPANTS FOR YOUR PILOT
TEST 503* 5.2 DESIGN AND ASSEMBLE THE TEST ENVIRONMENT 503* 5.3 RUN THE
PILOT TEST 503* 6. SUMMARY 504* 25 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 01 USER
OBSERVATION EVALUATION DATA 505* 1. LNTRODUCTION: HOW TO ANALYZE AND
INTERPRET DATA FROM YOUR EVALUATION 505* 2. COLLATING THE DATA 505* 3.
SUMMARIZING THE DATA 507* 4. REVIEWING THE DATA TO IDENTIFY USABILITY
PROBLEMS 507* 5. WORKING WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA 508* 6. WORKING WITH
QUALITATIVE DATA 511* 6.1 AN EXAMPLE OF DATA FROM GLOBAL WARMING 511*
6.2 MAKING DECISIONS WITH QUALITATIVE DATA 513* 7. INTERPRETATION
OFUSER-OBSERVATION DATA 516* 7.1 ASSIGNING SEVERITIES 516* 7.2
RECOMMENDING CHANGES 517* 8. WRITING THE EVALUATION REPORT 519* 8.1 AN
ACADEMIC REPORT ON GLOBAL WARMING 519* 8.2 SHOULD YOU DESCRIBE YOUR
METHOD? 523* 8.3 DESCRIBING YOUR RESULTS 523* 9. SUMMARY 523* 26
INSPECTIONS 01 THE USER INTERFACE 525* 1. INTRODUCTION 525* 2. CREATING
THE EVALUATION PLAN FOR HEURISTIC INSPECTION 525* 2.1 CHOOSING THE
HEURISTICS 525* 2.2 THE INSPECTORS 529* 3. CONDUCTING A HEURISTIC
INSPECTION 529* 3.1 TASK DESCRIPTIONS 529* 3.2 THE LOCATION OF THE
EVALUATION SESSION 530* 3.3 COLLECTING EVALUATION DATA 530* CONTENTS
XVIII 4. ANALYSIS OF HEURISTIC INSPECTION DATA 531* 5. INTERPRETATION OF
HEURISTIC INSPECTION DATA 531 6. BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF HEURISTIC
EVALUATIONS 531* 7. VARIATIONS OF USABILITY INSPECTION 533* 7.1
PARTICIPATORY HEURISTIC EVALUATIONS 533* 7.2 GUIDELINE REVIEWS 533* 7.3
STANDARDS INSPECTIONS 536* 7.4 COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGH 536* 7.5 PEER
REVIEWS 537* 8. SUMMARY 537* 27 VARIATIONS AND MORE COMPREHENSIVE
EVALUATIONS 539* I. INTRODUCTION 539* 2. A CORNPARISON OF USER
OBSERVATION AND HEURISTIC INSPECTION 539* 3. OBSERVE, LISTEN. COMPARE,
MEASURE: THE ELEMENTS OF EVALUATION 540* 4. COMBINING THE ELEMENTS FOR
EVALUATION 541* 5. VARYING OTHER ASPECTS OF THE EVALUATION 544* 6.
VARIATIONS OF USER OBSERVATIONS 546* 6.1 REMOTE MODERATED TESTING 546*
6.2 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT EVALUATIONS 548* 7. OBTAINING OPINIONS AND
LDEAS 549* 7.1 FOCUSGROUPS 549* 7.2 CARD SORTING 549* 8. EVALUATIONS
WITHOUT PEOPLE 549* 8.1 ACCESSIBILITY CHECKERS AND HTML VALIDATORS 549*
8.2 USABILITY CHECKERS 551* 8.3 HYBRID METHODS 551* 9. DIFFERENT
PURPOSES OF EVALUATIONS 551* 9.1 EXPLORATORY EVALUATIONS 552* 9.2
VALIDATION EVALUATION 552* 9.3 ASSESSMENT EVALUATION 552* 9.4 COMPARISON
EVALUATION 552* 10. UNDERTAKING MORE COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATIONS 556* 11.
SUMMARY 556* PART 5 PERSUASION 559* 28 COMMUNICATING AND USING FINDINGS
563* I. INTRODUCTION 563* 2. MAKING USE OF YOUR FINDINGS 564* 2.1 USING
YOUR RESULTS 564* 2.2 COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS 565* 3. WHO IS AFFECTED
BY THE CHANGEST 570* 3.1 WHO IS INVOLVED IN YOUR PROJECT? 572* CONTENTS
3.2 CHOOSING WAYS TO COMMUNICATE THE RESULTS 575* XIX* 3.3 IS YOUR
ORGANIZATION USER CENTERED? 581* 4. SUMMARY 583* 29 WINNING AND
MAINTAINING SUPPORT FOR USER-CENTERED DESIGN 585* L. INTRODUCTION 585*
2. "SKEPTICISM" ARGUMENTS: FINDING OUT ABOUT USABILITY 586* 2.I
ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS THAT MAY CONFLICT WITH USABILITY 587* 3.
"SKEPTICISRN" ARGUMENTS: CREATING CURIOSITY 589* 3.1 START SMALL 589*
3.2 FIND A CHAMPION 589* 3.3 BE AN OBJECTIVE VOICE 590* 4. "CURIOSITY"
ARGUMENTS: MOVING TOWARD ACCEPTANCE 591* 4.1 COST OF STAFFTIME AND
ACCURACY 592* 4.2 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT: COMPUTER TIME 593* 4.3 COSTS
OF LEARNING AND TRAINING 593* 4.4 CONTINUING SUPPORT COSTS 595* 4.5 COST
OF SUPPORT 595* 4.6 COST OF MAINTENANCE AND CHANGE 596* 4.7 COST
IUSTIFICATION IS NOT THE WHOLE STORY 596* 5. "ACCEPTANCE" ARGUMENTS:
MAINTAINING MOMENTUM 599* 5.1 BE SENSITIVE TO THE STAGE OF THE PROJECT
599* 5.2 BALANCE DELIVERY AND USABILITY 600* 5.3 MANAGE USER
EXPECTATIONS 601* 5.4 00 NOT BECOME STUCK ON ONE TECHNIQUE 601* 6.
"PARTNERSHIP": THE BENEFITS 601* 7. SUMMARY 602* 30 SUMMARY 603*
GLOSSARY 605* REFERENCES 631* INDEX 641 |
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| dewey-full | 005.4/37 |
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| discipline | Informatik |
| discipline_str_mv | Informatik |
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| id | DE-604.BV020840003 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T13:16:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:26:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0120884364 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004061900 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014161899 |
| oclc_num | 57349070 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-Aug4 DE-11 DE-525 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-Aug4 DE-11 DE-525 DE-83 |
| physical | XXVIII, 669 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Morgan Kaufmann series in interactive technologies |
| spelling | User interface design and evaluation Debbie Stone ... [et al.] Amsterdam Elsevier 2005 XXVIII, 669 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Morgan Kaufmann series in interactive technologies Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Includes bibliographical references (p. 631-640) and index Gebruikersinterfaces gtt User interfaces (Computer systems) Gestaltung (DE-588)4157139-3 gnd rswk-swf Benutzeroberfläche (DE-588)4131424-4 gnd rswk-swf Benutzeroberfläche (DE-588)4131424-4 s Gestaltung (DE-588)4157139-3 s DE-604 Stone, Deborah L. Sonstige oth OEBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014161899&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | User interface design and evaluation Gebruikersinterfaces gtt User interfaces (Computer systems) Gestaltung (DE-588)4157139-3 gnd Benutzeroberfläche (DE-588)4131424-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4157139-3 (DE-588)4131424-4 |
| title | User interface design and evaluation |
| title_auth | User interface design and evaluation |
| title_exact_search | User interface design and evaluation |
| title_exact_search_txtP | User interface design and evaluation |
| title_full | User interface design and evaluation Debbie Stone ... [et al.] |
| title_fullStr | User interface design and evaluation Debbie Stone ... [et al.] |
| title_full_unstemmed | User interface design and evaluation Debbie Stone ... [et al.] |
| title_short | User interface design and evaluation |
| title_sort | user interface design and evaluation |
| topic | Gebruikersinterfaces gtt User interfaces (Computer systems) Gestaltung (DE-588)4157139-3 gnd Benutzeroberfläche (DE-588)4131424-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gebruikersinterfaces User interfaces (Computer systems) Gestaltung Benutzeroberfläche |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014161899&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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