Principles of European antitrust enforcement:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Hart
2005
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 187 S. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 1841135267 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of European antitrust enforcement |c Wouter P. J. Wils |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Antitrust law |z European Union countries | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT DR WOUTER P J WILS *HART-
PUBLISHING OXFORD AND PORTLAND, OREGON 2005 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V 1 THE REFORM OF COMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENT BROUGHT
ABOUT BY REGULATION NO 1/2003 1 1.1 THE REFORM OF COMPETITION LAW
ENFORCEMENT BROUGHT ABOUT BY REGULATION NO 1/2003 1 1.1.1 REGULATION NO
1/2003 AND ITS IMPLEMENTING MEASURES 1 1.1.2 THE CORE OF THE REFORM: THE
REPLACEMENT OF THE CENTRALISED NOTIFICATION AND AUTHORISATION SYSTEM FOR
ARTICLE 81 (3) EC BY A DIRECTLY APPLICABLE EXCEPTION SYSTEM 3 1.1.3 THE
HISTORIC JUSTIFICATION FOR A CENTRALISED NOTIFICATION AND AUTHORISATION
SYSTEM, AND WHY THIS JUSTIFICATION IS NO LONGER VALID TODAY 5 1.1.4 THE
BENEFITS RESULTING FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF A DIRECTLY APPLICABLE
EXCEPTION SYSTEM 8 1.1.4.1 IMPACT ON PRIVATE LITIGATION IN WHICH ARTICLE
81 EC IS USED AS A SHIELD 8 1.1.4.1.1 AGREEMENTS WHICH FULFIL THE
CONDITIONS OF ARTICLE 81 (3) EC ARE NO LONGER VOID 8 1.1.4.1.2 NATIONAL
COURTS ARE NOW ABLE TO APPLY THE FOUR CONDITIONS OF ARTICLE 81(3) EC
THEMSELVES 9 1.1.4.2 IMPACT ON THE COMMISSION'S ENFORCEMENT PRIORITIES
10- 1.1.4.2.1 WHAT SHOULD THE COMMISSION'S ENFORCEMENT PRIORITIES BE? 10
1.1.4.2.2 THE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM DISTORTED THE COMMISSION'S ENFORCEMENT
PRIORITIES 10 1.1.4.2.3 REGULATION NO 1/2003 ALLOWS THE COMMISSION TO
SET ITS ENFORCEMENT PRIORITIES CORRECTLY 12 1.1.4.3 THE APPLICATION OF
ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC BY NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 13 1.1.4.3.1
REGULATION NO 17 DISCOURAGED THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC BY
NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 13 1.1.4.3.2 REGULATION NO 1/2003
ENCOURAGES THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC BY NATIONAL
COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 14 VIII CONTENTS 1.1.4.3.3 THE POWERS OF
NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES AS COMPARED TO THOSE OF THE COMMISSION
15 1.1.4.3.4 WHY SHOULD NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES PROSECUTE
VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC? 16 1.1.4.4 THE DIRECT AND HIDDEN
COSTS OF THE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM HAVE DISAPPEARED 17 1.1.4.5 IMPACT ON
PRIVATE LITIGATION IN WHICH ARTICLE 81 EC IS USED AS A SWORD 19 1.2
AREAS OF POTENTIAL CONCERN 22 1.2.1 BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS 22 /
1.2.2 BURDEN OF PROOF 23 1.2.3 SELF-ASSESSMENT 24 Y 1.2.4 CAPABILITY OF
NATIONAL COURTS TO APPLY ARTICLE 81(3) EC 25 1.2.4.1 THE ISSUE PUT IN
PERSPECTIVE 25 1.2.4.2 ARTICLE 15 OF THE REGULATION 27 1.2.4.3 TRAINING
AND SPECIALISATION 29 1.2.5 ALLOCATION OF CASES WITHIN THE NETWORK OF
COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 29 1.2.5.1 PRINCIPLES OF ALLOCATION 29 1.2.5.2
RE-ALLOCATION 30 1.2.5.3 RIGHTS OF THE PRIVATE PARTIES CONCERNED 31
1.2.5.4 PARALLEL ACTION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NE BIS IN IDEM 33 1.2.6
EXTRATERRITORIAL POWERS OF NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 35 1.2.7
CAPABILITY OF NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 38 1.2.8 NATIONAL BIAS
AND RENATIONALISATION 39 1.2.8.1 ARTICLE 11 OF THE REGULATION INSURES
AGAINST NATIONAL BIAS 39 1.2.8.2 ARTICLE 3 OF THE REGULATION PREVENTS
RENATIONALISATION 41 1.2.9 CONSISTENT APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82
EC 44 1.2.9.1 THE ISSUE PUT IN PERSPECTIVE 44 1.2.9.2 ARTICLES 11,15 AND
16 OF THE REGULATION ENSURE CONSISTENCY 45 1.2.10 SEPARATION OF
INVESTIGATIVE, PROSECUTORIAL AND ADJUDICATIVE FUNCTIONS 46 1.2.10.1 THE
VARIOUS SYSTEMS FOR THE PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC 46
1.2.10.2 THE REGULATION RECOGNISES THE WIDE VARIATION IN THE PUBLIC
ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS OF THE MEMBER STATES 47 1.2.11 DIFFERENCES IN TYPE
AND LEVEL OF PENALTIES 50 1.2.11.1 THE ISSUE PUT IN PERSPECTIVE 50
1.2.11.2 ARTICLE 12 OF THE REGULATION 51 CONTENTS IX 1.2.11.3 IS
HARMONISATION DESIRABLE AND POSSIBLE? 53 1.2.12 DIFFERENCES IN
PROCEDURAL RIGHTS AND GUARANTEES 54 1.2.13 LIMITATION PERIODS FOR THE
IMPOSITION OF PENALTIES 56 1.2.14 LENIENCY 56 1.2.15 LANGUAGES 58 2 THE
EUROPEAN COMPETITION NETWORK, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
AND THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EU 61 2.1 INTRODUCTION 61
2.2 THE EUROPEAN COMPETITION NETWORK 62 2.2.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 62
2.2.2 EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF CASES BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF THE NETWORK
63 2.2.3 ASSISTANCE BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE NETWORK IN RESPECT
OFFACT-FINDING 65 2.2.4 COORDINATION TO ENSURE THE CONSISTENT
APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC 66 2.2.4.1 EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF THE NETWORK 66 2.2.4.2 CONSULTATIONS WITHIN THE
NETWORK 66 2.2.4.3 THE COMMISSION'S POWERS OF CONTROL 67 2.3 THE
EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 68 2.3.1 RELEVANT PROVISIONS 68
2.3.1.1 RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL AND OTHER GUARANTEES PROTECTING DEFENDANTS
IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 68 2.3.1.1.1 RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL (ARTICLE 6
ECHR) 68 2.3.1.1.2 RIGHT NOT TO BE TRIED OR PUNISHED TWICE (ARTICLE 4
PROTOCOL NO 7) 68 2.3.1.2 PROTECTION OF PRIVATE LIFE AND OF PROPERTY 68
2.3.1.2.1 RIGHT TO RESPECT FOR PRIVATE LIFE (ARTICLE 8 ECHR) 68
2.3.1.2.2 PROTECTION OF PROPERTY (ARTICLE 1 PROTOCOL NO 1) 69 2.3.2
LEGAL STATUS 69 2.4 THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 70 2.4.1
INTRODUCTION: THE CHARTER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE EUROPEAN
CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 70 2.4.2 RELEVANT PROVISIONS 71 2.4.2.1 RIGHT
TO A FAIR TRIAL AND OTHER GUARANTEES PROTECTING DEFENDANTS IN CRIMINAL
PROCEEDINGS 71 2.4.2.1.1 RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL (ARTICLE 47 CFR) 71 X
CONTENTS 2.4.2.1.2 RIGHT NOT TO BE TRIED OR PUNISHED TWICE (ARTICLE 50
CFR) 71 2.4.2.2 PROTECTION OF PRIVATE LIFE AND OF PROPERTY 71 2.4.2.2.1
RESPECT FOR PRIVATE LIFE (ARTICLE 7 CFR) 71 2.4.2.2.2 RIGHT TO PROPERTY
(ARTICLE 17 CFR) 72 2.4.2.3 LIMITATIONS (ARTICLE 52 CFR) 72 2.4.3 LEGAL
STATUS 72 2.5 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS RELATED TO CASE ALLOCATION 73 2.5.1
DIFFERENCES IN APPLICABILITY OF THE CONVENTION AND THE CHARTER 73 2.5.2
DOUBLE JEOPARDY 74 2.5.2.1 THE OLD SITUATION UNDER REGULATION NO 17 74
2.5.2.1.1 THE CASE LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE 75 2.5.2.1.2 THE
CONVENTION 75 2.5.2.1.3 THE CHARTER 75 2.5.2.2 THE SITUATION UNDER
REGULATION NO 1/2003 76 2.5.2.3 THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC
IS OF A CRIMINAL LAW NATURE 76 2.5.2.4 SOME FURTHER ISSUES CONCERNING
THE SCOPE OF THE PROHIBITION ON MULTIPLE PROSECUTIONS AND PUNISHMENTS 78
2.5.2.4.1 PARALLEL PROCEEDINGS ARE TEMPORARILY POSSIBLE 78 2.5.2.4.2 THE
TYPES OF DECISION PRECLUDING A SECOND PROSECUTION OR PUNISHMENT 78
2.5.2.4.2.1 PROHIBITION AND FINING DECISIONS 78 2.5.2.4.2.2
NON-INFRINGEMENT DECISIONS 78 2.5.2.4.2.3 COMMITMENT DECISIONS 79
2.5.2.4.3 DEDUCTING THE FIRST PENALTY FROM A SECOND ONE WILL NOT SUFFICE
80 2.5.2.4.4 LIMITATIONS UNDER ARTICLE 52 CFR 80 2.6 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
RELATED TO ASSISTANCE IN FACT-FINDING 80 2.6.1 EXTENSION OF THE POSSIBLE
USE OF EVIDENCE TO MEMBERS OF THE NETWORK OTHER THAN THE ONE COLLECTING
THE EVIDENCE 81 2.6.1.1 THE OLD SITUATION UNDER REGULATION NO 17 81
2.6.1.2 THE SITUATION UNDER REGULATION NO 1/2003 81 2.6.1.3 ASSESSMENT
UNDER THE CHARTER AND THE CONVENTION 81 2.6.2 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF DEFENCE IN THE JURISDICTIONS CONCERNED 83
2.6.2.1 THE PROBLEM 83 2.6.2.2 WHERE THE DIFFERENCE REFLECTS A
REQUIREMENT TO RESPECT FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS GUARANTEED IN THE
CONVENTION OR THE CHARTER 84 CONTENTS XI 2.6.2.3 WHERE THE DIFFERENCE IS
DUE TO A NATIONAL LAW OR COMMUNITY LAW PROVIDING FOR A LEVEL OF
PROTECTION EXCEEDING THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE CONVENTION AND THE CHARTER
85 2.7 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS RELATED TO COORDINATION TO ENSURE CONSISTENCY
85 2.7.1 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTECTION OF THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF
INFORMATION EXCHANGED 85 2.7.2 CONSULTATIONS WITHIN THE NETWORK AND THE
RIGHT TO ADVERSARIAL PROCEEDINGS 86 2.7.2.1 THE PROBLEM 86 2.7.2.2 THE
CASE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 87 2.7.2.3 ADMINISTRATIVE
AUTHORITIES VERSUS INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL TRIBUNALS 88 2.7.2 A
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES 89 2.7.2.5 INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL
TRIBUNALS 89 2.7.3 THE COMMISSION'S POWERS OF CONTROL AND THE
INDEPENDENCE OF NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 90 2.8 CONCLUSION 92 3
THE PRINCIPLE OF NE BIS IN IDEM 93 3.1 INTRODUCTION 93 3.2 THE PRINCIPLE
OF NE BIS IN IDEM IN THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND IN THE
CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 94 3.2.1 ARTICLE 4
OF PROTOCOL NO 7 TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 94 3.2.2
ARTICLE 50 OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 96
3.3 THE ECONOMICS OF NEBIS IN IDEM 98 3.3.1 THE PROBLEMS OF
OVER-PUNISHMENT AND UNDER-PUNISHMENT 98 3.3.2 THE COST OF MULTIPLE
PROSECUTIONS 99 3.3.3 INCENTIVES FOR EFFICIENT PROSECUTION 100 3.3.4 THE
RISK OF VEXATIOUS MULTIPLE PROSECUTIONS 101 3.3.5 INCENTIVES FOR
EFFICIENT COORDINATION BETWEEN PROSECUTORS 101 3.4 MULTIPLE PROSECUTIONS
BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 102 3.4.1 ADOPTION OF A SECOND DECISION WHERE
A FIRST DECISION HAS BEEN ANNULLED FOR PROCEDURAL REASONS 102 3.4.2
ADOPTION OF A SECOND DECISION WHERE A FIRST DECISION HAS BEEN ANNULLED
FOR LACK OF EVIDENCE 104 3.5 MULTIPLE PROSECUTIONS AND MULTIPLE FINES IN
THE EU NETWORK OF COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 105 3.5.1 THE OLD SITUATION
UNDER REGULATION NO 17 105 3.5.2 THE NEW SITUATION UNDER REGULATION NO
1/2003 106 XII CONTENTS 4 SHOULD PRIVATE ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT BE
ENCOURAGED? ILL 4.1 INTRODUCTION 111 4.1.1 OVERVIEW 111 4.1.2 THE
CURRENT ROLE OF PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT IN EUROPE 112 4.1.3 PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES 114 4.1.4 CALLS TO STIMULATE PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT IN EUROPE 115 4.2 THE GOALS OF ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT 116 4.3
THE INHERENT SUPERIORITY OF PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT 118 4.3.1 INVESTIGATIVE
AND SANCTIONING POWERS 118 4.3.2 DIVERGENCE BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND THE
GENERAL INTEREST 120 4.3.3 COST 122 4.4 NO NEED FOR SUPPLEMENTARY
PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT 122 4.4.1 NO NEED FOR PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT TO PROVIDE
ADDITIONAL SANCTIONS 122 4.4.2 NO NEED FOR PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT TO BRING
ADDITIONAL CASES 123 4.5 THE PURSUIT OF CORRECTIVE JUSTICE THROUGH
COMPENSATION 125 4.6 CONCLUSIONS 126 5 THE COLLECTION OF INTELLIGENCE
AND EVIDENCE FROM ANTITRUST VIOLATORS 129 5.1 THE LAW 130 5.1.1 POWERS
OF INVESTIGATION 130 5.1.2 THE PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION 135
5.1.3 LENIENCY 140 5.2 AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 142 5.2.1 DIRECT FORCE 143
5.2.2 COMPULSION 144 5.2.3 LENIENCY 148 6 THE COMBINATION OF THE
INVESTIGATIVE AND PROSECUTORIAL FUNCTION AND THE ADJUDICATIVE FUNCTION
151 6.1 INTRODUCTION 151 6.1.1 OVERVIEW 151 6.1.2 THE CURRENT EC SYSTEM
152 6.1.2.1 ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC 152 6.1.2.2 THE EC MERGER REGULATION
153 6.1.3 THE US SYSTEM(S) 155 6.1.3.1 THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE AND THE
FTC (UNDER THE PRE-MERGER NOTIFICATION PROGRAMME) 155 6.1.3.2 THE FTC'S
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 156 6.1.4 THE LEGAL DEBATE: COMPATIBILITY WITH
ARTICLE 6( 1) ECHR AND SCOPE FOR CHANGE UNDER THE CURRENT EC TREATY 157
CONTENTS XIII 6.1.4.1 COMPATIBILITY WITH ARTICLE 6(1) ECHR 157 6.1.4.2
SCOPE FOR CHANGE UNDER THE CURRENT EC TREATY 160 6.1.5 THE WIDER POLICY
DEBATE: CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING THE BETTER SYSTEM 161 6.2 ACCURACY: THE
RISK OF PROSECUTORIAL BIAS 161 6.2.1 INTRODUCTION 161 6.2.2 EMPIRICAL
EVIDENCE 163 6.2.3 THREE POSSIBLE SOURCES OF PROSECUTORIAL BIAS 164
6.2.3.1 CONFIRMATION BIAS 164 6.2.3.2 HINDSIGHT BIAS AND THE DESIRE TO
JUSTIFY PAST EFFORTS 165 6.2.3.3 THE DESIRE TO SHOW A HIGH LEVEL OF
ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY 167 6.2.4 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND CREDIBILITY OF
THE ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM 167 6.2.5 SEPARATION OF THE ADJUDICATIVE FUNCTION
FROM THE INVESTIGATIVE AND PROSECUTORIAL FUNCTION 168 6.2.6 INTERNAL
CHECKS AND BALANCES 169 6.2.7 SUBSEQUENT JUDICIAL REVIEW 170 6.3
ADMINISTRATIVE COST 171 6.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 173 TABLE OF
LEGISLATION 175 TABLE OF CASES 178 SUBJECT INDEX 185 |
| adam_txt |
PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT DR WOUTER P J WILS *HART-
PUBLISHING OXFORD AND PORTLAND, OREGON 2005 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V 1 THE REFORM OF COMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENT BROUGHT
ABOUT BY REGULATION NO 1/2003 1 1.1 THE REFORM OF COMPETITION LAW
ENFORCEMENT BROUGHT ABOUT BY REGULATION NO 1/2003 1 1.1.1 REGULATION NO
1/2003 AND ITS IMPLEMENTING MEASURES 1 1.1.2 THE CORE OF THE REFORM: THE
REPLACEMENT OF THE CENTRALISED NOTIFICATION AND AUTHORISATION SYSTEM FOR
ARTICLE 81 (3) EC BY A DIRECTLY APPLICABLE EXCEPTION SYSTEM 3 1.1.3 THE
HISTORIC JUSTIFICATION FOR A CENTRALISED NOTIFICATION AND AUTHORISATION
SYSTEM, AND WHY THIS JUSTIFICATION IS NO LONGER VALID TODAY 5 1.1.4 THE
BENEFITS RESULTING FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF A DIRECTLY APPLICABLE
EXCEPTION SYSTEM 8 1.1.4.1 IMPACT ON PRIVATE LITIGATION IN WHICH ARTICLE
81 EC IS USED AS A SHIELD 8 1.1.4.1.1 AGREEMENTS WHICH FULFIL THE
CONDITIONS OF ARTICLE 81 (3) EC ARE NO LONGER VOID 8 1.1.4.1.2 NATIONAL
COURTS ARE NOW ABLE TO APPLY THE FOUR CONDITIONS OF ARTICLE 81(3) EC
THEMSELVES 9 1.1.4.2 IMPACT ON THE COMMISSION'S ENFORCEMENT PRIORITIES
10- 1.1.4.2.1 WHAT SHOULD THE COMMISSION'S ENFORCEMENT PRIORITIES BE? 10
1.1.4.2.2 THE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM DISTORTED THE COMMISSION'S ENFORCEMENT
PRIORITIES 10 1.1.4.2.3 REGULATION NO 1/2003 ALLOWS THE COMMISSION TO
SET ITS ENFORCEMENT PRIORITIES CORRECTLY 12 1.1.4.3 THE APPLICATION OF
ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC BY NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 13 1.1.4.3.1
REGULATION NO 17 DISCOURAGED THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC BY
NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 13 1.1.4.3.2 REGULATION NO 1/2003
ENCOURAGES THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC BY NATIONAL
COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 14 VIII CONTENTS 1.1.4.3.3 THE POWERS OF
NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES AS COMPARED TO THOSE OF THE COMMISSION
15 1.1.4.3.4 WHY SHOULD NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES PROSECUTE
VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC? 16 1.1.4.4 THE DIRECT AND HIDDEN
COSTS OF THE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM HAVE DISAPPEARED 17 1.1.4.5 IMPACT ON
PRIVATE LITIGATION IN WHICH ARTICLE 81 EC IS USED AS A SWORD 19 1.2
AREAS OF POTENTIAL CONCERN 22 1.2.1 BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS 22 /
1.2.2 BURDEN OF PROOF 23 1.2.3 SELF-ASSESSMENT 24 Y 1.2.4 CAPABILITY OF
NATIONAL COURTS TO APPLY ARTICLE 81(3) EC 25 1.2.4.1 THE ISSUE PUT IN
PERSPECTIVE 25 1.2.4.2 ARTICLE 15 OF THE REGULATION 27 1.2.4.3 TRAINING
AND SPECIALISATION 29 1.2.5 ALLOCATION OF CASES WITHIN THE NETWORK OF
COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 29 1.2.5.1 PRINCIPLES OF ALLOCATION 29 1.2.5.2
RE-ALLOCATION 30 1.2.5.3 RIGHTS OF THE PRIVATE PARTIES CONCERNED 31
1.2.5.4 PARALLEL ACTION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NE BIS IN IDEM 33 1.2.6
EXTRATERRITORIAL POWERS OF NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 35 1.2.7
CAPABILITY OF NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 38 1.2.8 NATIONAL BIAS
AND RENATIONALISATION 39 1.2.8.1 ARTICLE 11 OF THE REGULATION INSURES
AGAINST NATIONAL BIAS 39 1.2.8.2 ARTICLE 3 OF THE REGULATION PREVENTS
RENATIONALISATION 41 1.2.9 CONSISTENT APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82
EC 44 1.2.9.1 THE ISSUE PUT IN PERSPECTIVE 44 1.2.9.2 ARTICLES 11,15 AND
16 OF THE REGULATION ENSURE CONSISTENCY 45 1.2.10 SEPARATION OF
INVESTIGATIVE, PROSECUTORIAL AND ADJUDICATIVE FUNCTIONS 46 1.2.10.1 THE
VARIOUS SYSTEMS FOR THE PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC 46
1.2.10.2 THE REGULATION RECOGNISES THE WIDE VARIATION IN THE PUBLIC
ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS OF THE MEMBER STATES 47 1.2.11 DIFFERENCES IN TYPE
AND LEVEL OF PENALTIES 50 1.2.11.1 THE ISSUE PUT IN PERSPECTIVE 50
1.2.11.2 ARTICLE 12 OF THE REGULATION 51 CONTENTS IX 1.2.11.3 IS
HARMONISATION DESIRABLE AND POSSIBLE? 53 1.2.12 DIFFERENCES IN
PROCEDURAL RIGHTS AND GUARANTEES 54 1.2.13 LIMITATION PERIODS FOR THE
IMPOSITION OF PENALTIES 56 1.2.14 LENIENCY 56 1.2.15 LANGUAGES 58 2 THE
EUROPEAN COMPETITION NETWORK, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
AND THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EU 61 2.1 INTRODUCTION 61
2.2 THE EUROPEAN COMPETITION NETWORK 62 2.2.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 62
2.2.2 EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF CASES BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF THE NETWORK
63 2.2.3 ASSISTANCE BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE NETWORK IN RESPECT
OFFACT-FINDING 65 2.2.4 COORDINATION TO ENSURE THE CONSISTENT
APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC 66 2.2.4.1 EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF THE NETWORK 66 2.2.4.2 CONSULTATIONS WITHIN THE
NETWORK 66 2.2.4.3 THE COMMISSION'S POWERS OF CONTROL 67 2.3 THE
EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 68 2.3.1 RELEVANT PROVISIONS 68
2.3.1.1 RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL AND OTHER GUARANTEES PROTECTING DEFENDANTS
IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 68 2.3.1.1.1 RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL (ARTICLE 6
ECHR) 68 2.3.1.1.2 RIGHT NOT TO BE TRIED OR PUNISHED TWICE (ARTICLE 4
PROTOCOL NO 7) 68 2.3.1.2 PROTECTION OF PRIVATE LIFE AND OF PROPERTY 68
2.3.1.2.1 RIGHT TO RESPECT FOR PRIVATE LIFE (ARTICLE 8 ECHR) 68
2.3.1.2.2 PROTECTION OF PROPERTY (ARTICLE 1 PROTOCOL NO 1) 69 2.3.2
LEGAL STATUS 69 2.4 THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 70 2.4.1
INTRODUCTION: THE CHARTER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE EUROPEAN
CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 70 2.4.2 RELEVANT PROVISIONS 71 2.4.2.1 RIGHT
TO A FAIR TRIAL AND OTHER GUARANTEES PROTECTING DEFENDANTS IN CRIMINAL
PROCEEDINGS 71 2.4.2.1.1 RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL (ARTICLE 47 CFR) 71 X
CONTENTS 2.4.2.1.2 RIGHT NOT TO BE TRIED OR PUNISHED TWICE (ARTICLE 50
CFR) 71 2.4.2.2 PROTECTION OF PRIVATE LIFE AND OF PROPERTY 71 2.4.2.2.1
RESPECT FOR PRIVATE LIFE (ARTICLE 7 CFR) 71 2.4.2.2.2 RIGHT TO PROPERTY
(ARTICLE 17 CFR) 72 2.4.2.3 LIMITATIONS (ARTICLE 52 CFR) 72 2.4.3 LEGAL
STATUS 72 2.5 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS RELATED TO CASE ALLOCATION 73 2.5.1
DIFFERENCES IN APPLICABILITY OF THE CONVENTION AND THE CHARTER 73 2.5.2
DOUBLE JEOPARDY 74 2.5.2.1 THE OLD SITUATION UNDER REGULATION NO 17 74
2.5.2.1.1 THE CASE LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE 75 2.5.2.1.2 THE
CONVENTION 75 2.5.2.1.3 THE CHARTER 75 2.5.2.2 THE SITUATION UNDER
REGULATION NO 1/2003 76 2.5.2.3 THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC
IS OF A CRIMINAL LAW NATURE 76 2.5.2.4 SOME FURTHER ISSUES CONCERNING
THE SCOPE OF THE PROHIBITION ON MULTIPLE PROSECUTIONS AND PUNISHMENTS 78
2.5.2.4.1 PARALLEL PROCEEDINGS ARE TEMPORARILY POSSIBLE 78 2.5.2.4.2 THE
TYPES OF DECISION PRECLUDING A SECOND PROSECUTION OR PUNISHMENT 78
2.5.2.4.2.1 PROHIBITION AND FINING DECISIONS 78 2.5.2.4.2.2
NON-INFRINGEMENT DECISIONS 78 2.5.2.4.2.3 COMMITMENT DECISIONS 79
2.5.2.4.3 DEDUCTING THE FIRST PENALTY FROM A SECOND ONE WILL NOT SUFFICE
80 2.5.2.4.4 LIMITATIONS UNDER ARTICLE 52 CFR 80 2.6 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
RELATED TO ASSISTANCE IN FACT-FINDING 80 2.6.1 EXTENSION OF THE POSSIBLE
USE OF EVIDENCE TO MEMBERS OF THE NETWORK OTHER THAN THE ONE COLLECTING
THE EVIDENCE 81 2.6.1.1 THE OLD SITUATION UNDER REGULATION NO 17 81
2.6.1.2 THE SITUATION UNDER REGULATION NO 1/2003 81 2.6.1.3 ASSESSMENT
UNDER THE CHARTER AND THE CONVENTION 81 2.6.2 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF DEFENCE IN THE JURISDICTIONS CONCERNED 83
2.6.2.1 THE PROBLEM 83 2.6.2.2 WHERE THE DIFFERENCE REFLECTS A
REQUIREMENT TO RESPECT FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS GUARANTEED IN THE
CONVENTION OR THE CHARTER 84 CONTENTS XI 2.6.2.3 WHERE THE DIFFERENCE IS
DUE TO A NATIONAL LAW OR COMMUNITY LAW PROVIDING FOR A LEVEL OF
PROTECTION EXCEEDING THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE CONVENTION AND THE CHARTER
85 2.7 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS RELATED TO COORDINATION TO ENSURE CONSISTENCY
85 2.7.1 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTECTION OF THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF
INFORMATION EXCHANGED 85 2.7.2 CONSULTATIONS WITHIN THE NETWORK AND THE
RIGHT TO ADVERSARIAL PROCEEDINGS 86 2.7.2.1 THE PROBLEM 86 2.7.2.2 THE
CASE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 87 2.7.2.3 ADMINISTRATIVE
AUTHORITIES VERSUS INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL TRIBUNALS 88 2.7.2 A
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES 89 2.7.2.5 INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL
TRIBUNALS 89 2.7.3 THE COMMISSION'S POWERS OF CONTROL AND THE
INDEPENDENCE OF NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 90 2.8 CONCLUSION 92 3
THE PRINCIPLE OF NE BIS IN IDEM 93 3.1 INTRODUCTION 93 3.2 THE PRINCIPLE
OF NE BIS IN IDEM IN THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND IN THE
CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 94 3.2.1 ARTICLE 4
OF PROTOCOL NO 7 TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 94 3.2.2
ARTICLE 50 OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 96
3.3 THE ECONOMICS OF NEBIS IN IDEM 98 3.3.1 THE PROBLEMS OF
OVER-PUNISHMENT AND UNDER-PUNISHMENT 98 3.3.2 THE COST OF MULTIPLE
PROSECUTIONS 99 3.3.3 INCENTIVES FOR EFFICIENT PROSECUTION 100 3.3.4 THE
RISK OF VEXATIOUS MULTIPLE PROSECUTIONS 101 3.3.5 INCENTIVES FOR
EFFICIENT COORDINATION BETWEEN PROSECUTORS 101 3.4 MULTIPLE PROSECUTIONS
BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 102 3.4.1 ADOPTION OF A SECOND DECISION WHERE
A FIRST DECISION HAS BEEN ANNULLED FOR PROCEDURAL REASONS 102 3.4.2
ADOPTION OF A SECOND DECISION WHERE A FIRST DECISION HAS BEEN ANNULLED
FOR LACK OF EVIDENCE 104 3.5 MULTIPLE PROSECUTIONS AND MULTIPLE FINES IN
THE EU NETWORK OF COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 105 3.5.1 THE OLD SITUATION
UNDER REGULATION NO 17 105 3.5.2 THE NEW SITUATION UNDER REGULATION NO
1/2003 106 XII CONTENTS 4 SHOULD PRIVATE ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT BE
ENCOURAGED? ILL 4.1 INTRODUCTION 111 4.1.1 OVERVIEW 111 4.1.2 THE
CURRENT ROLE OF PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT IN EUROPE 112 4.1.3 PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES 114 4.1.4 CALLS TO STIMULATE PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT IN EUROPE 115 4.2 THE GOALS OF ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT 116 4.3
THE INHERENT SUPERIORITY OF PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT 118 4.3.1 INVESTIGATIVE
AND SANCTIONING POWERS 118 4.3.2 DIVERGENCE BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND THE
GENERAL INTEREST 120 4.3.3 COST 122 4.4 NO NEED FOR SUPPLEMENTARY
PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT 122 4.4.1 NO NEED FOR PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT TO PROVIDE
ADDITIONAL SANCTIONS 122 4.4.2 NO NEED FOR PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT TO BRING
ADDITIONAL CASES 123 4.5 THE PURSUIT OF CORRECTIVE JUSTICE THROUGH
COMPENSATION 125 4.6 CONCLUSIONS 126 5 THE COLLECTION OF INTELLIGENCE
AND EVIDENCE FROM ANTITRUST VIOLATORS 129 5.1 THE LAW 130 5.1.1 POWERS
OF INVESTIGATION 130 5.1.2 THE PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION 135
5.1.3 LENIENCY 140 5.2 AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 142 5.2.1 DIRECT FORCE 143
5.2.2 COMPULSION 144 5.2.3 LENIENCY 148 6 THE COMBINATION OF THE
INVESTIGATIVE AND PROSECUTORIAL FUNCTION AND THE ADJUDICATIVE FUNCTION
151 6.1 INTRODUCTION 151 6.1.1 OVERVIEW 151 6.1.2 THE CURRENT EC SYSTEM
152 6.1.2.1 ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC 152 6.1.2.2 THE EC MERGER REGULATION
153 6.1.3 THE US SYSTEM(S) 155 6.1.3.1 THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE AND THE
FTC (UNDER THE PRE-MERGER NOTIFICATION PROGRAMME) 155 6.1.3.2 THE FTC'S
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 156 6.1.4 THE LEGAL DEBATE: COMPATIBILITY WITH
ARTICLE 6( 1) ECHR AND SCOPE FOR CHANGE UNDER THE CURRENT EC TREATY 157
CONTENTS XIII 6.1.4.1 COMPATIBILITY WITH ARTICLE 6(1) ECHR 157 6.1.4.2
SCOPE FOR CHANGE UNDER THE CURRENT EC TREATY 160 6.1.5 THE WIDER POLICY
DEBATE: CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING THE BETTER SYSTEM 161 6.2 ACCURACY: THE
RISK OF PROSECUTORIAL BIAS 161 6.2.1 INTRODUCTION 161 6.2.2 EMPIRICAL
EVIDENCE 163 6.2.3 THREE POSSIBLE SOURCES OF PROSECUTORIAL BIAS 164
6.2.3.1 CONFIRMATION BIAS 164 6.2.3.2 HINDSIGHT BIAS AND THE DESIRE TO
JUSTIFY PAST EFFORTS 165 6.2.3.3 THE DESIRE TO SHOW A HIGH LEVEL OF
ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY 167 6.2.4 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND CREDIBILITY OF
THE ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM 167 6.2.5 SEPARATION OF THE ADJUDICATIVE FUNCTION
FROM THE INVESTIGATIVE AND PROSECUTORIAL FUNCTION 168 6.2.6 INTERNAL
CHECKS AND BALANCES 169 6.2.7 SUBSEQUENT JUDICIAL REVIEW 170 6.3
ADMINISTRATIVE COST 171 6.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 173 TABLE OF
LEGISLATION 175 TABLE OF CASES 178 SUBJECT INDEX 185 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T13:14:44Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:09:46Z |
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| isbn | 1841135267 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Wils, Wouter P. J. Verfasser aut Principles of European antitrust enforcement Wouter P. J. Wils Oxford [u.a.] Hart 2005 xiii, 187 S. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrecht Antitrust law European Union countries Human rights European Union countries Antitrustrecht (DE-588)4140732-5 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Antitrustrecht (DE-588)4140732-5 s DE-604 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014157194&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wils, Wouter P. J. Principles of European antitrust enforcement Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Menschenrecht Antitrust law European Union countries Human rights European Union countries Antitrustrecht (DE-588)4140732-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4140732-5 |
| title | Principles of European antitrust enforcement |
| title_auth | Principles of European antitrust enforcement |
| title_exact_search | Principles of European antitrust enforcement |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Principles of European antitrust enforcement |
| title_full | Principles of European antitrust enforcement Wouter P. J. Wils |
| title_fullStr | Principles of European antitrust enforcement Wouter P. J. Wils |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of European antitrust enforcement Wouter P. J. Wils |
| title_short | Principles of European antitrust enforcement |
| title_sort | principles of european antitrust enforcement |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Menschenrecht Antitrust law European Union countries Human rights European Union countries Antitrustrecht (DE-588)4140732-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Menschenrecht Antitrust law European Union countries Human rights European Union countries Antitrustrecht Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
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