Overhead power lines: planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2003
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Engineering online library
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke ; Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 759 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783540002970 9783642055560 3540002979 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | F. KIESSLING * P. NEFZGER * J.F. NOLASCO * U. KAINTZYK OVERHEAD POWER
LINES PLANNING, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION WITH 402 FIGURES AND 193 TABLES
SPRINGER CONTENTS 1 OVERALL PLANNING 1 1.0 SYMBOLS 1 1.1 DEVELOPMENT
STAGES OF A TRANSMISSION PROJECT 1 1.2 TRANSMISSION PLANNING 2 1.2.1
OBJECTIVE 2 1.2.2 PLANNING STAGES 2 1.2.3 PLANNING ASPECTS REGARDING
TRANSMISSION LINES 3 1.3 PLANNING METHODS 3 1.3.1 DATA ACQUISITION AND
PREPARATION 3 1.3.2 FORMULATION AND PRESELECTION OF ALTERNATIVES 4 1.3.3
ELECTRICAL STUDIES 4 1.3.4 ECONOMIC STUDIES AND FINAL EVALUATION 4 1.4
PLANNING CRITERIA 4 1.4.1 GENERAL 4 1.4.2 CRITERIA FOR STEADY-STATE
CONDITIONS 5 1.4.3 CRITERIA FOR TEMPORARY AND TRANSIENT CONDITIONS 5 1.5
EVOLUTION AND SELECTION OF VOLTAGE LEVELS 5 1.5.1 EVOLUTION OF
TRANSMISSION VOLTAGES 5 1.5.2 INTRODUCTION OF TRANSMISSION VOLTAGES 6
1.6 CONDUCTOR SELECTION 8 1.7 SELECTION OF LINE CONFIGURATION 9 1.8
DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION 12 1.8.1 ASPECTS OF DC TRANSMISSION
COMPONENTS 12 1.8.2 ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF DC AND AC LINES 12 1.8.3
TECHNICAL COMPARISON OF AC AND DC TRANSMISSION 13 1.8.4 PRACTICAL USE OF
DC TRANSMISSION 13 1.9 TRANSMISSION WITH HIGHER ORDER PHASE LINES 14
1.9.1 OPTIONS 14 1.9.2 PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLE-PHASE SYSTEMS 15 1.9.3
PRESENT EXPERIENCE 15 1.10 INVESTMENTS 16 1.11 LICENCES AND PERMIT
PROCEDURES 17 1.12 UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION VERSUS OVERHEAD LINES 18
1.12.1 APPLICATION AND PLANNING ASPECTS 18 1.12.2 ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSTRAINTS 19 1.12.3 TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS 19 1.12.4 COMPARATIVE
INVESTMENTS 19 1.12.5 PERSPECTIVES 20 1.13 RESULTS OF OVERALL PLANNING
21 1.14 REFERENCES 22 2 ELECTRIC REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN 25 2.0 SYMBOLS
25 2.1 OVERHEAD LINES AS COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC SYSTEMS 28 2.1.1 SURGE
IMPEDANCE AND SURGE IMPEDANCE LOAD (NATURAL POWER) 28 2.1.2 STABILITY 29
2.1.3 VOLTAGE REGULATION AND MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LOSSES 30 XII CONTENTS
2.1.4 CAPABILITY OF A LINE 30 2.1.5 RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY 30
2.1.6 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION 31 2.1.7 POWER TRANSMITTED VERSUS
RIGHT-OF-WAY WIDTH 32 2.2 CURRENT-RELATED PHENOMENA 32 2.2.1 NORMAL AND
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS 32 2.2.2 OHMIC LOSSES 32 2.2.3 SHORT CIRCUIT
CONDITION 33 2.3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT-RELATED PHENOMENA 33 2.3.1
INTRODUCTION 33 2.3.2 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 33 2.3.2.1 EFFECTS
ON HUMANS AND ANIMALS 33 2.3.2.2 EFFECTS ON ELECTRONIC DEVICES 36 2.3.3
CORONA PHENOMENA AND RELATED EFFECTS 36 2.3.3.1 GENERAL 36 2.3.3.2
CALCULATION OF VOLTAGE GRADIENTS ON INDIVIDUAL CONDUCTORS 36 2.3.3.3
CALCULATION OF VOLTAGE GRADIENT BY APPROXIMATE FORMULAE 37 2.3.3.4 RADIO
NOISE OR RADIO INTERFERENCE (RI) 39 2.3.4 AUDIBLE NOISE (AN) 40 2.3.5
IMPACT OF LINE DESIGN ON VOLTAGE- AND CURRENT-DEPENDING PHENOMENA . . 42
2.4 LINE PERFORMANCE AND INSULATION REQUIREMENTS 43 2.4.1 INTRODUCTION
43 2.4.2 POWER FREQUENCY VOLTAGES AND TEMPORARY OVERVOLTAGES 43 2.4.3
SLOW-FRONT OVERVOLTAGES 46 2.4.4 FAST-FRONT OVERVOLTAGES 46 2.4.5
PRINCIPLES OF INSULATION COORDINATION 46 2.4.5.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 46
2.4.5.2 INSULATION DESIGN FOR PERMANENT POWER FREQUENCY VOLTAGES 47
2.4.5.3 INSULATION DESIGN FOR SLOW-FRONT OVERVOLTAGES 47 2.4.5.4
INSULATION DESIGN FOR FAST-FRONT OVERVOLTAGE 50 2.4.6 LIVE-LINE
MAINTENANCE 51 2.5 CLEARANCES 51 2.5.1 CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS 51 2.5.1.1
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES 51 2.5.1.2 CALCULATION OF ELECTRICAL
CLEARANCES 52 2.5.1.2.1 REQUIRED WITHSTAND VOLTAGES OF AIR GAPS 52
2.5.1.2.2 VOLTAGES TO BE CONSIDERED 54 2.5.1.2.3 SUMMARY OF FORMULAE FOR
ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES 56 2.5.1.3 EMPIRICAL DATA FOR CLEARANCES 57 2.5.2
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CLEARANCES 58 2.5.2.1 INTRODUCTION 58 2.5.2.2
DESIGN PRINCIPLES 58 2.5.2.3 LOAD CASES FOR THE CALCULATION OF
CLEARANCES 59 2.5.2.3.1 MAXIMUM CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE AT NO-WIND
CONDITION 59 2.5.2.3.2 ICE LOAD WITHOUT WIND 59 2.5.2.3.3 WIND LOAD
ASSUMPTIONS 60 2.5.2.4 INSULATOR AND CONDUCTOR POSITION UNDER WIND
ACTION 61 2.5.2.4.1 DEFINITION OF WIND ACTION 61 2.5.2.4.2 CALCULATION
OF SWING ANGLE 63 2.5.2.4.3 TIME DISTRIBUTION OF SWING ANGLES 64
2.5.2.4.4 DETERMINATION OF SWING ANGLES BY MEASUREMENTS 65 2.5.2.4.5
CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR POSITION ACCORDING TO STANDARDS .... 65 CONTENTS
XIII 2.5.2.5 MIDSPAN CLEARANCES 65 2.5.2.6 MINIMUM CLEARANCES WITHIN A
SPAN OR AT A TOWER 67 2.5.2.7 CLEARANCES TO GROUND AND OBSTACLES 67
2.5.2.8 EXAMPLES 67 2.5.2.8.1 ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES FOR A 110 KV
OVERHEAD LINE 67 2.5.2.8.2 ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES FOR A 380 KV OVERHEAD
LINE 69 2.5.2.8.3 ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES FOR A 500 KV OVERHEAD LINE 70
2.5.2.8.4 CLEARANCES TO OBSTACLES FOR LINE DESIGN, EMPIRICAL APPROACH
... 71 2.5.2.8.5 TIME DISTRIBUTION OF SWING ANGLES 72 2.5.2.8.6 TOWER
TOP GEOMETRY ACCORDING TO STATISTIC CONSIDERATIONS .... 73 2.5.2.8.7
TOWER TOP GEOMETRY ACCORDING TO EUROPEAN STANDARDS 74 2.5.2.8.8 TOWER
TOP GEOMETRY ACCORDING TO BRAZILIAN PRACTICE 74 2.6 REFERENCES 75 3
ELECTRIC PARAMETERS 79 3.0 SYMBOLS 79 3.1 INTRODUCTION 80 3.2 RESISTANCE
81 3.3 POSITIVE-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE 81 3.3.1 INTRODUCTION 81 3.3.2
INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTIVE REACTANCE 82 3.4 ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE 85
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 85 3.4.2 SIMPLIFIED APPROACH FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES 85 3.5 CAPACITANCE AND CAPACITIVE REACTANCE 88
3.5.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 88 3.5.2 SINGLE-CIRCUIT LINES 89 3.5.3
DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINES 90 3.6 ADMITTANCE 91 3.7 ELECTRIC REPRESENTATION OF
LINES 92 3.7.1 GOALS AND BASIC CONDITIONS 92 3.7.2 SHORT- AND
MEDIUM-LENGTH LINES 92 3.7.3 LONG-LENGTH TRANSMISSION LINES 93 3.7.3.1
REPRESENTATION BY EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 93 3.7.3.2 REPRESENTATION BY
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 94 3.7.3.3 THE EQUIVALENT II-CIRCUIT OF A LONG LINE
95 3.8 REFERENCES 97 4 LIGHTNING PROTECTION 99 4.0 SYMBOLS 99 4.1
SIGNIFICANCE OF LIGHTNING 99 4.2 FORMATION OF LIGHTNING STROKES 100
4.2.1 MECHANISM OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE 100 4.2.2 IMPULSE BEHAVIOUR OF
LIGHTNING DISCHARGES 100 4.2.3 ELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DISCHARGES 101 4.3 FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF LIGHTNING STROKES 102
4.3.1 KERAUNIC LEVELS AND EARTH FLASH DENSITY 102 4.3.2 MAGNITUDE OF
LIGHTNING STROKE CURRENTS 104 4.3.3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT LIGHTNING
STROKES 105 4.4 ARRANGEMENT AND EFFICIENCY OF EARTH WIRES 106 4.4.1
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 106 4.4.2 EFFECTIVE SHIELDING BY EARTH WIRES 107
XIV CONTENTS 4.4.3 SURGE ARRESTERS 110 4.4.4 ASSESSMENT OF LIGHTNING
PERFORMANCE OF OVERHEAD LINES 110 4.5 EARTHING IN VIEW OF LIGHTNING
PROTECTION 110 4.5.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF EARTHING FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION
110 4.5.2 SURGE IMPEDANCE OF EARTHING SYSTEMS ILL 4.6 REFERENCES 112 5
EARTHING 115 5.0 SYMBOLS 115 5.1 PURPOSE OF EARTHING 116 5.2 DEFINITIONS
AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 117 5.3 REQUIREMENTS 118 5.3.1 STANDARDS 118 5.3.2
SAFETY OF PERSONS 118 5.3.3 THERMAL SHORT-CIRCUIT STRENGTH 119 5.3.4
MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND CORROSION RESISTANCE 119 5.3.5 CURRENTS TO BE
CONSIDERED 120 5.4 EARTHING FOR PERSONAL SAFETY PURPOSES 121 5.5
OPERATIONAL EARTHING 124 5.6 LIGHTNING PROTECTION EARTHING 124 5.7
RATING FOR SHORT-TERM CURRENTS 125 5.8 SOIL RESISTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY
125 5.9 CALCULATION OF EARTHING RESISTANCE 126 5.9.1 SPHERICAL ELECTRODE
126 5.9.2 EARTHING RODS 127 5.9.3 HORIZONTALLY ARRANGED ELECTRODE WIRES
(COUNTERPOISES) 129 5.10 MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL RESISTIVITY 130 5.10.1
BASIC PRINCIPLES 130 5.10.2 MEASURING METHODS 131 5.11 MEASUREMENT OF
EARTHING RESISTANCE 132 5.12 EARTHING RESISTANCE IN NON-HOMOGENEOUS
SOILS 135 5.12.1 SOIL RESISTIVITY IN A TWO-LAYER SOIL STRUCTURE 135
5.12.2 COMPUTATION OF EARTHING RESISTANCE IN A TWO-LAYER SOIL STRUCTURE
.... 136 5.12.3 COMPUTATION OF EARTHING RESISTANCE BY MEANS OF THE
APPARENT RESISTIVITY 138 5.12.4 COMPUTATION OF EARTHING RESISTANCE OF
THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES . . 138 5.12.5 EXAMPLE FOR COMPUTATION OF
EARTHING RESISTANCE 139 5.13 PRACTICAL RULES FOR INSTALLATION OF
EARTHING SYSTEMS 139 5.13.1 RADIAL AND RING-TYPE EARTHING COUNTERPOISES
139 5.13.2 VERTICALLY OR OBLIQUELY DRIVEN EARTHING RODS 140 5.13.3
BONDING BETWEEN EARTHING ELECTRODES 140 5.13.4 EARTHING CONNECTIONS 140
5.14 REFERENCES 140 6 REQUIREMENTS ON LOADING AND STRENGTH 143 6.0
SYMBOLS 143 6.1 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE OVERHEAD LINE SYSTEM 145 6.1.1
COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF AN OVERHEAD LINE 145 6.1.2 RELIABILITY 145
6.1.3 CALCULATION OF RELIABILITY 146 6.1.4 STRENGTH COORDINATION AND
SELECTION OF RELIABILITY 150 6.1.5 EFFECT OF MAXIMUM LOAD INTENSITY ON A
HIGH NUMBER OF COMPONENTS . . 152 6.1.6 USE FACTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON THE
DESIGN 154 CONTENTS XV 6.2 STRENGTHS OF LINE COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS 156
6.2.1 STRENGTH LIMITS 156 6.2.2 RATING OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS AND
ELEMENTS 157 6.2.3 DAMAGE AND FAILURE LIMITS 158 6.3 WIND LOADS 158
6.3.1 WIND MEASUREMENTS 158 6.3.2 DETERMINATION OF METEOROLOGICAL
REFERENCE WIND VELOCITIES 159 6.3.2.1 EVALUATION OF WIND MEASUREMENTS
159 6.3.2.2 EFFECT OF THE TERRAIN ROUGHNESS 162 6.3.2.3 VARIATION OF
REFERENCE WIND VELOCITY WITH HEIGHT 163 6.3.3 WIND ACTION ON LINE
COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS 163 6.4 ICE LOADS 165 6.4.1 ATMOSPHERIC ICING
165 6.4.2 ICE OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS 167 6.4.3 DETERMINATION OF
REFERENCE ICE LOADS 168 6.4.3.1 BASIC RELATIONS 168 6.4.3.2 EVALUATION
OF ICE LOAD INFORMATION 168 6.4.3.3 REFERENCE ICE LOAD 168 6.4.3.4
LOADING OF SUPPORTS AND LOAD CASES 169 6.5 COMBINED WIND AND ICE LOADS
169 6.5.1 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE AND COMBINATION OF PARAMETERS 169
6.5.2 DETERMINATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS 170 6.5.2.1 ICE LOAD 170
6.5.2.2 WIND LOAD 170 6.5.2.3 EFFECTIVE DRAG FACTORS AND ICE DENSITIES
171 6.5.3 WIND ACTION ON THE ICE COVERED CONDUCTOR 171 6.6 CLIMATIC
LOADS ACCORDING TO RELEVANT STANDARDS 172 6.6.1 STANDARDS FOR OVERHEAD
POWER LINES 172 6.6.2 WIND LOADS 172 6.6.2.1 WIND LOAD MODEL ACCORDING
TO IEC 60 826 172 6.6.2.2 WIND MODEL ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 50 341-1 ... 174 6.6.2.3 WIND MODELS ACCORDING TO EN 50 341-3 176
6.6.2.4 COMPARISON OF WIND LOAD MODELS WITH MEASUREMENTS 179 6.6.3 ICE
LOADS 181 6.6.3.1 ICE LOAD MODEL ACCORDING TO IEC 60 826 181 6.6.3.2 ICE
LOAD MODEL ACCORDING TO EN 50 341-1 182 6.6.3.3 ICE LOAD MODEL ACCORDING
TO EN 50 341-3 183 6.6.4 COMBINED WIND AND ICE ACTION 183 6.6.4.1 MODEL
ACCORDING TO IEC 60 826 183 6.6.4.2 MODEL ACCORDING TO EN 50 341-1 184
6.6.4.3 COMBINED WIND AND ICE ACTION ACCORDING TO EN 50 341-3 184 6.7
LOADS AT CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 185 6.7.1 INTRODUCTION
185 6.7.2 REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO IEC 60 826 186 6.7.3 REQUIREMENTS
ACCORDING TO EN 50 341-1 AND EN 50 341-3 186 6.8 FAILURE CONTAINMENT AND
OTHER SPECIAL LOADS 187 6.8.1 INTRODUCTION 187 6.8.2 PROVISIONS
ACCORDING TO IEC 60 826 187 6.8.3 PROVISIONS ACCORDING TO EN 50 341-1
187 6.9 STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS 188 6.9.1 INTRODUCTION 188 6.9.2
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION (GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION) 188 XVI CONTENTS 6.9.3
LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 190 6.9.4 GUMBEL DISTRIBUTION 190 6.10
REFERENCES 192 7 SELECTION OF CONDUCTORS 195 7.0 SYMBOLS 195 7.1
CONDUCTOR TYPES AND DESIGN 196 7.1.1 INTRODUCTION 196 7.1.2 CONDUCTOR
DESIGNATION 198 7.1.3 PROGRESS IN TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT 198 7.1.4
MATERIALS 200 7.1.4.1 ALUMINIUM 200 7.1.4.2 ALUMINIUM-MAGNESIUM-SILICON
ALLOYS 201 7.1.4.3 STEEL WIRES 202 7.1.4.4 ALUMINIUM-CLAD STEEL WIRES
202 7.1.4.5 COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS 202 7.1.4.6 THERMAL RESISTANT
ALUMINIUM ALLOYS 202 7.1.5 WIRE TESTING 203 7.1.5.1 INTRODUCTION 203
7.1.5.2 DIMENSIONS AND SURFACES 203 7.1.5.3 TESTING THE TENSILE STRENGTH
203 7.1.5.4 WRAPPING AND TWISTING TEST 204 7.1.5.5 TESTING ZINC MASS,
CLADDING THICKNESS AND UNIFORMITY 204 7.1.5.6 TESTING RESISTIVITY 204
7.1.6 CONDUCTORS MADE OF WIRES WITH THE SAME MATERIAL 204 7.1.6.1 ALL
ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS 204 7.1.6.2 ALL ALUMINIUM ALLOY CONDUCTORS 205
7.1.6.3 ALUMINIUM-CLAD STEEL CONDUCTORS 206 7.1.6.4 COPPER, COPPER ALLOY
AND STEEL CONDUCTORS 206 7.1.7 COMPOSITE CONDUCTORS 206 7.1.7.1
CONFIGURATION AND DESIGN 206 7.1.7.2 CHARACTERISTIC DATA 208 7.1.7.3
PRODUCTION 211 7.1.7.4 JOINTS 212 7.1.7.5 SHIPMENT 213 7.1.8 CONDUCTOR
TESTING 213 7.1.8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF TESTS 213 7.1.8.2 EXTENT OF SAMPLE
TESTS 213 7.1.8.3 SURFACE CONDITION, DIMENSIONS, INERTNESS AND MASS 214
7.1.8.4 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM 214 7.1.8.5 TENSILE BREAKING STRENGTH 215
7.1.8.6 TEST OF CREEP BEHAVIOUR 216 7.1.8.7 TESTING THE TENSION
STRINGING ABILITY OF CONDUCTORS 216 7.1.9 BUNDLE CONDUCTORS 217 7.1.10
SPECIAL CONDUCTOR DESIGNS 218 7.1.10.1 NON-STANDARDIZED CONDUCTORS MADE
OF ROUND WIRES 218 7.1.10.2 CONDUCTORS FOR INCREASED OPERATION
TEMPERATURE 219 7.1.10.3 CONDUCTORS WITH ENLARGED DIAMETERS 220 7.1.10.4
CONDUCTORS WITH SMOOTH SURFACES 221 7.1.10.5 COMPACTED CONDUCTORS 221
7.1.10.6 SELF-DAMPING CONDUCTORS 221 7.1.10.7 VIBRATION RESISTANT
CONDUCTORS 222 CONTENTS XVII 7.1.10.8 LOW NOISE CONDUCTORS 222 7.1.10.9
CONDUCTORS WITH TREATED SURFACES 223 7.2 DESIGN WITH REGARD TO CURRENT
LOADING 223 7.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND REQUIREMENTS 223 7.2.2 PRINCIPLES FOR
DETERMINATION OF CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE 224 7.2.3 DESIGN WITH REGARD TO
CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY 225 7.2.4 DESIGN WITH REGARD TO SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENT 228 7.2.5 DESIGN BASED ON ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 228 7.2.6 LINE
CAPACITY AS A FUNCTION OF THE WEATHER CONDITIONS 231 7.3 DESIGN WITH
REGARD TO STRESSES CAUSED BY VOLTAGES 232 7.3.1 INTRODUCTION AND
REQUIREMENTS 232 7.3.2 DESIGN WITH RESPECT TO THE ELECTRIC PARAMETERS
232 7.3.3 DESIGN WITH RESPECT TO CONDUCTOR SURFACE GRADIENTS AND CORONA
EFFECTS . 234 7.3.4 CORONA LOSSES 234 7.4 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF
CONDUCTORS 234 7.4.1 INTRODUCTION AND REQUIREMENTS 234 7.4.2 STRESSES
UNDER EXTREME LOAD CONDITIONS 235 7.4.3 STRESSES UNDER EVERYDAY
CONDITIONS 236 7.4.4 IMPACT OF THE CONDUCTOR TENSILE LOAD ON LINE
INVESTMENT 237 7.4.5 CONDUCTOR CREEP 238 7.4.6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
SELECTION OF CONDUCTOR TENSILE STRESSES 238 7.5 REFERENCES 238 8 EARTH
WIRE SELECTION 243 8.0 SYMBOLS 243 8.1 TYPES OF EARTH WIRES 243 8.2
ELECTRIC AND THERMAL DESIGN 244 8.2.1 REQUIREMENTS 244 8.2.2 EARTH WIRE
DESIGN UNDER SHORT-CIRCUIT CONDITIONS 244 8.2.3 TEMPERATURE LIMITS OF
EARTH WIRES IN CASE OF SHORT CIRCUITS 247 8.2.4 FAULT CLEARING AND
RECLOSING OPERATIONS 247 8.2.5 EXAMPLES OF EARTH WIRE CURRENT CARRYING
CAPACITY IN CASE OF SHORT CIRCUITS248 8.3 MECHANICAL DESIGN 250 8.3.1
LOSS OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH DURING HEATING PROCESS 250 8.3.2
ESTABLISHING TENSILE STRESSES AND FORCES 251 8.4 STEPS FOR SELECTION OF
CONVENTIONAL EARTH WIRES 251 8.5 EARTH WIRES COMPRISING OPTICAL FIBRES
(OPGW) 252 8.5.1 GENERALITIES AND DESIGN 252 8.5.2 INSTALLATION
CONDITIONS 254 8.5.3 ACCESSORIES 254 8.5.4 TESTS 255 8.6 REFERENCES 255
9 INSULATORS 257 9.0 SYMBOLS 257 9.1 INTRODUCTION 257 9.2 CERAMIC
INSULATORS 258 9.2.1 INSULATOR TYPES AND THEIR APPLICATION 258 9.2.2 RAW
MATERIALS 262 9.2.3 PRODUCTION 263 9.3 GLASS INSULATORS 265 9.3.1 RAW
MATERIALS AND PRODUCTION 265 XVIII CONTENTS 9.3.2 INSULATOR TYPES AND
APPLICATION 266 9.4 COMPOSITE INSULATORS 267 9.4.1 RAW MATERIALS, DESIGN
AND PRODUCTION 267 9.4.2 TYPES OF COMPOSITE INSULATORS AND THEIR
APPLICATION 268 9.5 COMPARISON OF INSULATOR TYPES 269 9.6 TESTS ON
INSULATOR UNITS 271 9.6.1 BASIC INFORMATION 271 9.6.2 TESTS ON CERAMIC
AND GLASS INSULATORS 271 9.6.2.1 TYPE TESTS 271 9.6.2.2 SAMPLE TESTS 273
9.6.2.3 ROUTINE TESTS 275 9.6.3 TESTS ON COMPOSITE INSULATORS 276
9.6.3.1 BASIC INFORMATION 276 9.6.3.2 TEST OF THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND
TYPE TEST 276 9.6.3.3 SAMPLE AND ROUTINE TESTS 277 9.7 DESIGN OF
INSULATOR SETS 278 9.7.1 SUSPENSION INSULATOR SETS 278 9.7.2 TENSION
INSULATOR SETS 281 9.8 REQUIREMENTS FOR INSULATOR SETS 281 9.8.1
ELECTRIC REQUIREMENTS FOR AC LINES 281 9.8.2 PARTICULARITIES FOR DC
LINES 284 9.8.3 AUDIBLE NOISE (AN) PERFORMANCE 286 9.8.4 MECHANICAL
DESIGN 287 9.9 OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF INSULATOR STRINGS 287 9.9.1
INTRODUCTION 287 9.9.2 VOLTAGE STRESSES 288 9.9.3 BEHAVIOUR OF
INDIVIDUAL INSULATOR TYPES 290 9.9.4 BEHAVIOUR UNDER POLLUTION LAYERS
292 9.9.4.1 FORMATION OF POLLUTION LAYERS 292 9.9.4.2 SIMULATION OF
POLLUTION LAYERS 292 9.9.4.3 POLLUTION LEVELS 293 9.9.4.4 ASSESSMENT OF
POLLUTION LEVELS BY MEANS OF LOCAL MEASUREMENTS . . . 293 9.9.4.5
MEASURES TO MAINTAIN INSULATION CAPACITY 294 9.10 TESTING OF INSULATOR
SETS 295 9.10.1 BASIC INFORMATION AND ASSUMPTIONS 295 9.10.2 STANDARD
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS 295 9.10.3 ARTIFICIAL RAIN 295 9.10.4 TESTING
ARRANGEMENTS 295 9.10.5 POWER FREQUENCY VOLTAGE TEST 296 9.10.6
FAST-FRONT AND SLOW-FRONT OVERVOLTAGE TESTS 296 9.10.7 POWER ARC
BEHAVIOUR 296 9.10.8 RADIO INTERFERENCE STRENGTH TEST 296 9.10.9 CORONA
ONSET OR EXTINCTION VOLTAGE TEST 297 9.11 EXAMPLE FOR INSULATOR
SELECTION 297 9.12 REFERENCES 300 10 OVERHEAD LINE FITTINGS 305 10.1
DEFINITIONS 305 10.2 FITTINGS FOR CONDUCTORS 305 10.2.1 CONDUCTOR
ATTACHMENT AT SUSPENSION INSULATOR SETS 305 10.2.2 CONDUCTOR ATTACHMENTS
AT DEAD-END TERMINATIONS 308 10.2.3 TURN BUCKLES 309 CONTENTS XIX 10.2.4
CONNECTORS 309 10.2.5 SPACERS FOR BUNDLE CONDUCTORS 310 10.2.6 VIBRATION
DAMPERS FOR SINGLE CONDUCTORS 311 10.2.7 SPACER DAMPERS FOR BUNDLE
CONDUCTORS 312 10.3 FITTINGS FOR INSULATOR SETS 313 10.4 RATING AND
TESTS 313 10.4.1 GENERA L 313 10.4.2 ELECTRIC REQUIREMENTS 313 10.4.3
MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS 314 10.4.4 CORROSION PROTECTION 315 10.4.5
SELECTION OF MATERIAL 316 10.4.6 TESTS 316 10.5 REFERENCES 317 11
CONDUCTOR VIBRATIONS 321 11.0 SYMBOLS 321 11.1 OVERVIEW AND TYPES OF
VIBRATION 322 11.2 AEOLIAN VIBRATIONS 323 11.2.1 BASIC PHYSICAL ASPECTS,
MATHEMATIC-MECHANIC MODEL OF A LINE 323 11.2.2 CONDUCTOR FREE-SPAN
AMPLITUDE 325 11.2.3 CONDUCTOR STRAINS AND STRESSES 327 11.2.4 BENDING
STIFFNESS OF A CONDUCTOR 327 11.2.5 ORIGIN OF VIBRATIONS 328 11.2.6
CONSEQUENCES OF VIBRATIONS 329 11.2.7 CONSEQUENCES FOR LINE DESIGN 332
11.2.8 VERIFICATION OF VIBRATION INTENSITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF DAMPING
MEASURES 336 11.2.9 EVALUATION OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS 338 11.3
SUBSPAN OSCILLATIONS 340 11.3.1 ORIGIN AND CONSEQUENCES 340 11.3.2
REMEDY MEASURES 341 11.4 GALLOPING 341 11.4.1 ORIGIN AND CONSEQUENCES
341 11.4.2 REMEDY MEASURES 343 11.5 SHORT-CIRCUI T OSCILLATIONS 344
11.5.1 ORIGIN AND CONSEQUENCES 344 11.5.2 REMEDY MEASURES 344 11.6
REFERENCES 345 12 SUPPORTS 349 12.0 SYMBOLS 349 12.1 SUPPORT TYPES AND
THEIR APPLICATIONS 354 12.1.1 DEFINITIONS 354 12.1.2 TASKS OF SUPPORTS
IN AN OVERHEAD LINE 354 12.1.2.1 SUSPENSION SUPPORTS 354 12.1.2.2 ANGLE
SUSPENSION SUPPORTS 355 12.1.2.3 ANGLE SUPPORTS 355 12.1.2.4 STRAIN AND
ANGLE-STRAIN SUPPORTS 355 12.1.2.5 DEAD-END SUPPORTS 356 12.1.2.6
SPECIAL SUPPORTS 356 12.1.3 SUPPORT DESIGN AND APPLICATION 356 12.1.3.1
SELECTION OF SUPPORT DESIGN 356 12.1.3.2 SELF-SUPPORTING LATTICE STEEL
TOWERS 357 XX CONTENTS 12.1.3.3 SELF-SUPPORTING STEEL POLES 358 12.1.3.4
STEEL-REINFORCED CONCRETE POLES 359 12.1.3.5 WOOD POLES 360 12.1.3.6
GUYED SUPPORTS 360 12.1.3.7 CROSSARMLESS SUPPORTS 360 12.2 TOWER TOP
GEOMETRY 361 12.2.1 REQUIREMENTS 361 12.2.2 ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
ACCORDING TO RELEVANT STANDARDS 361 12.2.3 CLEARANCE BETWEEN CONDUCTORS
361 12.2.3.1 EQUAL CROSS SECTIONS, ALIKE MATERIALS AND EQUAL SAGS OF
CONDUCTORS . 361 12.2.3.2 CONDUCTORS WITH DIFFERENT CROSS SECTIONS,
MATERIALS OR SAGS 364 12.2.4 CLEARANCES AT SUPPORTS 365 12.3 BASIC
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 367 12.3.1 INTRODUCTION 367 12.3.2 STATIC DESIGN 367
12.3.3 DESIGN VALUES AND VERIFICATION METHODS 368 12.4 LOAD CASES AND
PARTIAL FACTORS 369 12.4.1 COMBINATION OF LOADS 369 12.4.2 EXTREME WIND
LOAD 370 12.4.3 WIND LOAD AT MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 371 12.4.4 UNIFORM AND
UNBALANCED ICE LOADS WITHOUT WIND 371 12.4.5 COMBINED WIND AND ICE LOAD
372 12.4.6 CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE LOADS 372 12.4.7 SECURITY LOADS
373 12.4.8 PARTIAL FACTORS FOR ACTIONS ON SUPPORTS 373 12.4.9 PARTIAL
FACTORS FOR MATERIALS 374 12.5 LATTICE STEEL TOWERS 374 12.5.1
STRUCTURAL DESIGN 374 12.5.1.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MEMBERS 374 12.5.1.2
CONNECTIONS 376 12.5.1.3 WALKWAYS 377 12.5.1.4 PRODUCTION 378 12.5.1.5
CORROSION PROTECTION 378 12.5.2 MATERIALS 379 12.5.2.1 MATERIALS FOR
ANGLE SECTIONS AND PLATES 379 12.5.2.2 MATERIAL FOR BOLTS 379 12.5.3
ANALYSIS OF MEMBER FORCES 380 12.5.4 CALCULATION OF THE MEMBER FORCES AT
A PLANE SYSTEM 381 12.5.4.1 BASIC PROCEDURE 381 12.5.4.2 FORCES IN THE
LEG MEMBERS 381 12.5.4.3 FORCES IN BRACINGS, LOADED BY HORIZONTAL FORCES
382 12.5.4.4 FORCES IN BRACINGS, LOADED BY ASYMMETRICAL VERTICAL FORCES
383 12.5.4.5 FORCES IN BRACINGS, LOADED BY TORSIONAL MOMENTS 383
12.5.4.6 TOTAL FORCES IN BRACINGS 384 12.5.4.7 FORCES IN HORIZONTAL
MEMBERS AT TOWER WAIST 384 12.5.4.8 FORCES IN HORIZONTAL BRACINGS WITHIN
THE TOWER BODY 385 12.5.4.9 FORCES IN LEG EXTENSIONS 385 12.5.4.10
FORCES IN CROSSARM MEMBERS 386 12.5.5 ANALYSIS OF MEMBER FORCES AT A
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM 387 12.5.5.1 BASIC APPROACH OF THE FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD 387 12.5.5.2 APPLICATION TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRUSS
STRUCTURE SYSTEMS 395 12.5.6 COMPARISON OF COMPUTATIONS AT PLANE AND
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS . 396 CONTENTS XXI 12.5.7 GENERAL FORMAT OF
VERIFICATION OF MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS 398 12.5.8 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION
MEMBERS 399 12.5.8.1 EFFECTIVE CROSS SECTION PROPERTIES FOR COMPRESSION
MEMBERS 399 12.5.8.2 FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF AXIALLY COMPRESSED MEMBERS 399
12.5.8.3 FLEXURAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF CENTRALLY COMPRESSED MEMBERS
.... 406 12.5.8.4 BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCES 408 12.5.9 DESIGN
OF COMPOUND MEMBERS 408 L2.5.9.1 MEMBER CONNECTED BY BATTEN PLATES 408
L2.5.9.2 LACED BOX-TYPE MEMBERS 410 12.5.10 DESIGN OF TENSILE-LOADED
MEMBERS 413 L2.5.10.1 MEMBERS AXIALLY LOADED IN TENSION 413 L2.5.10.2
AXIAL TENSILE FORCE AND BENDING 415 12.5.11 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS 415
12.5.12 DESIGN FOR BENDING DUE TO TRANSVERSE LOADS 417 12.5.13 DESIGN OF
REDUNDANT MEMBERS 417 12.5.14 DEFORMATION 418 12.5.15 CALCULATION OF
FOUNDATION LOADS 420 12.5.16 APPLICATION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR
CALCULATION OF LATTICE STEEL TOWERS 421 12.5.17 UPGRADING THE SUPPORT
STRENGTH 423 12.5.18 EXAMPLE: STATIC CALCULATION OF A 110 KV SUSPENSION
SUPPORT 425 12.5.19 EXAMPLE: CALCULATION GUY WIRE AND MAST LOADS IN A
GUYED-V TOWER . . 440 12.6 STEEL POLES 442 12.6.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 442
12.6.2 ANALYSIS OF LOADS 443 12.6.3 RATING 444 12.6.4 EXAMPLE FOR DESIGN
OF A CONICAL SOLID-WALL STEEL POLE 447 12.7 STEEL-REINFORCED CONCRETE
POLES 449 12.7.1 SELECTION OF CROSS SECTIONS 449 12.7.2 SPUN CONCRETE
POLES 449 12.7.3 VIBRATED CONCRETE POLES 451 12.7.4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
451 12.7.5 PRODUCTION 451 12.7.6 RATING 452 12.7.7 EXAMPLE FOR DESIGN OF
A SPUN CONCRETE POLE 455 12.7.7.1 BASIC DATA 455 12.7.7.2 CALCULATION OF
LOADS 455 12.7.7.3 VERIFICATION OF CROSS SECTIONS 457 12.8 WOOD POLES
459 12.8.1 APPLICATION AND DESIGN 459 12.8.2 RATING 460 12.8.3 TREATMENT
OF WOOD POLES 461 12.9 LOADING AND FAILING TESTS 461 12.9.1 INTRODUCTION
461 12.9.2 FOUNDATIONS FOR SUPPORT UNDER TEST 462 12.9.3 MATERIAL FOR
THE TOWER UNDER TEST 462 12.9.4 FABRICATION OF THE PROTOTYPE TOWER UNDER
TEST 463 12.9.5 STRAIN MEASUREMENTS 463 12.9.6 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION 463
12.9.7 TEST LOADS 463 12.9.8 LOAD APPLICATION 464 12.9.9 LOAD PROCEDURE
464 12.9.10 LOAD MEASUREMENT 464 XXII CONTENTS 12.9.11 DEFLECTIONS 464
12.9.12 ACCEPTANCE AND FAILURES 465 12.9.13 DESTRUCTION TEST 465 12.9.14
DISPOSITION OF TEST TOWER 465 12.9.15 TEST REPORT 465 12.10 REFERENCES
466 13 FOUNDATIONS 471 13.0 SYMBOLS 471 13.1 REQUIREMENTS AND
PRECONDITIONS 472 13.2 TYPES OF SUBSOILS 473 13.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF
SOIL 473 13.2.2 UNDISTURBED NATURAL SOIL 474 13.2.3 ROCK 475 13.2.4
FILLED-UP SOIL 475 13.3 SUBSOIL INVESTIGATION 475 13.3.1 PURPOSE OF
SUBSOIL INVESTIGATION 475 13.3.2 METHODS FOR OBTAINING SOIL SAMPLES 476
13.3.2.1 TYPE OF SAMPLES 476 13.3.2.2 TRIAL PITS 476 13.3.2.3
EXPLORATORY BORINGS 477 13.3.2.4 SOIL INVESTIGATION BY DRILLING PROBES
478 13.3.3 PROBES 478 13.3.3.1 TYPES OF PROBES 478 13.3.3.2 DRIVEN
PROBES 478 13.3.3.3 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST 480 13.3.3.4 VAN-TYPE
PROBES 480 13.3.3.5 COMPRESSION PROBES 480 13.3.4 EVALUATION OF SOIL
INVESTIGATION 481 13.3.4.1 CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOIL TYPES
481 13.3.4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ROCK 483 13.3.4.3 CONCRETE-AGGRESSIVE
WATER AND SOILS 485 13.3.4.4 BOREHOLE LOG 485 13.3.4.5 GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION 487 13.4 DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF FOUNDATIONS 488 13.4.1
TYPE OF FOUNDATION AND LOAD 488 13.4.2 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 489 13.4.3
COMPACT FOUNDATIONS 490 13.4.3.1 DEFINITION 490 13.4.3.2 MONOBLOCK
FOUNDATIONS 491 13.4.3.3 MONOBLOCK FOUNDATIONS WITHOUT BASE ENLARGEMENT
492 13.4.3.4 MONOBLOCK FOUNDATION WITH BASE ENLARGEMENT 494 13.4.3.5
SLAB FOUNDATIONS 495 13.4.3.6 SINGLE GRILLAGE FOUNDATION 499 13.4.3.7
SINGLE PILE FOUNDATIONS 499 13.4.3.8 FOUNDATION OF SELF-SUPPORTING
TIMBER POLES 502 13.4.4 SEPARATE FOUNDATIONS 502 13.4.4.1 DEFINITION 502
13.4.4.2 STEPPED BLOCK FOUNDATIONS 503 13.4.4.3 AUGER-BORED AND
EXCAVATED FOUNDATIONS 507 13.4.4.4 SEPARATE GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS 511
13.4.4.5 PILE FOUNDATIONS 512 CONTENTS XXIII 13.4.4.6 STEEL REINFORCED
PAD AND CHIMNEY FOUNDATION 519 13.4.4.7 FOUNDATIONS IN ROCK 521 13.4.5
ANCHORING OF LEG MEMBER STUBS 523 13.4.6 FOUNDATION FOR GUYED TOWERS 524
13.4.6.1 ACTING LOADS 524 13.4.6.2 CENTRAL FOOTINGS 524 13.4.6.3
FOUNDATIONS FOR GUY WIRES 525 13.4.6.4 FIELD TESTS 526 13.5 TESTING OF
FOUNDATIONS 527 13.5.1 DEFINITIONS AND OBJECT 527 13.5.2 CATEGORIES OF
TESTS 527 13.5.3 FOUNDATION INSTALLATION 528 13.5.4 TESTING EQUIPMENT
528 13.5.5 TESTING PROCEDURE 529 13.5.6 TEST EVALUATION AND ACCEPTANCE
CRITERIA 531 13.5.7 UPLIFT LOAD TESTS ON CONSTRUCTION AND TEST PILES 532
13.6 REFERENCES 534 14 SAG AND TENSION CALCULATIONS 539 14.0 SYMBOLS 539
14.1 BASIS 540 14.2 SAGS DESCRIBED BY THE CATENARY CURVE 540 14.3
CONDUCTOR SAGGING CURVE AS A PARABOLA 544 . 14.4 SPAN WITH DIFFERING
ATTACHMENT LEVELS 546 14.5 CONDUCTOR STATE CHANGE EQUATION 546 ; 14.6
SPAN WITH CONCENTRATED LOADS 549 14.7 SPAN WITH TENSION INSULATOR SETS
AT BOTH ENDS 551 14.8 CONDUCTOR FORCES AND SAGS IN A TENSIONING SECTION
553 14.8.1 INTRODUCTION 553 14.8.2 CONDUCTOR STATE IN SPANS WITH END
POINTS MOVABLE IN LINE DIRECTION . . 554 14.8.3 CONDUCTOR STRESSES AND
SAGS IN CASE OF INVERTED V-INSULATOR SETS .... 556 14.8.4 CONDUCTOR
STATE CHANGE EQUATION FOR A TENSIONING SECTION 557 14.8.5 COMPUTER
PROGRAM FOR CONDUCTOR STATE CHANGE IN A TENSIONING SECTION . 562 14.8.6
APPROXIMATE FORMULAE OF SAGS AT ICE LOAD IN ONE SPAN ONLY 562 14.9
CLEARANCES TO GROUND AND TO OBJECTS 563 14.9.1 REQUIREMENTS 563 14.9.2
CALCULATION OF CLEARANCE TO GROUND 564 14.9.3 CALCULATION OF THE
CLEARANCE TO A CROSSED ROAD 565 14.9.4 CALCULATION OF CLEARANCE TO A
CROSSED LINE 567 14.10 REFERENCES 570 15 ROUTE SELECTION AND DETAILED
LINE DESIGN 573 15.0 SYMBOLS 573 15.1 INTRODUCTION 573 15.1.1 BASIC
INFORMATION 573 15.1.2 PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES 574 *15.2 ROUTE SELECTION
AND LICENCES 575 15.2.1 INTRODUCTION 575 15.2.1.1 GENERAL ASPECTS AND
GUIDELINES 575 15.2.1.2 ALTERNATIVE LINE DESIGNS 577 15.2.1.3 CONVERSION
OF EXISTING LINES 577 15.2.1.4 UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION 577 XXIV
CONTENTS 15.2.2 REGULATORY CONTROLS AND PERMIT PROCEDURES 578 15.2.2.1
INTRODUCTION 578 15.2.2.2 PERMITS 578 15.2.2.3 REGULATIONS, APPROVALS
AND PROCEDURES 578 15.2.2.4 COMPENSATIONS 579 15.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENT 580 15.2.3.1 OUTLINE OF THE PROCESS 580 15.2.3.2
ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES 581 15.2.3.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL
SITUATION WITHOUT THE LINE PROJECT 581 15.2.3.4 REFERENCE ALTERNATIVE
583 15.2.3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF A NEW LINE 583 15.2.4 ROUTE
SELECTION AND LINE DESIGN IN VIEW OF VISUAL IMPACT 583 15.2.4.1
INTRODUCTION 583 15.2.4.2 CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES 584 15.2.4.3 ASSESSMENT
THROUGH QUALITATIVE METHODS 584 15.2.4.4 ASSESSMENT THROUGH QUANTITATIVE
METHODS 584 15.2.4.5 ROUTING FOR MINIMUM VISUAL IMPACT 585 15.2.4.6
VISUALIZATION OF NEW LINES 587 15.2.4.7 DESIGN OF COMPONENTS TO REDUCE
VISUAL IMPACT 588 15.2.5 ROUTE SELECTION IN VIEW OF PEOPLE 591 15.2.6
ROUTE SELECTION AND LINE DESIGN IN VIEW OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 591
15.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION 591 15.2.6.2 IMPACTS ON AVIFAUNA 591 15.2.6.3
IMPACTS ON WILD ANIMALS 592 15.2.6.4 IMPACTS ON VEGETATION 593 15.2.6.5
CONSERVATION AND WILDERNESS AREAS 593 15.2.7 ROUTE SELECTION IN VIEW OF
LAND USE 593 15.2.7.1 INTRODUCTION 593 15.2.7.2 AGRICULTURAL AREAS 593
15.2.7.3 FORESTRY 594 15.2.7.4 INDUSTRIAL AREAS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENTS 594 15.2.7.5 URBAN AREAS 595 15.3 SURVEY ON SITE 595 15.3.1
STEPS OF SURVEY 595 15.3.2 SURVEY PROCEDURES AND INSTRUMENTS ADOPTED 596
15.3.2.1 DIRECT SURVEY IN THE TERRAIN 596 15.3.2.2 INDIRECT LINE SURVEY
598 15.3.2.3 TERRAIN DATA BANKS 600 15.3.3 SURVEY OF ANGLE POINTS AND
LINE ALIGNMENT 600 15.3.4 SURVEY OF TERRAIN PROFILE 601 15.3.5 LOCATION
OF SUPPORTS 601 15.3.6 SURVEY OF EXISTING LINES 601 15.4 LINE DESIGN AND
ESTABLISHING OF PLANS 603 15.4.1 CLEARANCES 603 15.4.2 DETERMINATION OF
SUPPORT LOCATIONS, TOWER TYPES AND HEIGHTS 605 15.4.2.1 EVALUATION OF
THE PROFILE SURVEY 605 15.4.2.2 BASIS AND RELEVANT PARAMETERS 605
15.4.2.3 MANUAL TOWER SPOTTING 606 15.4.2.4 TOWER SPOTTING AND
OPTIMIZATION BY MEANS OF DATA PROCESSING . . . 607 15.4.3 DOCUMENTATION
OF LINES 610 15.5 DATA PROCESSING FOR LINE DESIGN AND ADMINISTRATION 611
15.5.1 DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS FOR PLANNING OF OVERHEAD LINES 611
CONTENTS XXV 15.5.2 ESTABLISHING THE LONGITUDINAL PROFILE 611 15.5.3
ESTABLISHING THE PLAN LAYOUT 614 15.5.4 GRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
WITH INTEGRATED DATA BANK 616 15.5.5 ADMINISTRATION OF PLANS, LISTS AND
DOCUMENTS 617 15.6 REFERENCES 617 16 CONSTRUCTION 621 16.0 SYMBOLS 621
16.1 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING 622 16.1.1 INTRODUCTION 622 16.1.2
CONSTRUCTION TIME SCHEDULE 622 16.1.3 MOBILISATION AND STOCKYARD 623
16.2 TRANSPORTATION 624 16.2.1 MEANS OF TRANSPORT 624 16.2.2 ACCESS
ROADS 625 16.2.3 FENCES, GATES AND CATTLE-GUARDS 625 16.3 CONSTRUCTION
OF FOUNDATIONS 625 16.3.1 INTRODUCTION 625 16.3.2 CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS
BLACK AND SLAB FOUNDATIONS 625 16.3.3 AUGERBORED FOUNDATIONS 626 16.3.4
DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS 627 16.3.4.1 COMMON RULES 627 16.3.4.2 STEEL
PILES 628 16.3.4.3 STEEL PILES GROUTED BY MORTAR 628 16.3.4.4 TESTING
629 J 16.3.5 GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS 629 16.3.6 ANCHOR FOUNDATIONS 630
16.3.7 CONCRETE FOR FOUNDATIONS 631 16.3.7.1 READY-MIXED AND SITE-MIXED
CONCRETE 631 16.3.7.2 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS 631 16.3.7.3 REQUIREMENTS ON
CONCRETE AND CONCRETE PROPERTIES 633 16.3.7.4 READY-MIXED CONCRETE 636
16.3.7.5 SITE-MIXED CONCRETE 636 16.3.7.6 HANDLING AND PLACING THE
CONCRETE 638 16.3.7.7 CURING THE CONCRETE 638 ; 16.3.7.8 METHODS FOR
VERIFICATION OF CONCRETE PROPERTIES 639 16.3.7.9 QUALITY SUPERVISION AND
QUALITY MANAGEMENT 639 JFFB.4 INSTALLATION OF EARTHING 640 18.5 SETTING
OF TOWER STUBS OR BASES 641 16.5.1 METHODS AND TOOLS 641 |T 16.5.2
INCLINATION OF ANGLE AND DEAD-END TOWERS 642 |$6.6 ERECTION OF SUPPORTS
645 H 16.6.1 INTRODUCTION 645 ?I 16.6.2 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION BY
ELEVATION 645 FI 16.6.3 TOWER ERECTION USING A CRANE 645 . 16.6.4 TOWER
ERECTION BY MEANS OF A GIN POLE 646 SS. 16.6.4.1 PROCEDURES 646 |I
16.6.4.2 ERECTION WITH A GIN POLE OUTSIDE THE TOWER 646 |T 16.6.4.3
ERECTION WITH GIN POLE IN THE TOWER CENTRE 647 16.6.4.4 ERECTION WITH A
GIN POLE IN THE TOWER AT A LEG MEMBER 648 & 16.6.5 ERECTION OF GUYED
TOWERS 648 16.6.5.1 HOISTING OF A CROSSARM USING A GIN POLE 648 XXVI
CONTENTS 16.6.6 TOWER ERECTION USING HELICOPTERS 649 16.6.6.1 MANUAL
METHOD 650 16.6.6.2 USE OF AN AUXILIARY MAST 650 16.6.6.3 ERECTION BY
CRANES 651 16.6.7 BOLTS AND TORQUES 652 16.7 INSTALLATION OF INSULATOR
SETS AND HARDWARE 653 16.7.1 INSULATOR SETS 653 16.7.2 JOINTS 653 16.8
CONDUCTOR STRINGING 653 16.8.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 653 16.8.2 STRINGING
METHODS 654 16.8.3 CONDUCTOR STRINGING EQUIPMENT 655 16.8.3.1
REQUIREMENTS 655 16.8.3.2 PULLING ROPES 655 16.8.3.3 ROPE CONNECTIONS
656 16.8.3.4 STRINGING BLOCKS 657 16.8.3.5 PULLER FOR CONDUCTOR
STRINGING 657 16.8.3.6 TENSIONER 659 16.8.3.7 REEL STANDS 660 16.8.4
CONDUCTOR STRINGING 660 16.8.4.1 PREPARATIONS 660 16.8.4.2 STRINGING
PROCEDURE 661 16.8.4.3 SAGGING THE CONDUCTORS 662 16.8.4.4 TERMINATING
THE CONDUCTORS 663 16.8.4.5 CLIPPING-IN OF CONDUCTORS 663 16.8.4.6
INSTALLATION OF JUMPER LOOPS 664 16.8.4.7 INSTALLATION OF DAMPERS AND
BUNDLE SPACERS 664 16.8.4.8 CONDUCTOR REPLACEMENT 664 16.8.4.9 STRINGING
CONDUCTORS WITH OPTICAL FIBRES 665 16.8.4.10 INSTALLATION OF CONDUCTORS
ADJACENT TO OR CROSSING ENERGIZED LINES . . 665 16.8.5 DETERMINATION OF
INITIAL SAGS 666 16.8.5.1 REQUIREMENTS 666 16.8.5.2 POSITION OF THE
CONDUCTOR ON STRINGING BLOCKS AND IN CLAMPS .... 666 16.8.5.3 IMPACT OF
CONDUCTOR CREEP 670 16.8.5.4 EXAMPLE: SAGGING DATA FOR AN OVERHEAD LINE
IN A MOUNTAINOUS AREA . 672 16.9 REFERENCES 673 17 COMMISSIONING,
OPERATION AND LINE MANAGEMENT 677 17.0 SYMBOLS 677 17.1 COMMISSIONING
677 17.1.1 INTRODUCTION 677 17.1.2 SUPERVISION OF APPROVAL, DESIGN AND
MANUFACTURING STAGE 678 17.1.3 SUPERVISION AND ACCEPTANCE OF
CONSTRUCTION 679 17.1.4 FINAL INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE 681 17.1.5
QUALITY ASSURANCE 682 17.1.6 PERFORMANCE TESTS 682 17.1.6.1 MEASUREMENTS
OF TOWER EARTHING RESISTANCE 682 17.1.6.2 POWER LOSSES AND ELECTRICAL
RESISTANCE OF CONDUCTORS 682 17.1.6.3 LINE ENERGIZATION TEST 684
17.1.6.4 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (EMF) 685 17.1.6.5 VIBRATION
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS 685 17.1.7 ENERGIZATION AND COMMENCE OF
OPERATION 686 CONTENTS XXVII ,17.2 OPERATIO N 686 17.2.1 REAL-TIME
MONITORING OF CONDUCTOR AMPACITY 686 17.2.1.1 TARGETS AND BENEFITS 686
17.2.1.2 DIRECT METHODS 687 17.2.1.3 INDIRECT METHODS 688 17.2.1.4
EXAMPLES AND EXPERIENCE 688 17.2.2 THUNDERSTORM MONITORING AND FORECAST
689 17.2.3 ICE OBSERVATIONS 690 17.2.4 GALLOPING ALERTING SYSTEM 691
17.2.5 INSULATOR CONTAMINATION AND PERFORMANCE 691 | JT.3 ASSET
MANAGEMENT 693 17.3.1 DEFINITIONS 693 17.3.2 INTRODUCTION AND TARGETS
694 17.3.3 RISK MANAGEMENT OF LINE ASSETS 694 17.3.4 NET PRESENT VALUE
OF ANNUAL EXPENDITURES 695 17.3.5 PLANNED EXPENDITURES 695 17.3.6 RISK
OF FAILURE 696 17.3.7 CONSEQUENCES OF A FAILURE 696 17.3.8 OVERHEAD LINE
ASSET MANAGEMENT PROCESS 697 - 17.3.9 DATA BASE 698 17.3.10 MANAGEMENT
OPTIONS 699 17.3.11 EXAMPLE ON MANAGEMENT OF RISK OF FAILURE 700
17.3.11.1 BASIC DATA 700 17.3.11.2 CALCULATION OF PLANNED EXPENDITURES
AND RISKS 700 17.3.11.3 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS AND ASSESSMENT 701 ?.4
MAINTENANCE 702 17.4.1 INTRODUCTION 702 17.4.2 INSPECTION 703
17.4.2.1 REASONS AND PROCEDURES FOR INSPECTIONS 703 17.4.2.2 INSPECTION
CLASSIFICATION AND FREQUENCY 704 17.4.2.3 FOUNDATIONS AND STUBS 706
17.4.2.4 SUPPORTS INCLUDING CORROSION PROTECTION 707 17.4.2.5 CONDUCTORS
708 17.4.2.6 JOINTS AND FITTINGS 711 17.4.2.7 INSULATORS 712 17.4.2.8
CLEARANCES 713 F 17.4.3 CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE 714 17.4.3.1 STRATEGY 714
17.4.3.2 REFURBISHMENT AND UPGRADING OF FOUNDATIONS 714 17.4.3.3 RENEWAL
OF COATING, REPLACEMENT OF TOWER COMPONENTS 714 17.4.3.4 REPAIR OF
CONDUCTORS 715 17.4.3.5 REPLACEMENT OF INSULATORS, FITTINGS, DAMPERS AND
SPACERS 715 17.4.3.5.1 TASKS AND PRIORITIES 715 17.4.3.5.2 DEAD-LINE
WORK 716 17.4.3.5.3 LIVE-LIN E WORK 716 17.4.3.6 CLEARING OF
RIGHT-OF-WAY, TRIMMING OF TREES 717 17.4.3.7 ACCESS ROADS 719 17.4.3.8
EARTHING 719 117.4.4 INVESTIGATION OF LINE FAILURES 719 17.4.4.1 GENERAL
719 17.4.4.2 CAUSES OF FAILURE 719 17.4.4.3 INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES 720
XXVIII CONTENTS 17.4.4.4 EXPERIENCE ON LINE FAILURES 721 17.5
RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY 723 17.5.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS 723
17.5.2 ENERGY AVAILABILITY, GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND GUIDELINES 725
17.5.2.1 AVAILABILITY 725 17.5.2.2 DETERMINATION OF ENERGY AVAILABILITY,
EXAMPLE 726 17.6 LINE REFURBISHMENT, UPGRADING AND UPRATING 727 17.6.1
DEFINITIONS 727 17.6.2 UPRATING 728 17.6.2.1 CURRENT UPRATING 728
17.6.2.2 UPRATING BY RECONDUCTORING OR VOLTAGE INCREASE 728 17.6.2.3
REPLACEMENT OF EARTH WIRE BY OPTICAL CABLES (OPGW) 729 17.6.3 UPGRADING
729 17.6.3.1 INTRODUCTION 729 17.6.3.2 UPGRADING OF A 380/220 KV RIVER
CROSSING IN GERMANY 729 17.6.3.3 UPGRADING OF A 380/110 KV LINE IN VIEW
OF INCREASED ICE LOADS . . . 730 17.7 REFERENCES 731 INDEX 735
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124476538 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV020830344 |
| classification_rvk | ZN 8630 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)249094663 (DE-599)BVBBV020830344 |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV020830344 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:20:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540002970 9783642055560 3540002979 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013835569 |
| oclc_num | 249094663 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-92 DE-634 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-92 DE-634 DE-83 |
| physical | XXVIII, 759 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publishDateSearch | 2003 |
| publishDateSort | 2003 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Engineering online library |
| spelling | Overhead power lines planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables F. Kiessling ... Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2003 XXVIII, 759 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Engineering online library Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke ; Literaturangaben DIN EN 50341 (DE-588)4690460-8 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz - Leiterseil - Netzplanung - Aufsatzsammlung FACTS-Anlage - Aufsatzsammlung FACTS-Anlage (DE-588)4665808-7 gnd rswk-swf Freileitung (DE-588)4127931-1 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd rswk-swf Netzplanung (DE-588)4171522-6 gnd rswk-swf Leiterseil (DE-588)4127912-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 s Leiterseil (DE-588)4127912-8 s Netzplanung (DE-588)4171522-6 s Freileitung (DE-588)4127931-1 s DE-604 DIN EN 50341 (DE-588)4690460-8 u FACTS-Anlage (DE-588)4665808-7 s Kießling, Friedrich 1935-2019 Sonstige (DE-588)124476538 oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-642-97879-1 http://www.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tocs/110674057.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013835569&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Overhead power lines planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables DIN EN 50341 (DE-588)4690460-8 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz - Leiterseil - Netzplanung - Aufsatzsammlung FACTS-Anlage - Aufsatzsammlung FACTS-Anlage (DE-588)4665808-7 gnd Freileitung (DE-588)4127931-1 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd Netzplanung (DE-588)4171522-6 gnd Leiterseil (DE-588)4127912-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4690460-8 (DE-588)4665808-7 (DE-588)4127931-1 (DE-588)4121178-9 (DE-588)4171522-6 (DE-588)4127912-8 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Overhead power lines planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables |
| title_auth | Overhead power lines planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables |
| title_exact_search | Overhead power lines planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables |
| title_full | Overhead power lines planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables F. Kiessling ... |
| title_fullStr | Overhead power lines planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables F. Kiessling ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Overhead power lines planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables F. Kiessling ... |
| title_short | Overhead power lines |
| title_sort | overhead power lines planning design construction with 193 tables |
| title_sub | planning, design, construction ; with 193 tables |
| topic | DIN EN 50341 (DE-588)4690460-8 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz - Leiterseil - Netzplanung - Aufsatzsammlung FACTS-Anlage - Aufsatzsammlung FACTS-Anlage (DE-588)4665808-7 gnd Freileitung (DE-588)4127931-1 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd Netzplanung (DE-588)4171522-6 gnd Leiterseil (DE-588)4127912-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | DIN EN 50341 Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz - Leiterseil - Netzplanung - Aufsatzsammlung FACTS-Anlage - Aufsatzsammlung FACTS-Anlage Freileitung Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz Netzplanung Leiterseil Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://www.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tocs/110674057.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013835569&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kießlingfriedrich overheadpowerlinesplanningdesignconstructionwith193tables |
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