Roumania yesterday and to-day:
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PART I
YESTERDAY
INTRODUCTION
BY H.M. THE QUEEN OF ROXJMANIA
RAGE
Bucharest—Hospital in the Palace—Sufferings oi the winter—
Retreat of the Army—Jassy, difficulties of organization—
Want of supplies—Heartrending distress—Arrival of English
and French help—The Queen s memories—High hopes—The
gathering clouds — Flight —Jassy — Organizing hospitals —
Uphill work—Some splendid examples of devotion—A
wonderful French doctor—Help from the Grand Duchess Cyril
—Terrible winter conditions—Difficulties of communication—
Army quartered on the miserable starving villages—Death
and misery stalking hand in hand—Gratitude for help—
Faith in the Allies . xix
CHAPTER I
A. LAND OF BEAUTY
The beauty of the Carpathian ranges—A pastoral scene—Wai-
lachia, the great granary of Eastern Europe—Belgium of
the East—Vivid contrasts—Gipsies—An outcast race—The
music of the land—Harvest-time—The guardians of the
babes ”—Papes or priests—A Bishop must divorce—Peasant
homes—Early weddings—Abduction—The marriage chest—
Beautiful clothes—Fine needlewomen—The close of the day
—An evening scene-—The prayer—National type—Striking
and interesting—Devotion to the land—Agrarian system—
Leprosy of Turkish rule—Unscrupulous Jews—Religious
observances—Fasting two hundred days in the year-—
Village festivities—Pagan customs . . . . / 3
CHAPTER II
A LATIN OASIS
The gay capital—A city of pleasure—Luxurious palaces—The
Royal abodes—Cotroceni—Sinaia—The King’s collection of
xi
PAGK
xii ROUMANIA : YESTERDAY AND TO-DAY
Old Masters—Intellectual development—Byzantine influence
—Riches and treasure from the convents and monasteries—
Old crosses at Cotroceni Palace—Modern intellectual growth
—Entertaining in the social world—A Latin race—French
and English, the two influences most desired—The Aristocracy
—Conversational activity—-National traits of character—
Roumanian women of the upper classes—Their vivacity and
grace—Well appreciated freedom on marriage—Influence of
the Queen—The peasant woman—The soul of Roumania—
Roumanian intellectual culture—Some of her poets and men
of letters . . . _ .. , . . .23
CHAPTER III
THE BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NATION
A Roumanian proverb — Early history—Sixteen centuries of
bloodshed—A Latin country but a Balkan Power—Origin of
the race —Dacian period — Decebalus — The reflections of
Herodotus and Ovid on the people — Trajan s conquest—
Becomes a Roman province—Wise rule—Progress and size
of the country—Abandonment by the Romans—Successive
waves of conquering barbarians — Founding of the Princi-
palities by Radou Negrou and Dragosch—Evolution by war
—Some of the great rulers of the past—Princes Mircea—
Stefan—Michael the Brave—Vassalage under Turkey—Greek
influence — Bassarab and Vasile — Rude justice — Terrible
penalties—Sherban Cantacuzène s reign—Phanariot régime—
A land sweating blood—Seventy Hospodars in one hundred
and five years—Vicious and luxurious life of these rulers—
Their consorts’ jealousy and extravagance—Divorce—A few
good ones—Looking to Russia for help, but vainly—Hope
from the French Revolution—Treaty of Paris—Union of the
Principalities—Grant of a Constitution—First National
Prince—Couza—Noteworthy reforms—Irregular private life
—Abdication—Offer of throne to Count of Flanders—
Acceptance by Prince Carol of Hohenzollern—Deplorable
condition of the country—Good progress—Marriage of Prince
Carol to Princess Elizabeth of Wied—Carmen Sylva—Her
beauty, character and literary attainments—Story of the
Cathedral of Curtea de Arges—Death of the Princess Marie—
Prince Ferdinand’s marriage to Princess Marie of Edinburgh
—Great progress of the country—The Army—Russo-
Turkish War—Loss of Bessarabia—Agrarian problem-
industrial and commercial riches—Roumanian finances—The
Senate and Chamber of Deputies—M. Bratiano—M. Také
Jonesco—Roumania proclaimed a Kingdom—King Carol’s
political miscalculation
46
CONTENTS
CHAPTER IV
THE HEART OF ROUMANIA
Early travellers in Roumania—William Harebone—The pictur-
esque beauty of the country-—Line of the Danube—Aspect
of the country—Sinaia—Campulung—The Dobrudj a—No
man s land—Queer peoples—Sunken waters—Curious am-
phibious life in the Delta—The floods—Rond between
Roumanian and the soil—Paganism—Spirits of the air, earth
and water—Psychology of the Roumanian—-Four influences
which have affected him—Dacian strain-—Slav blood—Greek
—And its four grades—Hellenic—Byzantine—Phanariot—
Grecoteiul—Phanariot as active agent for the French culture
—Women of this period—France as a model—Wallachs—
Gypsies—Jews of Kazan breed—Attitude of the peasantry
to Jews . „ . „ . . * ■ . .
CHAPTER V
THE WOOF AND WARE OF HER DESTINY
The Near Eastern question—A whirlpool of contending forces—
First seeds of Prussian influence in Roumania—Lack of
confidence in Russia-—King Carol s policy—German penetra-
tion of finance and industry—Germany s bid for Drang nach
Osten policy—-Roumania* s attitude in the Balkan War—
Ferdinand of Bulgaria—The jackal of the Teuton and the
Turk—Wooing of the Turk by the Kaiser-—A poisonous diet—
German policy—Austrian intrigues in the Balkans—A fossil
in the modern world—“ No Austrian nation ”—The Balkans
as Austrian Federal States—The Emperor’s Secret Service
Agent—Some disclosures—The award of Salonica a bitter pill
for the Teutonic Powers—A Diplomatic success—John Bull s
apathy—Serbia the guardian of the gate—Our debt to
Roumania—Roumanians position, politically and geographi-
cally —T ransyl vania — Roumanian Irridenta — The great
question—To be, or not to be—Exiled brothers—Oppression
— Tak6 Jonesco and Cogalniceanus* words of hope and faith
—Attitude to Roumania s exiled peoples-—National aims
CHAPTER VI
THE GREAT DECISION
A momentous time—King Carol s secret treaty—Sidelights into
secret history of the period—Count Czernin s famous Austrian
Red Book—The ultimatum to Serbia—Austria and Rou-
manian neutrality—Crown Council at Sinaia, August, 19*4—
Opposition of the Roumanian Government to the King s
policy—The King’s chagrin—Appeal to the Army—Czerain
and Baron Burian—King Carol s unhappiness—Decision for
xiii
PACK
75
108
xiv ROUMANIA: YESTERDAY AND TO-DAY
neutrality—‘Unpreparedness for war—German propaganda
and intrigue in Roumania—The Press-—Marghiloman-—Tak6
Jonesco—Fiiipesco—Baron von dem Bussche, German
Minister at Bucharest—Distinguished Teutonic Diplomats—
Nursing the country—Death of King Carol—King Ferdinand s
succession—Bratiano, the sphinx of the East—Negotiations
with Petrograd—Offer from the Central Powers—Necessary
caution—Bulgaria s equivocal attitude—Her pedlar King
—Fall of Belgrade—Excitement in Bucharest, demonstration
for intervention—Promise of support from the Entente
demanded—Events moving rapidly—The German Minister s
dramatic interviews with the King—The Crown Council at
Cotroceni Palace—Memorable scene—War declared—King
appeals to the nation and Army—The Rubicon crossed
PART II
TO-JDAY
CHAPTER VII
FROM MY SOUL TO THEIRS
Departure of the soldiers for the front—Offerings of flowers—
Loyal devotion—Among the wounded—Enthusiasm and hope
—A dying wish—For those beyond the shadows ,
CHAPTER VIII
ACROSS THE BARRIER
Sinaia on the outbreak of war—Excitement in the gay world
there—Hurried departure—Feverish conversion of villas into
Red Cross hospitals—The first brilliant successes in the
Carpathians of the Roumanian Army—The plan of campaign
—A difficult decision — Bulgarian treachery of character—
Roumania s armies well over the ranges and into Transylvania
—A deadly counter-stroke—Bulgaria attacks—Murder of
General Jostoff—Mackensen s advance in the Dobrudja—
Fall of Turtukai—Silistria—Roumanian front of one thousand
miles too great a strain on her small army—Size of army—
None of the promised Russian assistance arrives—Machina-
tions and holding of supplies by the Petrograd Stuermer
Government—Roumania s splendid fight against overwhelm-
ing odds—Death of Prince Henry of Bavaria—Fail of the
Cernavoda Bridge—Port of Constanza—Retreat from the
Carpathians—Desperate fighting in the Passes—Bavarian
rout—Fall of Craiova, the millionaire town —Enemy
advancing on the capital on three sides—Heroic devotion of
PAGE
129
I49
CONTENTS
xv
PAGE
the Orsova group—Detachment under General Anastasiu, and
their surrender—Wanton Bulgarian savagery at Giurgevo—
General Averescu in supreme command—Arrival of two
divisions of Russian troops—Battle of the Arg6s—General
Socescu s treachery—Line pierced—Road to the capital open 159
CHAPTER IX
WRECKING A NATION S WEALTH
The great oil fields—Falkenhayn s hungry sweep towards them—
A terrible decision—British mission of advice under Col. Sir
John Norton Griffiths, k.c.b., d.s.o., m.p.—Evacuation of the
valleys and factories—Destruction of the factories and wells
—A dangerous work—A panorama of horror—Cost of financial
destruction—Money invested—A black pall over the land—
Working against time—The Boche s welcome . . . 176
CHAPTER X
THE VIA DOLOROSA
Anxiety in the capital—Terrified peasantry—Preparations for
departure—German intrigues—Deletion of inefficient officers
in the army—Daily Zeppelin visits—Isolation and great diffi-
culties in sending help—Sweden s German Queen—Part played
by Boy Scouts—Letter from a hospital nurse—French and
British birds from Salonica to the rescue—Scarcity of
food—Martial law—Bucharest not a fortress—Arrival of
French military mission—Treachery from - Petrograd—Pro-
German Premier Stuermer—Austrian Red Book disclosures—
A diabolical plot—General Iliesco s statement—The betrayal
—Queen Marie s work—A noble example—German slanders—
Illness of Prince Mircea—Touching scenes with the dying
child—Constant raids over the Palace—The Queen s despair—
Death of the Prince—Murder of the Painter Romani by
bombs—Faith in the Allies—Roumania at bay—The arsenal
blown up—Evacuation of the city—A terrible winter—
Roads blocked with fugitives—The country s crucifixion . 184
CHAPTER XI
A QXJEBN AND HER PEOPLE
BY H.M. QUEEN MARIE
Queen Marie s anguish over her people s sufferings—The death
of her child—Every woman s sacrifice—The Queen s birthday
—Visits to the hospitals—The passing of the little Prince—
All Souls Day—Burial of the child—The soul of suffering—
Good-bye to Bucharest—The Queen s message to her people—
Pictures of the past—Scenes at Cotroceni—A last visit to the
xviii ROUMANIA: YESTERDAY AND TO-DAY
The Rest Camp . * . . . . Facing page 173
Last Kites of the Church to Spies * . „ 194
Bullock Transport of Cannon . * . ,/ 195
The Queen and Prince Mircea • . . ,, 212
The King Reviewing Troops . . . „ 2x3
The King Bestowing Decorations . * . „ 226
In the Trenches—Winter Bound . . - ,, 227
Funeral of an Officer in the Mountains . ,, 242
Digging Mountain Trenches . . . . ,, 243
The Queen in one of the Hospitals at Jassy ,, 258
Blessing the Fallen . . . • • ,, 259
INDEX
Abdul Hamid, Sultan, 112
Acarnania, 99
Adam, Ion, poet, 45
Aehrenthal, Count, 136
Agrarian questions, 69 ; reforms,
2 ; revolts, 69 ; system, 13
Agriculture, 70
Akermann, convention of, 61
Albania, 99
Alexandri, Vasile, poet, 40, 66
Aluta, 229
Amusements, 17
Anastasiu, general, 173, 229
Angeel, poet, 44
Antivari, 99
Apollodorus, architect, 49
Apulam (Karlsburg), 50
Arges, river, 103, 174
Arimoni (Wallachs), 90, 99 -
Army organisation, 67
Amaudoff, Ivan, Bulgarian poet,
252
Art : Byzantine, ecclesiastical,
and Venetian influence, 29, 31 ;
mystic symbolism, 30 ; art
treasures in the royal palaces,
25
Arz, Austrian general, 232
Aslan, general, 163
Athanaric, Visigothic King, 31
Athos, mount, 29, 243
Augustovo, 231
Aurelian, Roman emperor ; aban-
dons Dacia, 50
Austrian offers refused, 138 ;
Austrian schemes, 113, 114 ;
ultimatum to Serbia, 130
Avars, 51
Averescu, 163, 174, 187, 228, 238
Azuga, 80
Baba Dagh (mt.), 82
Balkan War (1913), in
Banat, the, 241
Bassarab, 56, 79
Basta, Austrian general, 55
Beaumont and Fletcher (quoted),
75
Belgrade, 141
Belief in nature-spirits, 88
Berchtold, Count, 130
Berthelot, head of French military
mission, 195, 239
Bessarabia, 50, 59, 69, 109, 120,
129, 162
Beza, U., Vlach writer, 43
Bezpapovtsi, religious sect, 83
Biberstein, Baron von, 136
Birth ceremonies, 19
Bishops and clergy, 9
Black earth,” 70, 81
Bocitoare (professional womei
mourners), 18
Bohm-Ermolli, Austrian general,
139
Boyars, 35, 56, 60, 69, 97
Brad (branch of fir-tree), symbol
of fruitfulness, 17
Braila, 70, 82, 176, 232
Bratiano, 72, 139, 141, 142, 163
Brian d, M., 199
Briaulmont, Belgian engineer, 194*
234
Brussilof, 161, 170, 197
265
266 ROUMANIA: YESTERDAY AND TO-DAY
Coutzo-VIachs, 99
Bucharest (Bucuresci), 23, 33, 184
Buda-Pesth, 55
Bugeacul, 59
Bukoyina, 50, 54, 59, 120, 161
Bulgaria, in, 112
Bülow, Prince, 136
Burian, Baron, 134
Büsscbe, von dem, Baron, J36,143
Buzau, river, 53, 176
Byzantine influence, 94
Cafés, 33
Calusare (national dance), 18
Camulung, 81
Cantacuzéne, Michael, 159
Cantacuzéne, Sherban, 57
Capa (sheepskin coat), 101
Caracullas (Caracalla), Roman
emperor, 50 ^
Caraculu, 173
Caragiale, dramatist, 42
Carmen Sylva, queen of Rou-
mania, 64
Carol (Charles of Hohenzoller n),
King of Romnania, 63, 67, 73,
109, 130, 132, 137
Carp, politician, 136
Carpathians, 78, 120
Cerna, poet, 41
Cernávoda, 165, 167
Chamber of Deputies, 72
Charles of Hohenzollem. See Carol
Charms and spells, 7
Chendi, literary critic, 44
Clopnitza (monastery gate), 31
Cobza (kind of lute), 6
Cogalniceanu, 127
OoUindes (carols), 21
Corica (tiara), 15
Constantine, King of Greece, 141
Constanza, 71, 165, 169, 176
Convents, 31
Cosbuc, poet, 43
Cosmesti bridge, 248
Costume, national, 14
Cotroceni palace, its cld stone
crosses, 26, 27, 143
Cozia, 79
Crainicianu, general, 136
Craiova, 172
Creanga, prose writer, 42
Crete, 91
Culcer, general, 163
Curtea de Arges, 79 ; legend of
cathedral, 66 *
Cuza, Alexander, first Roumanian
j prince, 62, 242; forced to ab-
dicate, 63
Czernin, Count, 130, 134
Czemovitz, 232
Dacia, 49, 90 ; its ancient extent,
50
Dacians (Getae), 47; their re-
i ligious beliefs, 48
Daco-RorUans, 90, 121
Danube, 77, 120 ; Delta restored
to Roumania by treaty of
Paris, 61
Darius, 48
Decebalus, 48
Declaration of neutrality, 133,
135 ; of war on Austria, 159
Delbrück, Hans (quoted), 117
Denys, monk, rules of Byzantine
art, 29
Deschanel, Paul, 243
Dimbovitza, 24, 103, 176
Dobrudja, 47, 69, 81—83, 85, 112,
120, 140, 163
Dogs, 7
JOoina (popular ballad), 4
Doja, Georghe, 122
Domitian, 49
Dorna Vatra, 232
Dragalina, general, 172
Dragosch, 51
Dukhobors, 83
Dulcigno el Bassan, 99
Easter celebrations, 17
Eastern question, 108, 128
INDEX
Egyp*» German designs on, 117
Elassona, 99
Emancipation of peasants, 62
Eminesco, Michael, poet, 40
Enesco, musician, 42
England, earliest relations with,
75
Enver Bey, 112
Epictetus (quoted), 229
Eugene, Prince, 53
Euxine (Black Sea), 47
Evil eye, 20
Falkenhayn, German general, 170,
173, 176, 200, 231
Easting, X4
Eerdinand of Coburg, King of
Bulgaria, in, 141, 165
Ferdinand of Hohenzollern, King
of Roumania, 67, 137, 143, 240,
241 ; his promised reforms, 244
Eilipescu, 136, 141
Filot (Scandinavian cross), 27
Eocsani, 233, 245
Eolk-lore, 20
Fota (petticoat), 11
Franz Ferdinand, murder of, 115,
130
Franz Joseph, Austrian Emperor,
114, 126
French influence, 34, 97 ; military
mission, 195, 239
French revolution, 61
Fund an k (guest room in monas-
tery), 31
Funerals, 19
Furstenberg, Prince, 136
Gabrantzi mts.* 247
Calatz, 70, 233
Garleano, poet, 45
German policy and influence, 110 ;
secret treaty, no, 129, 132 ;
intrigues in Turkey, 112 ; Mittel
Europa policy, 115 ; proposed
canal between Danube and
267
North Sea, 116; propaganda,
136
Gerok, general, 232
Getae (Dacians), 47 ; religious
beliefs, 48
Ghika, Gregory, 59
Gipsies (Tsigan), 6, 102
Giurgevo, 173
Gladstone on Austria, 123
Goga, Octavian, poet, 44, 243
“ Golden Horde,” 83
Goluchowski, Count, 136
Gortchakoff (quoted). Prince, 105
Gothic art remains, 31
Goths, 51, 92
Government and political parties,
72
Grain, great production of, 70
Grecoteiul,” 95
Greek influence, 56, 93
Greek orthodox church, 9
Griffiths, Sir John Norton, 176
Grigoresco, artist, 42
Gyimes Pass, 233
Harebone, William, English mer-
chant and traveller, 75
Harvest-time, 7
Hasdeu, historian, 90
Hellenic influence, 93
Hermannstadt, 164, 228
Herodotus (quoted), 47
Hora (national dance), 7
Horez, 79
Hospodars, 58
Houses, 9
Hungarian oppression in Transyl-
vania, 124-126
Huns, 51, 92
Hunyady, John, 53
Iliesco, general, 200
Intellectual culture, 32
Iosif, poet, 44
* Iron Gates,” 77, 173
Isker, river, 77
268 ROUMANIA : YESTERDAY AND TO-DAY
Jassy, 54, 79, 120, 220
Jews in Roumauia, 104
Joneseu, Také, 72, 113, 124, 136,
141, 243
Jorga, historian, 43, 47, 243
Jostoff, general, 165
Julian the Apostate (quoted), 90
Kaledin, 232
Kara Orman, 168
Kerensky, 259
Kiderlen-Wach ter, 136
Kilia, 77
Kissileff, Count (quoted), 95
Knight s Castle/ 78
Kosmali, traveller (quoted), 97
Kossovo, battle, 53
Kouia (old houses), 10
Kovess, Austrian general, 232
Kühne, German general, 175, 224
Kustendy (Kustendje). See Con-
stanza
Lahovary, 243
language, 34 ; a bastard Latin,
50. 75» 121
Larissa, 99
Lauteri (gipsy troubadours), 6, 35
Lechitsky, general, 161, 232
Legislature, 72
Lemberg, 139
Lenin, 258
Literature, 40 ; French influence,
32
Lithgow, William, Knglish travel-
ler, 75
Lutsk (Luck), 232
Macedonia, 99
Mackensen, field-marshal, 138,
165, 168, 200, 231, 247
Madna Zana (water spirit), 88
Magyars, 121, 122
Maiorescu, Tito, critic, 42, r29
Mamaliga (maize porridge), 14
Mama padürii, 88
Manesti, 224
Manole, Mesturel (play), 65
Marghiioman, 136
Marie, Queen of Roumania, 27, 32
Maros, river, 164
Mazepa, 83
Michael the Brave, 54, 242
Milos, Serbian hero, 122
Mineral wealth, 71
Mira (fortuneteller), 6
Mircea, prince of Wallachia, 53
Modern Greeks, 91, 93
Moesia, 48
Moeso-Latins, 90
Momoloasa, 233
Moldavia, 50, 52
Molokans, sect, 83
Monasteries, 31
“ Mosaic Khazars, 105
Muntenia (—Wallachia), 50
Narev, 231
National characteristics, 36, 89
Navlon (passage-money for the
dead), 19
Neaylovic, river, 175
Negotiations with Russia, 138;
with Bulgaria, 140
Negrutzi, novelist, 42
Nekrassoff, Cossack rebel, 83
Ocna (Okna), 71, 246
Oil-wells destroyed, 177-183
Oituz valley, 246
Old Believers, 83
Old stone crosses, 32
Onesti, 247
Optnca (sandals), 14
Origin of the Roumanians, 47 ;
Dacian and Roman character-
istics, 49
Orsova, 229
Osman Pasha, 68
Ovid (quoted), 48
Padule, 79
Pagan mythological ballads, 20
INDEX 269
Pagan rites, survival of, 17—20
Pan, 88
Pan-pipes, 21
Panaghia Ikon, 11
Panselinos, Manuel, painter, 29
Paris, treaty of (1856), 61
Peasant women, 10, 39
Peles, Gas tel, royal palace, 80, 159
Petroleum, 71
Petr ossa Hen and Chickens/* 30
Phanariots, 57, 95
Pindus, mt., 99
Plato (quoted), 88
Plaur (weed islands), 85
Plevna, 68
Pliny the elder (quoted), 47
Pliny the younger (quoted), 49
Ploesti, 176, 245
Podolia, 246
Popa (priest), 8
Popular songs, 20
Population statistics, 123
Povesta (legends), 17
Prahova, 176
Predeal, 229 ,
Presan, general, 163, 175, 228
Press, freedom of the, 63
Printing, 56
Protopopoff, 196, 200
Pruth, river, 60, 120, 220
Przemysl, 139
Putna valley, 245
Radou Negrou (Rudolph the
Black), 51, 81
Rain festivals, 18
Relics, 30
Religious faith, 9
Reni, 246
Reorganisation of the army, 239
Pesboin (loom), 10
Rohr, general, 247
Roman influence, 90
Roman roads, 50
Roumania : area and geographi-
cal position, 119 ; recognized
as a kingdom (1881), 73
Roumanian place-names in Tran-
sylvania, 122
Rosenau, old Saxon colony, 78
Rothen Thurm Pass, 50, 164, 229
Royal Palace at Bucharest, 25
Rudolph the Black. See Radou
ISTegrou
Rusalu, festival of the dead, 19
Russia, earliest relations with
Roumania, 57 ; influence over
principalities, 61 ; ingratitude
for Roumanian help, 69
Russian Revolution, 240, 258
Rustchuk, 198
Sadoveanu, writer, 42
St. George, waterway, 77
Sarrail, general, 199, 243
Salina, 77
Salonika, its importance, 115» 131;
great Jewish centre, 106
Salt, 71
Scenery, ¿6, 79
Senate, 72
Serbia, guardian of the East, 1x8
Serajevo, 130
Sereth, 200, 224, 233
Shepherd life, 21
Silistria, 69, 140, 165
Sinaia, 80, 132, 159
Sistova, 198
Sixtus IV, Pope, 53
Slav influence, 93
Slavs, 51
Sobieski, 53
Soldiery, 229
Sosescu, general, 175
Soutzo, Michel, 97
Stana, 101
Stefan - al- Mare (Stephen the
Great), prince of Moldavia, 53 ;
Roumanian national hero, 243 ;
his banner found in Bulgarian
convent, 243
Stina (mountain-hut), 21
Striu valley, 228
Stuermer, Baron, 196, 200
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gordon, Winifred |
| author_facet | Gordon, Winifred |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gordon, Winifred |
| author_variant | w g wg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV020389548 |
| classification_rvk | NP 4410 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)250804691 (DE-599)BVBBV020389548 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV020389548 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:19:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013797306 |
| oclc_num | 250804691 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | XXXII, 270 S. 8" |
| psigel | BSBQK0086 BSBWK1 BSBWKA |
| publishDate | 1918 |
| publishDateSearch | 1918 |
| publishDateSort | 1918 |
| publisher | Lane |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gordon, Winifred Verfasser aut Roumania yesterday and to-day London Lane 1918 XXXII, 270 S. 8" txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Weltkrieg 1914- bsbaltswk Rumänien bsbaltswk Maria Königin von Rumänien Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013797306&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013797306&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Gordon, Winifred Roumania yesterday and to-day Weltkrieg 1914- bsbaltswk Rumänien bsbaltswk |
| title | Roumania yesterday and to-day |
| title_auth | Roumania yesterday and to-day |
| title_exact_search | Roumania yesterday and to-day |
| title_full | Roumania yesterday and to-day |
| title_fullStr | Roumania yesterday and to-day |
| title_full_unstemmed | Roumania yesterday and to-day |
| title_short | Roumania yesterday and to-day |
| title_sort | roumania yesterday and to day |
| topic | Weltkrieg 1914- bsbaltswk Rumänien bsbaltswk |
| topic_facet | Weltkrieg 1914- Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013797306&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013797306&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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