Expressions of future in present-day English: a corpus based approach
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Uppsala
Acta Univ. Upsaliensis
2005
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
Studia anglistica Upsaliensia ; 126 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zugl.: Uppsala, Univ., Diss., 2005 |
| Beschreibung: | 194 S. |
| ISBN: | 9155462480 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
1. Introduction 19
1.1 Aim and scope 19
1.2 Expressions of future dealt with in the present study 20
1.3 Identifying the expressions of future 22
1.4 Corpora examined 24
1.5 Tools and methods 25
1.6 Plan of the thesis 26
2. Previous research on expressions of future in English 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Is there a future tense in English? 29
2.3 By what linguistic means is futurity expressed in English? 30
2.4 How have the expressions of future and their use developed over
time? 32
2.5 What is the meaning of the expressions of future used in English?...33
2.5.1 Tense symbolisation: Reichenbach and Close 33
2.5.2 Speaker s perspective 35
2.5.3 Distance in time/relation to present time 35
2.5.4 Will vs. going to: elliptical uses 37
2.6 Concluding remarks 38
3. Corpus linguistics as an analytical framework 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Corpus 41
3.2.1 Corpus definitions 41
3.2.2 Annotation, markup, encoding 42
3.2.3 Specific issues related to the use of spoken data 49
3.2.4 Summary: corpus 54
3.3 Language use 54
3.4 Choice of texts 55
3.4.1 Corpora used 56
3.4.2 Corpus comparability 63
3.5 Methods of data retrieval and analysis 64
3.5.1 Data retrieval 65
3.5.2 Tools used 66
3.5.3 Analysis 68
3.5.4 Identifying systematic variation 70
3.6 Summary 72
4. Medium 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Overall frequencies and proportions 74
4.3 Quoted context in writing 76
4.3.1 Subset 1: Text categories A and K in LOB and FLOB 77
4.3.2 Subset 2: Going to in four written corpora 79
4.3.3 Subset 3: Gonna and going to in the BNC 80
4.3.4 Conclusions regarding quoted/non quoted contexts 83
4.4 Summary 84
5. Text category 85
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Written corpora 86
5.2.1 Overall frequency of expressions of future 86
5.2.2 Overall proportions of expressions of future 88
5.2.3 Comparison of hyper categories 93
5.2.4 Gonna and going to across text categories in the BNC 98
5.2.5 Summary: variation in written corpora 100
5.3 Spoken corpora 101
5.3.1 Expressions of future in the CG and DS components 101
5.3.2 Summary: variation in spoken corpora 105
5.4 Summary 106
6. Speaker properties 108
6.1 Introduction 108
6.2 Speakers sex 108
6.3 Speakers age 110
6.4 Speakers social class 113
6.5 Speakers education 114
6.6 Multiple variables 117
6.7 Summary 118
7. Region 119
7.1 Introduction 119
7.2 Variation between British, American, and Indian English 120
7.2.1 Will 122
7.2.2 11 122
7.2.3 Shall 123
7.2.4 Going to 125
1.2.5 Gonna 126
7.3 Variation within national varieties of English 126
7.4 Summary 127
8. Time 129
8.1 Introduction 129
8.1.1 Press texts 130
8.1.2 LOB vs. FLOB 131
8.2 Concluding remarks 138
9. Linguistic association patterns 139
9.1 Introduction 139
9.2 Collocation with word classes 140
9.2.1 Collocations with infinitives 141
9.2.2 Collocations with personal pronouns 150
9.2.3 Personal pronouns as subjects 151
9.2.4 Collocations with nouns 156
9.3 Going to and gonna 158
9.4 Summary 160
10. Summary and conclusions 163
10.1 Introduction 163
10.2 Association patterns 163
10.2.1 Will 163
10.2.2 11 164
10.2.3 Shall 165
10.2.4 Going to 165
10.2.5 Gonna 166
10.3 Analytical framework 167
10.3.1 Language use 167
10.3.2 Choice of text 167
10.3.3 Methods of data retrieval and analysis 168
10.4 Concluding remarks 170
11. References 172
12. Appendix A: Abstracts of Studies I V 179
12.1 Study I 179
12.2 Study II 180
12.3 Study III 181
12.4 Study IV 182
12.5 Study V 184
13. Appendix B. Tables with raw frequencies 186
List of tables and figures
Tables
Table 1.1. Examples of expressions included or excluded in Studies I V ...24
Table 1.2. Corpora used 25
Table 1.3. Tools used 26
Table 2.1. Expressions of future treated by different authors 32
Table 3.1. Tagging accuracy evaluation. Samples of going to in the
spoken part of the BNC 46
Table 3.2. Schematic over view of corpus features 57
Table 3.3. Composition of the Brown corpus and its clones 59
Table 3.4. Composition of the LLC 60
Table 3.5. Composition of the BNC 61
Table 3.6. Composition of the BNC Sampler 62
Table 4.1. Quoted instances 77
Table 4.2. Quoted contexts of going to in the LOB, FLOB, Brown, and
Kolhapur corpora 80
Table 4.3. Gonna andgoing to in the BNC (written part) 82
Table 5.1. Text categories in the Brown, LOB, FLOB and Kolhapur
corpora 85
Table 5.2. Text categories in the BNC and Sampler corpora 86
Table 5.3. Expressions of future in the Brown corpus 89
Table 5.4. Expressions of future in the LOB corpus 89
Table 5.5. Expressions of future in the FLOB corpus 90
Table 5.6. Expressions of future in the Kolhapur corpus 90
Table 5.7. Gonna andgoing to in the written part of the BNC 98
Table 5.8. Expressions of future in CG domains 104
Table 6.1. Expressions of future. Distribution across speakers sex 110
Table 6.2. Expressions of future. Distribution across speakers age 111
Table 6.3. Expressions of future. Distribution across speakers social
class 113
Table 6.4. Data produced by informants still in education across age
groups and social class categories in the spoken part of the
BNC 115
Table 6.5. Data produced by informants who left school at 14 or younger
across age groups and social class in the spoken BNC 116
Table 7.1. Proportions of the expressions of future and statistically signifi¬
cant differences between the corpora 121
Table 8.1. Proportions and total raw frequencies of expressions of future
in the Press texts (genres A C) of four corpora 131
Table 8.2. Proportions of expressions of future in LOB and FLOB 132
Table 9.1. Examples of collocation patterns 140
Table 9.2. Infinitives: ranking of verbs found among the 13 most fre¬
quent infinitival collocates with at least one expression of
future in the spoken part of the BNC 143
Table 9.3. Proportions of will collocating with infinitival be in five
corpora of British English 145
The following tables are given in Appendix B
Table A. 1. Expressions of future in the LOB corpus (genres, hyper
categories and total) 186
Table A.2. Expressions of future in the FLOB corpus (genres, hyper
categories and total) 187
Table A.3. Expressions of future in the Brown corpus (genres, hyper
categories and total) 188
Table A.4. Expressions of future in the Kolhapur corpus (genres, hyper
categories and total) 189
Table A.5. Expressions of future in the LLC 189
Table A.6. Expressions of future in the BNC 189
Table A.7. Expressions of future in the BNC Sampler 190
Table A.8. Expressions of future in monologue and dialogue texts in the
spoken CG and DS components of the BNC 190
Table A.9. Expressions of future used by male and female speakers in the
CG and DS components of the BNC 190
Table A. 10. Expressions of future used speakers of different age groups
in the CG component of the BNC 191
Table A.I 1. Expressions of future used by speakers of different social
classes in the DS component of the BNC 191
Table A.12. Personal pronoun subjects used with FUT in LOB 191
Table A.13. Personal pronoun subjects used with FUT in FLOB 192
Table AA4. Personal pronoun subjects used with FUT in LLC 192
Table A. 15. Personal pronoun subjects used with FUT in Sampler CG .... 192
Table A.16. Personal pronoun subjects used with FUT in Sampler DS .... 193
Table A.17. Infinitival collocates in the BNC, spoken part 193
Table A. 18. Infinitival collocates in Sampler CG 193
Table A. 19. Most frequent infinitival verbs used with expressions of
future 194
Figures
Figure 3.1. Formula for calculating proportions 68
Figure 3.2. Association patterns 69
Figure 3.3. Formula used for identifying statistically significant diffe¬
rences between proportions 71
Figure 4.1. Expressions of future in the written LOB and FLOB corpora
and the spoken LLC and BNC Sampler 74
Figure 5.1. Expressions of future: frequency per 2,000 words in genres
and hyper categories in four comparable corpora 87
Figure 5.2. Patterns of variation across corpora and hyper categories. Pro¬
portions of the expressions of future in 15 genres 91
Figure 5.3. Distribution of expressions of future in the LOB corpus 93
Figure 5.4. Distribution of expressions of future in the FLOB corpus 94
Figure 5.5. Domain size (text) compared to proportions of gonna and
going to in the written part of the BNC 99
Figure 5.6. Expressions of future in the Demographically Sampled and
Context governed components of the BNC Sampler 102
Figure 5.7. Proportions of expressions of future in dialogue and monologue
texts in the two spoken components of the BNC Sampler 103
Figure 5.8. Expressions of future in CG domains (frequency per 2,000
words) 105
Figure 6.1. Expressions of future. Distribution (proportion) across male
and female speakers in the Context governed (CG) and
Demographically Sampled (DS) components 109
Figure 6.2. Expressions of future in the CG component of the BNC.
Proportions in different age groups 111
Figure 6.3. Expressions of future in the DS component of the BNC.
Proportions in different age groups 112
Figure 6.4. Expressions of future in the DS component of the BNC.
Proportions for different social classes 114
Figure 6.5. Speaker still in education. Proportions of words marked for
speakers age and social class 116
Figure 6.6. Speaker left school 14. Proportions of words marked for
speakers age and social class 117
Figure 7.1. Proportions of will in the LOB, Brown and Kolhapur
corpora 122
Figure 7.2. Proportions of // in the LOB, Brown and Kolhapur corpora .. 123
Figure 7.3. Proportions of shall in the LOB, Brown and Kolhapur
corpora 124
Figure 7.4. Proportions of going to in the LOB, Brown and Kolhapur
corpora 125
Figure 8.1. Proportions of will in the 15 genres in the LOB and FLOB
corpora 133
Figure 8.2. Proportions of II in the 15 genres in the LOB and FLOB
corpora 134
Figure 8.3. Proportions of shall in the 15 genres in the LOB and FLOB
corpora 136
Figure 8.4. Proportions of going to in the 15 genres in the LOB and
FLOB corpora 137
Figure 9.1. Proportions of FUT followed by verbs in the infinitive in
positions +1 and +2 (BNC Spoken part) 141
Figure 9.2. Most frequent infinitives collocating with FUT in the spoken
part of the BNC 144
Figure 9.3. Expressions of future collocating with be, have and do in the
CG component of the BNC Sampler 146
Figure 9.4. Word class tags most frequently found following instances
of FUT+be in the spoken part of the BNC 147
Figure 9.5. Proportions of the expressions of future collocating with pro¬
nouns in positions 3 +2 (spoken part of the BNC) 150
Figure 9.6. Proportions (%) of personal pronoun subjects in LOB, FLOB,
LLC, Sampler CG and Sampler DS 152
Figure 9.7. Proportions of different personal pronouns used with the FUT
in the FLOB corpus 154
Figure 9.8. Proportions of different personal pronouns used with the FUT
in the Sampler DS corpus 155
Figure 9.9. Collocations noun+FUT in the spoken part of the
BNC 157
|
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| series2 | Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Studia anglistica Upsaliensia |
| spelling | Berglund, Ylva Verfasser aut Expressions of future in present-day English a corpus based approach Ylva Berglund Uppsala Acta Univ. Upsaliensis 2005 194 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Studia anglistica Upsaliensia 126 Zugl.: Uppsala, Univ., Diss., 2005 Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Futur (DE-588)4019035-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Futur (DE-588)4019035-3 s DE-188 Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Studia anglistica Upsaliensia ; 126 (DE-604)BV000004535 126 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013352525&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Berglund, Ylva Expressions of future in present-day English a corpus based approach Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Futur (DE-588)4019035-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014777-0 (DE-588)4019035-3 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Expressions of future in present-day English a corpus based approach |
| title_auth | Expressions of future in present-day English a corpus based approach |
| title_exact_search | Expressions of future in present-day English a corpus based approach |
| title_full | Expressions of future in present-day English a corpus based approach Ylva Berglund |
| title_fullStr | Expressions of future in present-day English a corpus based approach Ylva Berglund |
| title_full_unstemmed | Expressions of future in present-day English a corpus based approach Ylva Berglund |
| title_short | Expressions of future in present-day English |
| title_sort | expressions of future in present day english a corpus based approach |
| title_sub | a corpus based approach |
| topic | Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Futur (DE-588)4019035-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Englisch Futur Hochschulschrift |
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