Economics of environmental conservation:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cheltenham, UK [u.a.]
Elgar
2005
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 288 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1843766140 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Economics of environmental conservation |c Clement A. Tisdell |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cheltenham, UK [u.a.] |b Elgar |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 288 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Conservation des ressources naturelles | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Conservation des ressources naturelles |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Développement économique - Aspect de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Gestion des ressources naturelles |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ressources naturelles - Gestion | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Économie de l'environnement |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaftsentwicklung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economic development |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Conservation of natural resources | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Natural resources |x Management | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltbezogenes Management |0 (DE-588)4201709-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltökonomie |0 (DE-588)4061638-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltschutz |0 (DE-588)4061644-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804133570046853120 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Economics of environmental conservation
Autor: Tisdell, Clement A.
Jahr: 2005
Contents
List of figures x
List of tables xv
Preface to the second edition xvi
Preface to the first edition xviii
1. Economics and the living environment 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Welfare economics, environment and the biosphere 2
1.3 Ethics, values and environmental economics:
alternative views 7
1.4 Economic growth, dynamics, uncertainty and the
environment: differing views 12
1.5 Uncertainty, welfare and environmental issues 19
1.6 Conclusion 20
2. Global conservation strategies and concerns 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 A classification of conservation policies 26
2.3 The World Conservation Strategy and Caring for the
Earth: origins, aims and basic principles 30
2.4 Ecological processes and life-support systems:
agriculture, forests, marine and freshwater systems 33
2.5 Preservation of genetic diversity 38
2.6 Sustainable utilisation of species and ecosystems 41
2.7 Significant differences between Caring for the Earth
and the World Conservation Strategy 44
2.8 International conservation concerns and priorities 47
2.9 Concluding comments 49
3. Markets and government intervention in environmental
conservation 52
3.1 Introduction - choices about resource use and
conservation ^2
3.2 Market efficiency and externalities 56
3.3 Government policies to correct for externalities 65
vi Economics of environmental conservation
3.4 Public or collective good characteristics associated
with the conservation of nature 70
3.5 Option demands, transaction costs, more on existence
values, bequest, irreversibility and uncertainty 73
3.6 Discount rates as grounds for government intervention 75
3.7 Monopolies and conservation 76
3.8 Common-property and intervention 78
3.9 Failure of political and administrative mechanisms in
relation to conservation 79
3.10 Concluding comment 81
4. Environmental conservation in developing countries 84
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Basic conservation problems in the Third World: origin 85
4.3 Population growth and income aspirations 86
4.4 Expansion of the market system 88
4.5 New technology 89
4.6 Problems illustrated by some cases 90
4.7 High effective rates of discount 93
4.8 Difficulties in enforcing conservation measures and
questions of social structure 94
4.9 Policies for influencing and improving conservation
practices in the Third World 95
4.10 Provision of information and education 96
4.11 Appropriating greater gains nationally from
conservation 96
4.12 Tourism as a means of appropriating gains from
conservation 98
4.13 Improving the distribution of gains from conservation
within LDCs 99
4.14 International aid and assistance, loans and trade 101
4.15 Global public good/externality considerations 103
4.16 Concluding observations on conservation in LDCs 105
5. Preservation of wildlife and genetic diversity 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Total economic value and the valuation of wildlife and
biodiversity 110
5.3 Managing wildlife as a mixed good: simple analytics 113
5.4 Some economic consequences of interdependence
between species 118
5.5 Criteria for deciding on species to save from extinction 121
Contents vii
5.6 Property rights in genetic material, GMOs, and the
conservation of biodiversity 126
5.7 Globalisation, market extension and genetic diversity
of domesticated animals and plants 128
5.8 Concluding comments 129
6. Open-access, common-property and natural resource
management 132
6.1 Types of property and general consequences 132
6.2 Open-access: economic failures and their consequences 135
6.3 Policies for managing open-access resources 140
6.4 Further discussion of features of open-access to
resources and its regulation 143
6.5 Ranching and fanning as means to overcome open-
access problems and conserve species 146
6.6 Concluding comment 150
7. Economics of conserving natural areas and valuation techniques 153
7.1 Introduction: nature and availability of natural areas 153
7.2 Benefits and uses of natural protected areas 155
7.3 An overview of approaches to estimating the
economic value of non-marketed commodities 156
7.4 Travel cost method of estimating the value of a
natural area 158
7.5 Contingent valuation of natural areas 163
7.6 Hedonic price valuation of natural areas 167
7.7 Some additional economic valuation techniques 169
7.8 Using total economic values for social choices about
resource use 169
7.9 Back to some fundamentals of economic valuation 171
7.10 Government versus non-government provision of
natural areas 173
7.11 Concluding comments 175
8. Forestry, trees and conservation 179
8.1 Introduction: forest cover and uses 179
8.2 Commercial forestry for timber production 181
8.3 Multiple purpose management of forests 186
8.4 Forests and trees in less developed countries 188
8.5 Economic policies, pollution, forests and trees 192
8.6 Forest plantations versus natural forests: a discussion 195
8.7 Concluding remarks 1^
viii Economics of environmental conservation
9. Agriculture and the environment 199
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 Externalities and agriculture 200
9.2.1 Agricultural externalities on agriculture 200
9.2.2 Agricultural spillovers on non-agricultural
sectors and interests 206
9.2.3 Spillovers from other sectors on agriculture 207
9.3 Sustainability of agricultural systems 208
9.4 The Green Revolution, organic agriculture,
permaculture 211
9.5 Pest and disease control in agriculture 216
9.6 Agriculture, biodiversity, trees and wildlife
conservation 218
9.7 Genetically modified organisms in agriculture:
economic and biodiversity issues 220
9.8 Concluding observations 222
10. Tourism, outdoor recreation and the natural environment 225
10.1 Introductory issues, dependence of tourism on the
natural environment 225
10.2 Tourism destroys tourism and tourist assets 226
10.2.1 Congestion or crowding and tourism 227
10.2.2 Destruction of tourism resources by visitors 229
10.3 Tourism area cycle and more on the dynamics of
tourism 231
10.4 Impact of pollution and environmental damage on
tourism and benefits from pollution control 234
10.5 Tourism, conservation and the total economic value
of a natural area and economic impact analysis 237
10.6 Sustainability, ecotourism and economics 239
10.7 Conflicts between tourists, variety in tourist areas,
public finance issues and national gains 240
10.8 Concluding observations 241
11 Sustainable development and conservation 243
11 i Background 243
j j 2 Sustaining intergenerational economic welfare 244
j j 3 Capital, natural resource conversion and human
welfare: further considerations 248
j j 4 Survival of the human species for as long as possible 251
j j 5 Issues raised by the views of Daly and Georgescu-
Roegen about sustainability 253
Contents ix
11.6 Resilience of production and economic systems and
stationarity of their attributes 256
11.7 Cost-benefit analysis and sustainability 258
11.8 Sustainability of community 260
11.9 Sustaining biodiversity 261
11.10 Concluding remarks 263
12. Population, economic growth, globalisation and conservation: a
concluding perspective 267
12.1 Introduction 267
12.2 Global population levels: characteristics and
projections 268
12.3 Environmental consequences of population growth
and economic demands 269
12.4 Environmental Kuznets curves: do they provide
grounds for environmental optimism? 270
12.5 Is economic globalisation favourable or unfavourable
to environmental conservation? 273
12.6 Concluding observations 274
Index 277
Figures
1.1 Choice and trade-off between supply of man-made goods
and those provided by the natural environment 5
1.2 Choosing between goods provided by the natural
environment and man-made goods subject to constraints or
minimum standards 7
1.3 Ricardian model of limits to economic growth emphasising
importance of population levels and of technological
change 13
2.1 Difference in constrained optimum for welfare maximisation
(in relation to conservation and development) which pay no
attention to differences in absolute welfare 28
3.1 In the absence of environmental spillovers, competitive
markets result in supplies of private goods that efficiently
satisfy human wants 57
3.2 When unfavourable environmental spillovers occur, market
systems usually result in excessive environmental damage
from a social economic viewpoint 58
3.3 An illustration of some situations in which public
intervention may be required on economic grounds to
reduce or eliminate an environmental spillover, even though
the externality is infra-marginal 59
3.4 Illustration of divergence between social and private
marginal cost due to externalities or spillovers and
consequent social deadweight losses 61
3.5 Private net benefit gained by land clearing compared with
various social net benefit curves with differing implications
for the optimality of the extent of private land clearing 62
3.6 Pursuance of private gain may result in too much natural
vegetated land being developed for commercial purposes.
This is so if favourable externalities arise from natural
vegetation cover and a social viewpoint is adopted 64
3.7 The optimal level of conservation of the population of a
species considered as a pure public good on the basis of its
existence value 71
3.8 In the above case, the higher is the rate of interest used for
Figures xi
discounting the more likely development is to be preferred to
conservation of a natural resource 76
3.9 Monopoly in this case has no conservation advantages and
results in a deadweight social loss 77
3.10 Illustration of how majority voting may lead to insufficient
or too much conservation judged by the Kaldor-Hicks
economic efficiency test 80
4.1 Conservation of living natural resources in a developing
country to some extent provides a global public good.
Hence, an optimal amount of conservation may not occur in
developing countries if LDCs follow their own self-interest 103
5.1 Species of wildlife sometimes provide a mixed good. In such
cases, private harvesting of species to supply private goods is
unlikely to maximise economic welfare because the social
marginal cost of harvesting diverges from the private
marginal cost of harvesting the species 114
5.2 The mere fact that the private cost of harvesting a species
diverges from the social cost of harvesting it does not imply
that its level of harvest is always socially inappropriate or
suboptimal 115
5.3 The social marginal cost of harvesting a species may be so
high that no harvesting is socially optimal. In such cases, all
private harvesting is inappropriate 116
5.4 A wildlife species may be regarded as a pest by some social
groups and as an asset by others. Using the Kaldor-Hicks
criterion, the level of harvesting of the species can be
adjusted to take this into account 117
5.5 The socially optimal combination of populations of
interdependent species may differ from their natural
combination and encourage human intervention to change
the population mix 119
5.6 Strengthening of the global property rights of individual
nations in their genetic material may provide an incentive to
conserve this material 127
6.1 Open-access results in resources being allocated in
accordance with the value of their average product rather
than the value of their marginal product and this leads to a
deadweight social loss indicated here by the hatched triangle 136
6.2 Backward-bending supply curve for the harvest of species to
which there is open-access. This can result in perverse
conservation decisions and a smaller population of the species
than is desirable for minimising the cost of the actual harvest 138
xii Economics of environmental conservation
6.3 Sustainable harvesting levels as a function of the level of
population of a species 139
6.4 In an open-access industry, technological progress which
reduces per unit harvesting costs might reduce economic
welfare and threaten the existence of a species 139
6.5 Taxes on the catch or tradeable permits may be used to
improve allocative efficiency in the case of an open-access
resource. But if economic gains are to be made, the cost of
administering such schemes must not exceed the benefits
otherwise obtained 141
6.6 As the demand for a renewable harvested resource, to which
there is open-access, rises, the social economic costs of its
excess harvesting increases. In addition, the stock of the
resource declines and as shown by Figures 6.2 and 6.3, the
resource faces increasing risk of extinction as a result of
overharvesting 144
6.7 While farming may favour the conservation of wild stock of a
species, it is not bound to do so. This is because it can increase
demand for the use of the species and it may cause the supply
schedule of supplies from the wild of the harvested species to
move upward and to the left (note that this shift in the
supply schedule is not illustrated) 148
6.8 Farming has altered the global genetic stock. It has resulted
in losses as well as additions to the stock 150
7.1 Zoning of areas depending upon travel distance to an
outdoor attraction A 159
7.2 Relative frequency of visits (demand for visits per capita) as a
function of the (travel) cost per visit 160
7.3 Demand curve for visits to an outdoor area. Consumers
surplus in the absence of an entry fee is shown by the
hatched area 161
7.4 Evaluation of alternative land-use taking account of total
economic values 170
7.5 Marginal evaluation curves of conservationists and developers
in relation to the percentage of natural area developed 172
7.6 Under provision of public goods (protected areas in this case)
leaves scope for their provision by non-governmental
organisations 174
8.1 Quantity of timber production available from a forest as a
function of its age 182
8.2 Determining the optimal growing period or harvest cycle for
a forest in order to maximise its economic sustainable yield 184
Figures xiii
8.3 The economics of mixed land-use (multiple purpose use of
forested land) depends only partially on biological production
possibilities. But if the production transformation curve is of
the form of KLMN, economic efficiency requires mixed
production and mixed land-use 187
8.4 Solutions to transboundary or transfrontier pollution, such
as air pollution causing acid rain, are difficult to achieve. The
polluter may either pay to pollute or be paid not to pollute.
The Kaldor-Hicks solution can be achieved by either policy
but the income distributional consequences are different 193
9.1 A case in which activities by one group of agriculturalists has
negative spillovers on another group of agriculturalists 202
9.2 Economic loss resulting from negative spillover on
downstream agriculturalists of water use by upstream
agriculturalists 203
9.3 Free access to water from an (underground) water basin can
result in inefficient reduction in the availability of the
resource 205
9.4 Two agricultural systems with different degrees of
sustainability 209
9.5 Sustainability or otherwise of agricultural systems from a
different point of view to that considered in Figure 9.4 210
9.6 When chemical agricultural systems are adopted agricultural
yields or returns become very dependent on them. Withdrawal
of chemicals results initially in marked depression of these
yields or returns. So agriculture tends to become locked into
such systems once they are adopted 214
9.7 Illustration of how the introduction of GM crops could lead
to a net loss in social economic welfare 221
10.1 A case in which the number of tourist visits to an area is
influenced by aversion to crowding 227
10.2 As the cost of visiting a tourist area declines, consumers
(tourists ) surplus may not increase but decrease. This can
occur if there is aversion to crowding because lower costs of
a visit will usually bring more visitors 228
10.3 Consequences for tourism demand of deterioration of a
tourist asset due to tourist visits 230
10.4 Typical tourism area cycle according to Butler (1980) 232
10.5 Tourism area cycle not caused by environmental damage due
to tourist loads 233
10.6 Illustrations of loss caused to the tourist industry and to
tourists by pollution 4
xiv Economics of environmental conservation
10.7 A case in which pollution from sources outside the tourism
industry imposes external economic costs on tourism in terms
of losses in producers and consumers surpluses 235
10.8 A case in which defensive environmental expenditures (on pest
control) are economic because of their impact in increasing
tourism 236
10.9 Total economic value: economic conflict and non-conflict
zones between benefits from tourism and other economic
values 237
11.1 Dependence of human welfare on the ratio of man-made to
natural capital and implications for conversion and use of
natural capital 250
11.2 Hypothetical optimal path for maximising human welfare of
the ratio of man-made capital to natural capital 251
11.3 Some alternative views of the relationship between population
levels, economic activity levels and the length of existence of
the human species 252
11.4 Alternative sustainable economic solutions depend on
objectives which in turn depend on ethics 255
11.5 Two production or economic systems with different degrees
of sustainabilty 258
12.1 Environmental Kuznets curves are widely believed to be
typically of the form shown. They are often used to support
the view that economic growth will eventually result in
environmental improvement and a sustainable future 272
Tables
2.1 Production of combinations of natural (environmental)
output and wheat on two grades of land for two alternative
allocations of land: an example of comparative advantage 37
3.1 Four different situations involving excludability (private
property rights) and rivalry in use of a commodity.
Combinations of these factors influence whether markets
can exist and whether they can satisfy human wants
efficiently 54
5.1 Main sources of value of conserving wildlife with examples
and explanations 111
5.2 Components of total economic value of wildlife along the
lines suggested by Pearce et al. (1989) 112
5.3 Ciriacy-Wantrup/Bishop type of matrix for determining the
desirability of saving a species from extinction 124
11.1 A list of different sustainability objectives 263
XV
|
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| author | Tisdell, Clement A. 1939-2022 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)237936630 (DE-599)BVBBV020012669 |
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| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften Umwelt |
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| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV020012669 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:10:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1843766140 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2005047902 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013334190 |
| oclc_num | 237936630 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-188 |
| physical | XX, 288 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Elgar |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tisdell, Clement A. 1939-2022 Verfasser (DE-588)122086392 aut Economics of environmental conservation Clement A. Tisdell 2. ed. Cheltenham, UK [u.a.] Elgar 2005 XX, 288 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Conservation des ressources naturelles Conservation des ressources naturelles ram Développement économique - Aspect de l'environnement Gestion des ressources naturelles ram Ressources naturelles - Gestion Économie de l'environnement ram Umwelt Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Environmental aspects Conservation of natural resources Natural resources Management Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd rswk-swf Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd rswk-swf Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 s DE-604 Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 s DE-188 Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013334190&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Tisdell, Clement A. 1939-2022 Economics of environmental conservation Conservation des ressources naturelles Conservation des ressources naturelles ram Développement économique - Aspect de l'environnement Gestion des ressources naturelles ram Ressources naturelles - Gestion Économie de l'environnement ram Umwelt Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Environmental aspects Conservation of natural resources Natural resources Management Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4201709-9 (DE-588)4061638-1 (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4066438-7 |
| title | Economics of environmental conservation |
| title_auth | Economics of environmental conservation |
| title_exact_search | Economics of environmental conservation |
| title_full | Economics of environmental conservation Clement A. Tisdell |
| title_fullStr | Economics of environmental conservation Clement A. Tisdell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Economics of environmental conservation Clement A. Tisdell |
| title_short | Economics of environmental conservation |
| title_sort | economics of environmental conservation |
| topic | Conservation des ressources naturelles Conservation des ressources naturelles ram Développement économique - Aspect de l'environnement Gestion des ressources naturelles ram Ressources naturelles - Gestion Économie de l'environnement ram Umwelt Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Environmental aspects Conservation of natural resources Natural resources Management Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Conservation des ressources naturelles Développement économique - Aspect de l'environnement Gestion des ressources naturelles Ressources naturelles - Gestion Économie de l'environnement Umwelt Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Environmental aspects Conservation of natural resources Natural resources Management Umweltbezogenes Management Umweltökonomie Umweltschutz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013334190&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tisdellclementa economicsofenvironmentalconservation |