Handbook of optical systems: 2 Physical image formation
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| Language: | English |
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Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2005
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| Physical Description: | XXIV, 690 S. graph. Darst 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 3527403787 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
HANDBOOK OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS
EDITED BY HERBERT GROSS
VOLUME 2: PHYSICAL IMAGE FORMATION WOLFGANG SINGER, MICHAEL TOTZECK,
HERBERT GROSS
WILEYVCH
WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION XIX
17 THE WAVE EQUATION 1
17.1 INTRODUCTION 2
17.2 FROM MAXWELL TO HELMHOLTZ 2
YJ.2.1 MAXWELL S EQUATIONS AND THE INHOMOGENEOUS WAVE EQUATION 2 17.2.2
WAVE EQUATION IN HOMOGENEOUS MEDIA AND THE SCALAR WAVE EQUATION 4
17.2.3 THE DISPERSION RELATION OF THE HARMONIE WAVE SOLUTION 6 17.3
ELEMENTARY WAVES IN FREE SPACE 9
17.3.1 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC PLANE WAVE 9 17.3.2 SPHERICAL WAVE 11
17.3.3 DIPOLE WAVE 11
17.3.4 RADIATED FIELDOFA HARMONIE CURRENT DISTRIBUTION 13 17.3.5 A NOTE
ON PLANE AND SPHERICAL WAVES 13 17 .4 ENERGY, IRRADIANCE AND INTENSITY
14
17.5 THE ANGULAR SPECTRUM 17
17.5.1 SPATIAL FREQUENCY REPRESENTATION 17 17.5.2 TRANSFORMATION OF THE
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPECTRUM INTO TWO DIMENSIONS 19
17.5.3 FREE-SPACE PROPAGATION OF TRANSVERSE FIELDS 20 17.5.4 PERIODIC
FIELDS WITH DISCRETE SPECTRA 22 17.5.5 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND THE
SPATIAL FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 23 17.5.6 VECTOR FIELD REPRESENTATION BY
SPATIAL FREQUENCIES 24
17.6 EVANESCENT WAVES 26
17.7 APPROXIMATIVE SOLUTIONS TO THE WAVE EQUATION 28 17.7.1 GEOMETRICAL
OPTICS AND THE EIKONAL EQUATION 28 17.7.2 PARAXIAL WAVE EQUATION 29
17.7.3 TRANSPORT OF INTENSITY 30
17.7.4 GAUSSIAN BEAMS 31
17.7.5 RAY EQUIVALENT OF GAUSSIAN BEAMS 36 17.7.6 GAUSSIAN BEAMS IN TWO
DIMENSIONS 37 17.8 LITERATURE 39
HANDBOOK O/OPTICAL SYSTEMS: VOL. 2. PHYSICAL IMAGE FORMATION. EDITED BY
H. GROSS COPYRIGHT 2005 WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA, WEINHEIM
ISBN: 3-527-40378-7
IMAGE 3
XI CONTENTS
18 SCALAR DIFFRACTION 41
18.1 INTRODUCTION 42
18.2 KIRCHHOFF DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 44
18.2.1 INCONSISTENCY OF THE KIRCHHOFF DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 48 18.3 L ST
AND 2 ND RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 48 18.4
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION 50
18.5 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE 52
18.6 FOURIER SPACE FORMULATION 54
18.7 EXAMPLES OF SCALAR DIFFRACTION PATTERNS 57 18.7.1 DIFFRACTION
FIELDS BEHIND SLITS 57 18.7.2 DIFFRACTION BY A RECTANGULAR APERTURE 59
18.8 FRESNEL DIFFRACTION 60
18.8.1 COMPUTATION 61
18.8.2 VALIDITY 62
18.9 COLLIN S FRESNEL DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 64
18.9.1 DEFINITION 64
18.9.2 EXAMPLE 67
18.10 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION 69
18.11 GRAETING DIFFRACTION 71
18.11.1 RONCHI GRAETING 71
18.11.2 THE SINUSOIDAL PHASE GRAETING AND SURFACE FABRICATION ERRORS 76
18.12 SCALAR DIFFRACTION AT DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 79 18.13 BABINET S
PRINCIPLE 82
18.14 SCALAR SCATTERING 85
18.15 BOUNDARY DIFFRACTION WAVES 89 18.15.1 GEOMETRICAL THEORY OF
DIFFRACTION 90 18.15.2 AN EMPIRICAL BOUNDARY DIFFRACTION WAVE 94 18.16
LITERATURE 96
19 INTERFERENCE AND COHERENCE 99 19.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES 100
19.1.1 INTRODUCTION 100
19.1.2 TWO-BEAM INTERFERENCE AND DOUBLE SLIT DIFFRACTION 102 19.1.3
CONTRIBUTIONS OFDIFFERENT POINTS OF THE LIGHT SOURCE 205 19.1.4 THE
HIGH-FREQUENCY TERM 107 19.1.5 THE LOW-FREQUENCY TERM 108
19.1.6 DIFFERENT LIGHT SOURCE POINTS WITH STATISTICAL PHASE 109 19.2
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF COHERENCE 113 19.2.1 COHERENCE FUNCTION 113
19.2.2 WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 226 19.2.3 MOMENTS OF THE WIGNER
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 220 19.2.4 SMOOTHING OF THE WIGNER DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTION AND DIFFRACTION FOCUS 222
19.2.5 WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF COHERENT FIELDS 222 19.2.6
AMBIGUITY FUNCTION 223
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS I XI
19.2.7 THE CHARACTERIZING FUNCTIONS IN THEIR CONTEXT 125
19.3 TEMPORAL COHERENCE 126
19.3.1 SUPERPOSITION OF SIGNALS WITH DIFFERENT FREQUENCY 126 19.3.2
SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF A LIGHT SOURCE 127 19.3.3 BANDWIDTH-LIMITED
SIGNALS 128 19.3.4 AXIAL COHERENCE LENGTH 130 19.3.5 THERMAL LIGHT
SOURCES 133
19.3.6 TEMPORAL COHERENCE IN THE MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER 134 19.4
SPATIAL COHERENCE 135
19.4.1 INTRODUCTION 135
19.4.2 PROPAGATION OF THE COHERENCE FUNCTION 138 19.4.3 VAN
CITTERT-ZERNIKE THEOREM 140 19.4.4 THE COHERENCE FUNCTION OF A CIRCULAR
SOURCE 140 19.4.5 COHERENCE FUNCTION BEHIND A DOUBLE SLIT 143 19.4.6
PROPAGATION OF THE WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 146 19.5 GAUSSIAN SCHELL
BEAMS 149
19.5.1 DEFINITION OF GAUSSIAN SCHELL BEAMS 149 19.5.2 COHERENCE AND
WIGNER FUNCTIONS OF GAUSSIAN SCHELL BEAMS 154
19.5.3 BASIS MODE EXPANSION OF PARTIAL COHERENT FIELDS 156 19.6
STATISTICAL OPTICS AND SPECKLE 159
19.6.1 PHOTON STATISTICS 159
19.6.2 THE SPECKLE EFFECT 161
19.6.3 SPECKLE PARAMETERS AND SURFACE STRUCTURE 163 19.6.4 COMPUTATION
OF SPECKLE EFFECTS 165 19.6.5 SPECKLE REDUCTION 169
19.7 ARRAY HOMOGENIZER 172
19.7.1 SETUP OF THE SYSTEM 172
19.7.2 PUPIL FILLING 175
19.7.3 COHERENCE EFFECTS 176
19.7 .4 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 177 19.8 MISCELLANEOUS 179
19.8.1 GENERAL COHERENCE LENGTH 179 19.8.2 GENERAL DEGREE OF COHERENCE
182 19.8.3 COHERENCE AND POLARIZATION 183
19.9 LITERATURE 184
20 THE CEOMETRICAL OPTICAL DESCRIPTION AND INCOHERENT IMAGING 187 20.1
INTRODUCTION 188
20.2 CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTIONS 189
20.2.1 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND THE WAVE EQUATION 189 20.2.2 THE
CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTIONS 191 20.2.3 GEOMETRICAL-OPTICAL IMAGING 194
20.2.4 THE CANONICAL PUPIL 196
20.2.5 A NOTE ON DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS 199
IMAGE 5
XII CONTENTS
20.3 THE IDEAL WAVE-OPTICAL IMAGE OF A POINT AND GEOMETRICAL-OPTICAL
IMAGE FORMATION 200
20.3.1 THE SCALAR LUENEBURG INTEGRAL 200 20.3.2 ENERGY DISCUSSIONS FOR
OPTICAL IMAGING 204 20.3.3 THE AIRY DISC 206
20.3.4 INCOHERENT RESOLUTION 210
20.4 ABERRATIONS OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS 211
20.4.1 THE SMALL-ABERRATION LIMIT: THE STREHL RATIO 211 20.4.2 EXPANSION
OF THE WAVE-FRONT ERROR INTO ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS 212 20.4.3 POINT IMAGES
FOR DIFFERENT ABERRATIONS 217 20.4.4 DISTORTION, DEFOCUS AND ASTIGMATISM
219 20.4.5 SPHERICAL ABERRATIONS Z 9 , COMA Z 7 AND Z 8 220
20.4.6 LINEOFSIGHT 221
20.4.7 WAVE ABERRATIONS FOR ANNULAR PUPILS 224 20.4.8 EXTENDED ZERNIKE
EXPANSION 227 20.5 HELMHOLTZ-LAGRANGE INVARIANT AND PHASE-SPACE
DESCRIPTION 231 20.5.1 THE PHASE SPACE 231
20.5.2 THE RESOLUTION LIMIT IN THE SPACE DOMAIN AND IN THE SPATIAL
FREQUENCY DOMAIN 234
20.5.3 THE SPACE-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT 236 20.6 LITERATURE 237
21 THE ABBE THEORY OF IMAGING 239
21.1 INTRODUCTION 240
21.2 PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF IMAGING 244 21.2.1 THE EXPLANATION
OF IMAGE FORMATION ACCORDING TO ABBE AND THE ABBE RESOLUTION 244
21.2.2 THE INFORMATION ABOUT AN OBJECT CONTAINED IN AN IMAGE 249 21.2.3
KOEHLER ILLUMINATION AND THE VISIBILITY 252 21.2.4 THE SIEDENTOPF
ILLUMINATION PRINCIPLE 255 21.2.5 IMAGING WITH DIFFERENT COLOURS 259
21.2.6 APLANATIC CORRECTION AND GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 260 21.3 THE
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF FOURIER OPTICAL IMAGING 262 21.3.1 IMAGING
WITH UNCORRELATED LIGHT SOURCES 262
21.3.2 CONSIDERATION OF MAGNIFICATION 267 IIA COHERENCE IN IMAGING 269
21.4.1 THE COHERENT IMAGE 269
21.4.2 INCOHERENT IMAGING 272
21.4.3 ONE-DIMENSIONAL INCOHERENT IMAGING 273 21.4.4 SYSTEMS WITH
ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY 275 21.4.5 CONDITIONS FOR INCOHERENT, PARTIALLY
COHERENT AND COHERENT IMAGING 277
21.4.6 IMAGING WITH CORRELATED LIGHT SOURCES 280 21.5 LITERATURE 281
IMAGE 6
22 COHERENCE THEORY OFOPTICAL IMAGING 283
22.1 INTRODUCTION 284
22.2 THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF PARTIALLY COHERENT IMAGE FORMATION 284
22.2.1 HOPKINS TRANSMISSION CROSS COEFFICIENT 284 22.2.2 IMAGE FIDELITY
287
22.2.3 HOPKINS FORMALISM FOR PERIODIC OBJECTS 288 22.2.4 ABERRATIONS IN
THE LINEAR GRAETING IMAGE 293 22.3 THE COHERENCE FUNCTION AND THE
COHERENCE TRANSFER FUNCTION 296 22.4 THE PHASE SPACE DESCRIPTION 300
22.4.1 TRANSFORMATION OF COHERENCE AND WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 300
22.4.2 PROPAGATION OF THE WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN FREE SPACE 303
22.4.3 COMPILATION OF THE TRANSFORMATIONS 307 22.5 OPTICAL IMAGING IN
THE PRESENCE OF ABERRATIONS 309 22.5.1 LINEAR SYSTEMS AND CLASSIFICATION
OF ABERRATIONS 309 22.5.2 * RANDOM NON-STATIONARY ABERRATIONS: STRAY
LIGHT AND FLARE 314 22.6 LITERATURE 317
23 THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING 319 23.1 INTRODUCTION 320
23.2 THE EWALD SPHERE AND THE GENERALIZED PUPIL 321 23.2.1 THE EWALD
SPHERE 321
23.2.2 THE GENERALIZED APERTURE AND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL POINT-SPREAD
FUNCTION 322
23.3 THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 327 23.3.1 BORN
APPROXIMATION AND THE LAUE EQUATION 327 23.3.2 DAENDLIKER S
REPRESENTATION AND THE SHAPE OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFER FUNCTION
330
23.3.3 RESOLUTION, DEPTH RESOLUTION AND DEPTH OF FOCUS 335 23.3.4
3D-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS IN MICROSCOPY 338 23.3.5 MAGNIFICATION AND A
COMMENT ON ABSOLUTE INSTRUMENTS 340
23.4 SELECTED EXAMPLES OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 343
23.4.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR INCOHERENT IMAGING WITH CT= 1 343 23.4.2
PARTIAL COHERENT IMAGE EXAMPLES 344
23.4.3 TAYLORING OF THE 3D-TRANSFER FUNCTION 346 23.4.5 INFLUENCE OF
ABERRATIONS 351 23.5 LITERATURE 352
24 IMAGE EXAMPLES OF SELECTED OBJECTS 355 24.1 INTRODUCTION 356
24.2 TWO-POINT RESOLUTION 356
24.2.1 INCOHERENT VERSUS COHERENT TWO-POINT RESOLUTION 356 24.2.2 IMAGE
OF A DOUBLE SLIT FOR COHERENT AND INCOHERENT ILLUMINATION 360 24.2.3
PHASE SHIFT AND OBLIQUE ILLUMINATION 364 24.3 THE IMAGE OF AN EDGE 365
24.3.1 THE COHERENT IMAGE OF AN AMPLITUDE AND PHASE EDGE 365
IMAGE 7
XIV CONTENTS
24.3.2 THE INCOHERENT IMAGE OF AN AMPLITUDE EDGE 369 24.3.3 PARTIALLY
COHERENT EDGE IMAGE 370 24.3.4 THE DETERMINATION OF THE OPTICAL TRANSFER
FUNCTION FROM THE EDGE IMAGE 375
24.4 THE LINE IMAGE 376
24.4.1 THE LINE IMAGE OFA ROTATIONAL-SYMMETRICAL LENS 376 24.4.2
COHERENT LINE OR SLIT IMAGE 377
24.4.3 INCOHERENT LINE OR SLIT IMAGE 380
24.5 THE GRAETING IMAGE 381
24.5.1 THE COHERENT LINEAR GRAETING IMAGE 381 24.5.2 THE COHERENT GRAETING
IMAGE WITH ABERRATIONS 384 24.5.3 THE INFLUENCE OF THE COHERENCE
PARAMETER ER ON THE GRAETING IMAGE 386
24.5.4 INFLUENCE OF THE SHAPE OF THE EFFECTIVE LIGHT SOURCE ON THE
GRAETING IMAGE 389
24.5.5 WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION FOR GRAETINGS, TALBOT EFFECT AND
PROPAGATION-INVARIANT FIELDS 394 24.6 PINHOLE IMAGING AND QUASI-POINT
SOURCES 399 24.6.1 INTRODUCTION 399
24.6.2 INCOHERENT IMAGE OFA CIRCULAR OBJECT 400 24.6.3 QUASI-POINT
SOURCE 402
24.6.4 PINHOLE WITH COHERENT ILLUMINATION 404 24.6.5 PINHOLE WITH
PARTIAL COHERENT ILLUMINATION 405 24.6.6 DEFOCUSING PLANES AND
DECONVOLUTION 406 24.7 LITERATURE 407
25 SPECIAL SYSTEM EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS 409 25.1 INTRODUCTION 410
25.2 POINT-SPREAD FUNCTIONS FOR ANNULAR PUPILS 410 25.2.1 INTRODUCTION
410
25.2.2 ANNULAR PUPILS, CENTRAL OBSCURATION AND PUPIL FILTERS 411 25.3
POINT-SPREAD FUNCTIONS OF NON-UNIFORM ILLUMINATED PUPILS 416 25.3.1
INTRODUCTION 416
25.3.2 GENERAL GAUSSIAN APODIZATION 417 25.3.3 GAUSSIAN PROFILE WITH
TRUNCATION 418 25.4 ENGINEERING OF THE POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION BY PUPIL
MASKS 423 25.4.1 INTRODUCTION 423
25.4.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION
423 25.4.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTENDED DEPTH OF FOCUS 426 25.4.4
RELATION BETWEEN AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE RESOLUTION 427 25.4.5 AMBIGUITY
FUNCTION AS DEFOCUSSED TRANSFER FUNCTION 429
25.4.6 IMAGE MULTIPLEXING 430 25.4.7 FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS 432
25.4.8 CALCULATION OF MASKS 432
25.5 SPECIAL PUPIL MASKS 433
25.5.1 INTRODUCTION 433
IMAGE 8
CONTENTS XV
25.5.2 PHASE MASKS ACCORDING TO TORALDO 434 25.5.3 LOGARITHMIC PHASE
MASK 435 25.5.4 CHIRPED RING PUPIL 437
25.5.5 COMPLEX FILTER DESCRIBED BY ZERNIKE EXPANSIONS 439 25.5.6 CUBIC
PHASE PLATES FOR EXTENDED DEPTH OF FOCUS 442 25.5.7 STRUCTURED
ILLUMINATION 447
25.6 SELECTED PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR PUPIL FILTERING TECHNIQUES 450
25.6.1 PHASE CONTRAST FILTERING, DARK-FIELD ILLUMINATION 450 25.6.2
FREQUENCY DOUBLING 453
25.6.3 DEFECT FILTERING 455
25.6.4 RONCHI TEST 456
25.7 LITERATURE 463
26 POLARIZATION 465
26.1 INTRODUCTION 467
26.2 POLARIZATION STATES 467
26.2.1 REPRESENTATION OF POLARIZATION STATES 468 26.2.2 JONES VECTOR 468
26.2.3 ELLIPSE OF POLARIZATION 470
26.2.4 ORTHOGONAL JONES VECTORS 471 26.2.5 JONES VECTORS IN DIFFERENT
BASES 472 26.2.6 UNPOLARIZED LIGHT 472
26.2.7 PARTIAL POLARIZATION 473
26.2.8 POLARIZATION MATRIX 473
26.2.9 STOKES VECTOR 475
26.2.10 POINCARE SPHERE 478
26.3 JONES MATRIX 479
26.3.1 DEFINITION 479
26.3.2 JONES MATRIX ACTING ON A JONES VECTOR 480 26.3.3 SUCCESSIONOF
JONES MATRICES 480 26.3.4 JONES MATRIX ACTING ON A POLARIZATION MATRIX
481 26.3.5 EXAMPLES OF JONES MATRICES 481
26.3.6 ROTATED AND MIRRORED JONES MATRIX 482 26.3.7 JONES MATRIX FOR
DIFFERENT BASIS POLARIZATION STATES 483 26.3.8 EIGENPOLARIZATIONS OF A
JONES MATRIX 483 26.3.9 JONES MATRIX OFA RETARDER 484
26.3.10 JONES MATRIX OFA PARTIAL POLARIZER 487 26.3.11 PAULI S SPIN
MATRICES 489 26.3.12 JONES MATRIX DECOMPOSITION 489 26.4 MUELLER MATRIX
491
26.4.1 DEFINITION 491
26.4.2 EXAMPLES 492
26.5 MUELLER-JONES MATRIX 493
26.6 LIGHT IN ANISOTROPIE MEDIA 494
26.6.1 ANISOTROPIE MEDIA 494
IMAGE 9
XVI CONTENTS
26.6.2 PRINCIPAL REFRACTIVE INDICES OF AN ANISOTROPIE MEDIUM WITHOUT
SPATIAL DISPERSION AND OPTICAL ACTIVITY 495 26.6.3 FRESNEL ELLIPSOID 496
26.6.4 INDEX ELLIPSOID 497
26.6.5 TYPES OF BIREFRINGENT MEDIA 497 26.7 EIGENWAVES IN ANISOTROPIE
MEDIA 50J 26.7.1 PLANE WAVES IN ANISTROPIC MEDIA 501 26.7.2 EIGENWAVES
AND THEIR POLARIZATION 502 26.7.3 PROPERTIES OF THE EIGENPOLARIZATIONS
506 26.7 .4 THE INTERSECTION ELLIPSE 506 26.8 JONES MATRIX OF
PROPAGATION 507
26.9 JONES MATRICES OF PROPAGATION FOR COMMON MEDIA 508 26.9.1
EIGENPOLARIZATIONS AND -VALUES 508 26.9.2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS 509
26.9.3 UNIAXIAL CRYSTAL 509
26.9.4 BIAXIAL CRYSTAL 510
26.9.5 CAF 2 WITH SPATIAL DISPERSION ATA= 193 NM 511 26.10
BEAM-SPLITTING IN AN ANISOTROPIE MEDIUM 511 26.11 EXAMPLES OF
POLARIZATION-OPTICAL ELEMENTS 516 26.11.1 QUARTER-WAVE AND HALF-WAVE
RETARDER 516 26.11.2 BABINET-SOLEIL COMPENSATOR 516 26.11.3 FARADAY
ROTATOR 518 26.11.4 BREWSTER PLATE 519
26.12 LITERATURE 520
27 VECTOR DIFFRACTION 523
27.1 INTRODUCTION 524
27.2 FOCUS COMPUTATION FOR POLARIZED FIELDS 525 27.2.1 GEOMETRY FOR
FOCUS COMPUTATION 525 27.2.2 RICHARDS-WOLF INTEGRAL 526 27.2.3 PLANE
WAVE EXPANSION 531
27.2.4 FOCUS FIELDS FOR VARIOUS INPUT POLARIZATIONS 533 27.3 VECTOR
KIRCHHOFF DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 538 27.4 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS 538
27.4.1 PLANE INTERFACE: FRESNEL S EQUATIONS 540 27.4.2 DIFFRACTION AT A
CIRCULAR CYLINDER 542 27A3 MIE SCATTERING 547
27.5 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR ARBITRARY STRUCTURES 553 27.6 COUPLED DIPOLE
METHOD 553
27.7 INTEGRAL EQUATION APPROACH AND MOMENT METHOD 555 27.7.1 THE MOMENT
METHOD 555
27.7.2 FORM OF SCATTERING OPERATOR 556 27.7.3 SCATTERING IN THREE-LAYER
MEDIUM 557 27.8 FOURIER MODAL METHOD 563
27.8.1 THEORY 563
IMAGE 10
CONTENTS XVII
27.8.2 DIFFRACTION EFFICIENCY 568
27.9 FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD 568
27.9.1 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 570
27.9.2 IMPLICIT PARAXIAL WAVE EQUATION IN TWO DIMENSIONS 572 27.9.3
PARAXIAL WAVE EQUATION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 572 27.9.4
ADI-FORMULATION OF THE PARAXIAL WAVE EQUATION IN THREE DIMENSIONS 575
27.9.5 SPLIT-STEP-BEAM PROPAGATION METHOD 576 27.10 RIGOROUS DIFFRACTION
IN OPTICAL IMAGING 579 27.10.1 DIELECTRICS AND METALS 579
27.11 SIMULATION OF POLARIZED IMAGING BY USE OF RIGOROUS DIFFRACTION 583
27.12 LITERATURE 587
28 POLARIZATION AND OPTICAL IMAGING 589 28.1 INTRODUCTION 590
28.2 THE IMAGE-FORMING FIELD 590
28.3 INTERFERENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 592 28.3.1 TWO-BEAM VECTOR
INTERFERENCE 592 28.3.2 CONTRAST FOR HIGH-NA, S- AND P-POLARIZATION 593
28.3.3 INFLUENCE OF RECORDING MEDIUM 594
28.3.4 VECTOR EFFECT IN OPTICAL MICROSCOPY 595 28.3.5 VECTOR EFFECT IN
OPTICAL LITHOGRAPHY 595 28.4 POLARIZED RAY TRACE 596
28.4.1 DEFINITION OF RAY, BEAM AND PATH 597 28.4.2 RAY-SPLITTING AT
ANISOTROPIE ELEMENTS 597 28.4.3 REFRACTION AND REFLECTION AT
BIREFRINGENT INTERFACES 598 28.4.4 THE SINGLE-PATH APPROXIMATION 599
28.5 OPTICAL SYSTEMS WITH POLARIZATION EFFECTS 604 28.6 POLARIZED
IMAGING MODEL 605
28.6.1 SCALAR IMAGE 606
28.6.2 VECTOR IMAGE FOR COMPLETELY POLARIZED ILLUMINATION 607 28.6.3
VECTOR IMAGE FOR PARTIALLY POLARIZED ILLUMINATION 609 28.7 VECTOR
POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION 610
28.7.1 VPSF FOR COMPLETE POLARIZATION 610 28.7.2 VPSF FOR UNPOLARIZED
ILLUMINATION 611 28.8 POLARIZED OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 612 28.8.1
POLARIZED ILLUMINATION 612
28.8.2 UNPOLARIZED ILLUMINATION 612 28.9 JONES MATRIX PUPIL 612
28.9.1 DEFINITION FOR COMPLETELY POLARIZED ILLUMINATION 613 28.9.2
SEPARATION OF A SCALAR FACTOR 614 28.9.3 DECOMPOSITION INTO RETARDANCE
AND DIATTENUATION 615
28.9.4 EXAMPLE 616
28.10 JONES MATRIX PUPILS IN THE POLARIZATION MATRIX CALCULUS 617 28.11
JONES-MATRIX-BASED SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION 619
IMAGE 11
XVIII CONTENTS
28.12 ABERRATIONS OF THE TRANSMITTED WAVEFRONT 620 28.13 JONES-ZERNIKE
WAVEFRONT ABERRATIONS 621 28.13.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE MODAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF A JONES PUPIL 621 28.13.2 JONES-ZERNIKE EXPANSION
621 28.13.3 PROPERTIES OF THE JONES-ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS 623 28.14
LITERATURE 625
AI MATHEMATICAL APPENDIX 627
A.L LINEAR SYSTEMS 629
A.2 FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER INTEGRAL 631
A.2.1 COMPILATION OF BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 632 A.2.2
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR FOURIER TRANSFORMS 634 A.3 CONVOLUTION AND
CORRELATION 637
A.3.1 CONVOLUTION 637
A.3.2 CORRELATION 637
A.3.3 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY AND RMS VALUE 638 A.4 DISCRETE SIGNALS 639
A.4.1 THE SAMPLING THEOREM 639
A.4.2 LEAKAGE 642
A.4.3 INDEXING OF THE NUMERICAL DISCRETE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM 642 A.5
Z-TRANSFORM 644
A.5.1 DEFINITION 644
A.5.2 NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF THE Z-TRANSFORM 646 A.5.3 SINE
INTERPOLATION 648
A.6 HANKEL TRANSFORM 648
A.6.1 DEFINITION 648
A.6.2 NUMERICAL COMPUTATION 649
A.7 PRACTICAL CALCULATION OF DIFFRACTION INTEGRALS 655 A.7.1 THE
OSCILLATION PROBLEM 655
A.7.2 SPATIAL AND SPECTRAL RESOLUTION 660 A.7.3 PERIODIC BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS 662 A.7.4 X-Z SAMPLING OF THE EWALD SPHERE 663 A.7.5
EQUIVALENT DIFFRACTION SETUPS 663
A.7.6 OPTIMAL CONDITIONING OF THE FRESNEL DIFFRACTION 666 A.7.7
NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS 669
A.7.8 FRESNEL INTEGRALS 672
A.8 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS ON RECTANGULAR DOMAINS 675 A.8.1 CHEBYSHEV
POLYNOMIALS 675 A.8.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS 677 A.8.3
TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS 678 A.8.4 LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS IN
TWO DIMENSIONS 679 A.9 LITERATURE 683
INDEX 685
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| bvnumber | BV019989341 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
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| callnumber-search | QC371 |
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| dewey-full | 681.4 |
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| dewey-ones | 681 - Precision instruments and other devices |
| dewey-raw | 681.4 |
| dewey-search | 681.4 |
| dewey-sort | 3681.4 |
| dewey-tens | 680 - Manufacture of products for specific uses |
| discipline | Physik Handwerk und Gewerbe / Verschiedene Technologien |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV019989341 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:10:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3527403787 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013311292 |
| oclc_num | 85821012 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1043 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-92 DE-210 DE-703 DE-573 DE-706 DE-634 DE-11 DE-526 DE-522 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-1043 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-92 DE-210 DE-703 DE-573 DE-706 DE-634 DE-11 DE-526 DE-522 DE-83 |
| physical | XXIV, 690 S. graph. Darst 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Handbook of optical systems 2 Physical image formation ed. by Herbert Gross Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2005 XXIV, 690 S. graph. Darst 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Optical instruments Optics Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 gnd rswk-swf Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 s DE-604 Gross, Herbert 1955- Sonstige (DE-588)134121201 oth (DE-604)BV019743683 2 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013311292&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Handbook of optical systems Optical instruments Optics Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4197032-9 |
| title | Handbook of optical systems |
| title_auth | Handbook of optical systems |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of optical systems |
| title_full | Handbook of optical systems 2 Physical image formation ed. by Herbert Gross |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of optical systems 2 Physical image formation ed. by Herbert Gross |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of optical systems 2 Physical image formation ed. by Herbert Gross |
| title_short | Handbook of optical systems |
| title_sort | handbook of optical systems physical image formation |
| topic | Optical instruments Optics Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Optical instruments Optics Bilderzeugung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013311292&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV019743683 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grossherbert handbookofopticalsystems2 |