Verfügbarkeit: Handbook of optical systems

Handbook of optical systems: 2 Physical image formation

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2005
Schlagworte:	Optical instruments Optics Bilderzeugung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXIV, 690 S. graph. Darst 25 cm
ISBN:	3527403787

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_version_	1804133534766465024
adam_text	IMAGE 1 HANDBOOK OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS EDITED BY HERBERT GROSS VOLUME 2: PHYSICAL IMAGE FORMATION WOLFGANG SINGER, MICHAEL TOTZECK, HERBERT GROSS WILEYVCH WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA IMAGE 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION XIX 17 THE WAVE EQUATION 1 17.1 INTRODUCTION 2 17.2 FROM MAXWELL TO HELMHOLTZ 2 YJ.2.1 MAXWELL S EQUATIONS AND THE INHOMOGENEOUS WAVE EQUATION 2 17.2.2 WAVE EQUATION IN HOMOGENEOUS MEDIA AND THE SCALAR WAVE EQUATION 4 17.2.3 THE DISPERSION RELATION OF THE HARMONIE WAVE SOLUTION 6 17.3 ELEMENTARY WAVES IN FREE SPACE 9 17.3.1 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC PLANE WAVE 9 17.3.2 SPHERICAL WAVE 11 17.3.3 DIPOLE WAVE 11 17.3.4 RADIATED FIELDOFA HARMONIE CURRENT DISTRIBUTION 13 17.3.5 A NOTE ON PLANE AND SPHERICAL WAVES 13 17 .4 ENERGY, IRRADIANCE AND INTENSITY 14 17.5 THE ANGULAR SPECTRUM 17 17.5.1 SPATIAL FREQUENCY REPRESENTATION 17 17.5.2 TRANSFORMATION OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPECTRUM INTO TWO DIMENSIONS 19 17.5.3 FREE-SPACE PROPAGATION OF TRANSVERSE FIELDS 20 17.5.4 PERIODIC FIELDS WITH DISCRETE SPECTRA 22 17.5.5 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND THE SPATIAL FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 23 17.5.6 VECTOR FIELD REPRESENTATION BY SPATIAL FREQUENCIES 24 17.6 EVANESCENT WAVES 26 17.7 APPROXIMATIVE SOLUTIONS TO THE WAVE EQUATION 28 17.7.1 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND THE EIKONAL EQUATION 28 17.7.2 PARAXIAL WAVE EQUATION 29 17.7.3 TRANSPORT OF INTENSITY 30 17.7.4 GAUSSIAN BEAMS 31 17.7.5 RAY EQUIVALENT OF GAUSSIAN BEAMS 36 17.7.6 GAUSSIAN BEAMS IN TWO DIMENSIONS 37 17.8 LITERATURE 39 HANDBOOK O/OPTICAL SYSTEMS: VOL. 2. PHYSICAL IMAGE FORMATION. EDITED BY H. GROSS COPYRIGHT 2005 WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA, WEINHEIM ISBN: 3-527-40378-7 IMAGE 3 XI CONTENTS 18 SCALAR DIFFRACTION 41 18.1 INTRODUCTION 42 18.2 KIRCHHOFF DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 44 18.2.1 INCONSISTENCY OF THE KIRCHHOFF DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 48 18.3 L ST AND 2 ND RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 48 18.4 TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION 50 18.5 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE 52 18.6 FOURIER SPACE FORMULATION 54 18.7 EXAMPLES OF SCALAR DIFFRACTION PATTERNS 57 18.7.1 DIFFRACTION FIELDS BEHIND SLITS 57 18.7.2 DIFFRACTION BY A RECTANGULAR APERTURE 59 18.8 FRESNEL DIFFRACTION 60 18.8.1 COMPUTATION 61 18.8.2 VALIDITY 62 18.9 COLLIN S FRESNEL DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 64 18.9.1 DEFINITION 64 18.9.2 EXAMPLE 67 18.10 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION 69 18.11 GRAETING DIFFRACTION 71 18.11.1 RONCHI GRAETING 71 18.11.2 THE SINUSOIDAL PHASE GRAETING AND SURFACE FABRICATION ERRORS 76 18.12 SCALAR DIFFRACTION AT DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 79 18.13 BABINET S PRINCIPLE 82 18.14 SCALAR SCATTERING 85 18.15 BOUNDARY DIFFRACTION WAVES 89 18.15.1 GEOMETRICAL THEORY OF DIFFRACTION 90 18.15.2 AN EMPIRICAL BOUNDARY DIFFRACTION WAVE 94 18.16 LITERATURE 96 19 INTERFERENCE AND COHERENCE 99 19.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES 100 19.1.1 INTRODUCTION 100 19.1.2 TWO-BEAM INTERFERENCE AND DOUBLE SLIT DIFFRACTION 102 19.1.3 CONTRIBUTIONS OFDIFFERENT POINTS OF THE LIGHT SOURCE 205 19.1.4 THE HIGH-FREQUENCY TERM 107 19.1.5 THE LOW-FREQUENCY TERM 108 19.1.6 DIFFERENT LIGHT SOURCE POINTS WITH STATISTICAL PHASE 109 19.2 MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF COHERENCE 113 19.2.1 COHERENCE FUNCTION 113 19.2.2 WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 226 19.2.3 MOMENTS OF THE WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 220 19.2.4 SMOOTHING OF THE WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION AND DIFFRACTION FOCUS 222 19.2.5 WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF COHERENT FIELDS 222 19.2.6 AMBIGUITY FUNCTION 223 IMAGE 4 CONTENTS I XI 19.2.7 THE CHARACTERIZING FUNCTIONS IN THEIR CONTEXT 125 19.3 TEMPORAL COHERENCE 126 19.3.1 SUPERPOSITION OF SIGNALS WITH DIFFERENT FREQUENCY 126 19.3.2 SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF A LIGHT SOURCE 127 19.3.3 BANDWIDTH-LIMITED SIGNALS 128 19.3.4 AXIAL COHERENCE LENGTH 130 19.3.5 THERMAL LIGHT SOURCES 133 19.3.6 TEMPORAL COHERENCE IN THE MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER 134 19.4 SPATIAL COHERENCE 135 19.4.1 INTRODUCTION 135 19.4.2 PROPAGATION OF THE COHERENCE FUNCTION 138 19.4.3 VAN CITTERT-ZERNIKE THEOREM 140 19.4.4 THE COHERENCE FUNCTION OF A CIRCULAR SOURCE 140 19.4.5 COHERENCE FUNCTION BEHIND A DOUBLE SLIT 143 19.4.6 PROPAGATION OF THE WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 146 19.5 GAUSSIAN SCHELL BEAMS 149 19.5.1 DEFINITION OF GAUSSIAN SCHELL BEAMS 149 19.5.2 COHERENCE AND WIGNER FUNCTIONS OF GAUSSIAN SCHELL BEAMS 154 19.5.3 BASIS MODE EXPANSION OF PARTIAL COHERENT FIELDS 156 19.6 STATISTICAL OPTICS AND SPECKLE 159 19.6.1 PHOTON STATISTICS 159 19.6.2 THE SPECKLE EFFECT 161 19.6.3 SPECKLE PARAMETERS AND SURFACE STRUCTURE 163 19.6.4 COMPUTATION OF SPECKLE EFFECTS 165 19.6.5 SPECKLE REDUCTION 169 19.7 ARRAY HOMOGENIZER 172 19.7.1 SETUP OF THE SYSTEM 172 19.7.2 PUPIL FILLING 175 19.7.3 COHERENCE EFFECTS 176 19.7 .4 EXAMPLE CALCULATION 177 19.8 MISCELLANEOUS 179 19.8.1 GENERAL COHERENCE LENGTH 179 19.8.2 GENERAL DEGREE OF COHERENCE 182 19.8.3 COHERENCE AND POLARIZATION 183 19.9 LITERATURE 184 20 THE CEOMETRICAL OPTICAL DESCRIPTION AND INCOHERENT IMAGING 187 20.1 INTRODUCTION 188 20.2 CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTIONS 189 20.2.1 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND THE WAVE EQUATION 189 20.2.2 THE CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTIONS 191 20.2.3 GEOMETRICAL-OPTICAL IMAGING 194 20.2.4 THE CANONICAL PUPIL 196 20.2.5 A NOTE ON DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS 199 IMAGE 5 XII CONTENTS 20.3 THE IDEAL WAVE-OPTICAL IMAGE OF A POINT AND GEOMETRICAL-OPTICAL IMAGE FORMATION 200 20.3.1 THE SCALAR LUENEBURG INTEGRAL 200 20.3.2 ENERGY DISCUSSIONS FOR OPTICAL IMAGING 204 20.3.3 THE AIRY DISC 206 20.3.4 INCOHERENT RESOLUTION 210 20.4 ABERRATIONS OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS 211 20.4.1 THE SMALL-ABERRATION LIMIT: THE STREHL RATIO 211 20.4.2 EXPANSION OF THE WAVE-FRONT ERROR INTO ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS 212 20.4.3 POINT IMAGES FOR DIFFERENT ABERRATIONS 217 20.4.4 DISTORTION, DEFOCUS AND ASTIGMATISM 219 20.4.5 SPHERICAL ABERRATIONS Z 9 , COMA Z 7 AND Z 8 220 20.4.6 LINEOFSIGHT 221 20.4.7 WAVE ABERRATIONS FOR ANNULAR PUPILS 224 20.4.8 EXTENDED ZERNIKE EXPANSION 227 20.5 HELMHOLTZ-LAGRANGE INVARIANT AND PHASE-SPACE DESCRIPTION 231 20.5.1 THE PHASE SPACE 231 20.5.2 THE RESOLUTION LIMIT IN THE SPACE DOMAIN AND IN THE SPATIAL FREQUENCY DOMAIN 234 20.5.3 THE SPACE-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT 236 20.6 LITERATURE 237 21 THE ABBE THEORY OF IMAGING 239 21.1 INTRODUCTION 240 21.2 PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF IMAGING 244 21.2.1 THE EXPLANATION OF IMAGE FORMATION ACCORDING TO ABBE AND THE ABBE RESOLUTION 244 21.2.2 THE INFORMATION ABOUT AN OBJECT CONTAINED IN AN IMAGE 249 21.2.3 KOEHLER ILLUMINATION AND THE VISIBILITY 252 21.2.4 THE SIEDENTOPF ILLUMINATION PRINCIPLE 255 21.2.5 IMAGING WITH DIFFERENT COLOURS 259 21.2.6 APLANATIC CORRECTION AND GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 260 21.3 THE MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF FOURIER OPTICAL IMAGING 262 21.3.1 IMAGING WITH UNCORRELATED LIGHT SOURCES 262 21.3.2 CONSIDERATION OF MAGNIFICATION 267 IIA COHERENCE IN IMAGING 269 21.4.1 THE COHERENT IMAGE 269 21.4.2 INCOHERENT IMAGING 272 21.4.3 ONE-DIMENSIONAL INCOHERENT IMAGING 273 21.4.4 SYSTEMS WITH ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY 275 21.4.5 CONDITIONS FOR INCOHERENT, PARTIALLY COHERENT AND COHERENT IMAGING 277 21.4.6 IMAGING WITH CORRELATED LIGHT SOURCES 280 21.5 LITERATURE 281 IMAGE 6 22 COHERENCE THEORY OFOPTICAL IMAGING 283 22.1 INTRODUCTION 284 22.2 THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF PARTIALLY COHERENT IMAGE FORMATION 284 22.2.1 HOPKINS TRANSMISSION CROSS COEFFICIENT 284 22.2.2 IMAGE FIDELITY 287 22.2.3 HOPKINS FORMALISM FOR PERIODIC OBJECTS 288 22.2.4 ABERRATIONS IN THE LINEAR GRAETING IMAGE 293 22.3 THE COHERENCE FUNCTION AND THE COHERENCE TRANSFER FUNCTION 296 22.4 THE PHASE SPACE DESCRIPTION 300 22.4.1 TRANSFORMATION OF COHERENCE AND WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 300 22.4.2 PROPAGATION OF THE WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN FREE SPACE 303 22.4.3 COMPILATION OF THE TRANSFORMATIONS 307 22.5 OPTICAL IMAGING IN THE PRESENCE OF ABERRATIONS 309 22.5.1 LINEAR SYSTEMS AND CLASSIFICATION OF ABERRATIONS 309 22.5.2 * RANDOM NON-STATIONARY ABERRATIONS: STRAY LIGHT AND FLARE 314 22.6 LITERATURE 317 23 THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING 319 23.1 INTRODUCTION 320 23.2 THE EWALD SPHERE AND THE GENERALIZED PUPIL 321 23.2.1 THE EWALD SPHERE 321 23.2.2 THE GENERALIZED APERTURE AND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION 322 23.3 THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 327 23.3.1 BORN APPROXIMATION AND THE LAUE EQUATION 327 23.3.2 DAENDLIKER S REPRESENTATION AND THE SHAPE OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 330 23.3.3 RESOLUTION, DEPTH RESOLUTION AND DEPTH OF FOCUS 335 23.3.4 3D-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS IN MICROSCOPY 338 23.3.5 MAGNIFICATION AND A COMMENT ON ABSOLUTE INSTRUMENTS 340 23.4 SELECTED EXAMPLES OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 343 23.4.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR INCOHERENT IMAGING WITH CT= 1 343 23.4.2 PARTIAL COHERENT IMAGE EXAMPLES 344 23.4.3 TAYLORING OF THE 3D-TRANSFER FUNCTION 346 23.4.5 INFLUENCE OF ABERRATIONS 351 23.5 LITERATURE 352 24 IMAGE EXAMPLES OF SELECTED OBJECTS 355 24.1 INTRODUCTION 356 24.2 TWO-POINT RESOLUTION 356 24.2.1 INCOHERENT VERSUS COHERENT TWO-POINT RESOLUTION 356 24.2.2 IMAGE OF A DOUBLE SLIT FOR COHERENT AND INCOHERENT ILLUMINATION 360 24.2.3 PHASE SHIFT AND OBLIQUE ILLUMINATION 364 24.3 THE IMAGE OF AN EDGE 365 24.3.1 THE COHERENT IMAGE OF AN AMPLITUDE AND PHASE EDGE 365 IMAGE 7 XIV CONTENTS 24.3.2 THE INCOHERENT IMAGE OF AN AMPLITUDE EDGE 369 24.3.3 PARTIALLY COHERENT EDGE IMAGE 370 24.3.4 THE DETERMINATION OF THE OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION FROM THE EDGE IMAGE 375 24.4 THE LINE IMAGE 376 24.4.1 THE LINE IMAGE OFA ROTATIONAL-SYMMETRICAL LENS 376 24.4.2 COHERENT LINE OR SLIT IMAGE 377 24.4.3 INCOHERENT LINE OR SLIT IMAGE 380 24.5 THE GRAETING IMAGE 381 24.5.1 THE COHERENT LINEAR GRAETING IMAGE 381 24.5.2 THE COHERENT GRAETING IMAGE WITH ABERRATIONS 384 24.5.3 THE INFLUENCE OF THE COHERENCE PARAMETER ER ON THE GRAETING IMAGE 386 24.5.4 INFLUENCE OF THE SHAPE OF THE EFFECTIVE LIGHT SOURCE ON THE GRAETING IMAGE 389 24.5.5 WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION FOR GRAETINGS, TALBOT EFFECT AND PROPAGATION-INVARIANT FIELDS 394 24.6 PINHOLE IMAGING AND QUASI-POINT SOURCES 399 24.6.1 INTRODUCTION 399 24.6.2 INCOHERENT IMAGE OFA CIRCULAR OBJECT 400 24.6.3 QUASI-POINT SOURCE 402 24.6.4 PINHOLE WITH COHERENT ILLUMINATION 404 24.6.5 PINHOLE WITH PARTIAL COHERENT ILLUMINATION 405 24.6.6 DEFOCUSING PLANES AND DECONVOLUTION 406 24.7 LITERATURE 407 25 SPECIAL SYSTEM EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS 409 25.1 INTRODUCTION 410 25.2 POINT-SPREAD FUNCTIONS FOR ANNULAR PUPILS 410 25.2.1 INTRODUCTION 410 25.2.2 ANNULAR PUPILS, CENTRAL OBSCURATION AND PUPIL FILTERS 411 25.3 POINT-SPREAD FUNCTIONS OF NON-UNIFORM ILLUMINATED PUPILS 416 25.3.1 INTRODUCTION 416 25.3.2 GENERAL GAUSSIAN APODIZATION 417 25.3.3 GAUSSIAN PROFILE WITH TRUNCATION 418 25.4 ENGINEERING OF THE POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION BY PUPIL MASKS 423 25.4.1 INTRODUCTION 423 25.4.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION 423 25.4.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTENDED DEPTH OF FOCUS 426 25.4.4 RELATION BETWEEN AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE RESOLUTION 427 25.4.5 AMBIGUITY FUNCTION AS DEFOCUSSED TRANSFER FUNCTION 429 25.4.6 IMAGE MULTIPLEXING 430 25.4.7 FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS 432 25.4.8 CALCULATION OF MASKS 432 25.5 SPECIAL PUPIL MASKS 433 25.5.1 INTRODUCTION 433 IMAGE 8 CONTENTS XV 25.5.2 PHASE MASKS ACCORDING TO TORALDO 434 25.5.3 LOGARITHMIC PHASE MASK 435 25.5.4 CHIRPED RING PUPIL 437 25.5.5 COMPLEX FILTER DESCRIBED BY ZERNIKE EXPANSIONS 439 25.5.6 CUBIC PHASE PLATES FOR EXTENDED DEPTH OF FOCUS 442 25.5.7 STRUCTURED ILLUMINATION 447 25.6 SELECTED PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR PUPIL FILTERING TECHNIQUES 450 25.6.1 PHASE CONTRAST FILTERING, DARK-FIELD ILLUMINATION 450 25.6.2 FREQUENCY DOUBLING 453 25.6.3 DEFECT FILTERING 455 25.6.4 RONCHI TEST 456 25.7 LITERATURE 463 26 POLARIZATION 465 26.1 INTRODUCTION 467 26.2 POLARIZATION STATES 467 26.2.1 REPRESENTATION OF POLARIZATION STATES 468 26.2.2 JONES VECTOR 468 26.2.3 ELLIPSE OF POLARIZATION 470 26.2.4 ORTHOGONAL JONES VECTORS 471 26.2.5 JONES VECTORS IN DIFFERENT BASES 472 26.2.6 UNPOLARIZED LIGHT 472 26.2.7 PARTIAL POLARIZATION 473 26.2.8 POLARIZATION MATRIX 473 26.2.9 STOKES VECTOR 475 26.2.10 POINCARE SPHERE 478 26.3 JONES MATRIX 479 26.3.1 DEFINITION 479 26.3.2 JONES MATRIX ACTING ON A JONES VECTOR 480 26.3.3 SUCCESSIONOF JONES MATRICES 480 26.3.4 JONES MATRIX ACTING ON A POLARIZATION MATRIX 481 26.3.5 EXAMPLES OF JONES MATRICES 481 26.3.6 ROTATED AND MIRRORED JONES MATRIX 482 26.3.7 JONES MATRIX FOR DIFFERENT BASIS POLARIZATION STATES 483 26.3.8 EIGENPOLARIZATIONS OF A JONES MATRIX 483 26.3.9 JONES MATRIX OFA RETARDER 484 26.3.10 JONES MATRIX OFA PARTIAL POLARIZER 487 26.3.11 PAULI S SPIN MATRICES 489 26.3.12 JONES MATRIX DECOMPOSITION 489 26.4 MUELLER MATRIX 491 26.4.1 DEFINITION 491 26.4.2 EXAMPLES 492 26.5 MUELLER-JONES MATRIX 493 26.6 LIGHT IN ANISOTROPIE MEDIA 494 26.6.1 ANISOTROPIE MEDIA 494 IMAGE 9 XVI CONTENTS 26.6.2 PRINCIPAL REFRACTIVE INDICES OF AN ANISOTROPIE MEDIUM WITHOUT SPATIAL DISPERSION AND OPTICAL ACTIVITY 495 26.6.3 FRESNEL ELLIPSOID 496 26.6.4 INDEX ELLIPSOID 497 26.6.5 TYPES OF BIREFRINGENT MEDIA 497 26.7 EIGENWAVES IN ANISOTROPIE MEDIA 50J 26.7.1 PLANE WAVES IN ANISTROPIC MEDIA 501 26.7.2 EIGENWAVES AND THEIR POLARIZATION 502 26.7.3 PROPERTIES OF THE EIGENPOLARIZATIONS 506 26.7 .4 THE INTERSECTION ELLIPSE 506 26.8 JONES MATRIX OF PROPAGATION 507 26.9 JONES MATRICES OF PROPAGATION FOR COMMON MEDIA 508 26.9.1 EIGENPOLARIZATIONS AND -VALUES 508 26.9.2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS 509 26.9.3 UNIAXIAL CRYSTAL 509 26.9.4 BIAXIAL CRYSTAL 510 26.9.5 CAF 2 WITH SPATIAL DISPERSION ATA= 193 NM 511 26.10 BEAM-SPLITTING IN AN ANISOTROPIE MEDIUM 511 26.11 EXAMPLES OF POLARIZATION-OPTICAL ELEMENTS 516 26.11.1 QUARTER-WAVE AND HALF-WAVE RETARDER 516 26.11.2 BABINET-SOLEIL COMPENSATOR 516 26.11.3 FARADAY ROTATOR 518 26.11.4 BREWSTER PLATE 519 26.12 LITERATURE 520 27 VECTOR DIFFRACTION 523 27.1 INTRODUCTION 524 27.2 FOCUS COMPUTATION FOR POLARIZED FIELDS 525 27.2.1 GEOMETRY FOR FOCUS COMPUTATION 525 27.2.2 RICHARDS-WOLF INTEGRAL 526 27.2.3 PLANE WAVE EXPANSION 531 27.2.4 FOCUS FIELDS FOR VARIOUS INPUT POLARIZATIONS 533 27.3 VECTOR KIRCHHOFF DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 538 27.4 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS 538 27.4.1 PLANE INTERFACE: FRESNEL S EQUATIONS 540 27.4.2 DIFFRACTION AT A CIRCULAR CYLINDER 542 27A3 MIE SCATTERING 547 27.5 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR ARBITRARY STRUCTURES 553 27.6 COUPLED DIPOLE METHOD 553 27.7 INTEGRAL EQUATION APPROACH AND MOMENT METHOD 555 27.7.1 THE MOMENT METHOD 555 27.7.2 FORM OF SCATTERING OPERATOR 556 27.7.3 SCATTERING IN THREE-LAYER MEDIUM 557 27.8 FOURIER MODAL METHOD 563 27.8.1 THEORY 563 IMAGE 10 CONTENTS XVII 27.8.2 DIFFRACTION EFFICIENCY 568 27.9 FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD 568 27.9.1 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 570 27.9.2 IMPLICIT PARAXIAL WAVE EQUATION IN TWO DIMENSIONS 572 27.9.3 PARAXIAL WAVE EQUATION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 572 27.9.4 ADI-FORMULATION OF THE PARAXIAL WAVE EQUATION IN THREE DIMENSIONS 575 27.9.5 SPLIT-STEP-BEAM PROPAGATION METHOD 576 27.10 RIGOROUS DIFFRACTION IN OPTICAL IMAGING 579 27.10.1 DIELECTRICS AND METALS 579 27.11 SIMULATION OF POLARIZED IMAGING BY USE OF RIGOROUS DIFFRACTION 583 27.12 LITERATURE 587 28 POLARIZATION AND OPTICAL IMAGING 589 28.1 INTRODUCTION 590 28.2 THE IMAGE-FORMING FIELD 590 28.3 INTERFERENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 592 28.3.1 TWO-BEAM VECTOR INTERFERENCE 592 28.3.2 CONTRAST FOR HIGH-NA, S- AND P-POLARIZATION 593 28.3.3 INFLUENCE OF RECORDING MEDIUM 594 28.3.4 VECTOR EFFECT IN OPTICAL MICROSCOPY 595 28.3.5 VECTOR EFFECT IN OPTICAL LITHOGRAPHY 595 28.4 POLARIZED RAY TRACE 596 28.4.1 DEFINITION OF RAY, BEAM AND PATH 597 28.4.2 RAY-SPLITTING AT ANISOTROPIE ELEMENTS 597 28.4.3 REFRACTION AND REFLECTION AT BIREFRINGENT INTERFACES 598 28.4.4 THE SINGLE-PATH APPROXIMATION 599 28.5 OPTICAL SYSTEMS WITH POLARIZATION EFFECTS 604 28.6 POLARIZED IMAGING MODEL 605 28.6.1 SCALAR IMAGE 606 28.6.2 VECTOR IMAGE FOR COMPLETELY POLARIZED ILLUMINATION 607 28.6.3 VECTOR IMAGE FOR PARTIALLY POLARIZED ILLUMINATION 609 28.7 VECTOR POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION 610 28.7.1 VPSF FOR COMPLETE POLARIZATION 610 28.7.2 VPSF FOR UNPOLARIZED ILLUMINATION 611 28.8 POLARIZED OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 612 28.8.1 POLARIZED ILLUMINATION 612 28.8.2 UNPOLARIZED ILLUMINATION 612 28.9 JONES MATRIX PUPIL 612 28.9.1 DEFINITION FOR COMPLETELY POLARIZED ILLUMINATION 613 28.9.2 SEPARATION OF A SCALAR FACTOR 614 28.9.3 DECOMPOSITION INTO RETARDANCE AND DIATTENUATION 615 28.9.4 EXAMPLE 616 28.10 JONES MATRIX PUPILS IN THE POLARIZATION MATRIX CALCULUS 617 28.11 JONES-MATRIX-BASED SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION 619 IMAGE 11 XVIII CONTENTS 28.12 ABERRATIONS OF THE TRANSMITTED WAVEFRONT 620 28.13 JONES-ZERNIKE WAVEFRONT ABERRATIONS 621 28.13.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE MODAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A JONES PUPIL 621 28.13.2 JONES-ZERNIKE EXPANSION 621 28.13.3 PROPERTIES OF THE JONES-ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS 623 28.14 LITERATURE 625 AI MATHEMATICAL APPENDIX 627 A.L LINEAR SYSTEMS 629 A.2 FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER INTEGRAL 631 A.2.1 COMPILATION OF BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 632 A.2.2 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR FOURIER TRANSFORMS 634 A.3 CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION 637 A.3.1 CONVOLUTION 637 A.3.2 CORRELATION 637 A.3.3 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY AND RMS VALUE 638 A.4 DISCRETE SIGNALS 639 A.4.1 THE SAMPLING THEOREM 639 A.4.2 LEAKAGE 642 A.4.3 INDEXING OF THE NUMERICAL DISCRETE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM 642 A.5 Z-TRANSFORM 644 A.5.1 DEFINITION 644 A.5.2 NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF THE Z-TRANSFORM 646 A.5.3 SINE INTERPOLATION 648 A.6 HANKEL TRANSFORM 648 A.6.1 DEFINITION 648 A.6.2 NUMERICAL COMPUTATION 649 A.7 PRACTICAL CALCULATION OF DIFFRACTION INTEGRALS 655 A.7.1 THE OSCILLATION PROBLEM 655 A.7.2 SPATIAL AND SPECTRAL RESOLUTION 660 A.7.3 PERIODIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 662 A.7.4 X-Z SAMPLING OF THE EWALD SPHERE 663 A.7.5 EQUIVALENT DIFFRACTION SETUPS 663 A.7.6 OPTIMAL CONDITIONING OF THE FRESNEL DIFFRACTION 666 A.7.7 NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS 669 A.7.8 FRESNEL INTEGRALS 672 A.8 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS ON RECTANGULAR DOMAINS 675 A.8.1 CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS 675 A.8.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS 677 A.8.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS 678 A.8.4 LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS IN TWO DIMENSIONS 679 A.9 LITERATURE 683 INDEX 685
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id	DE-604.BV019989341
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T20:10:15Z
institution	BVB
isbn	3527403787
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013311292
oclc_num	85821012
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-1043 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-92 DE-210 DE-703 DE-573 DE-706 DE-634 DE-11 DE-526 DE-522 DE-83
owner_facet	DE-1043 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-92 DE-210 DE-703 DE-573 DE-706 DE-634 DE-11 DE-526 DE-522 DE-83
physical	XXIV, 690 S. graph. Darst 25 cm
publishDate	2005
publishDateSearch	2005
publishDateSort	2005
publisher	Wiley-VCH
record_format	marc
spelling	Handbook of optical systems 2 Physical image formation ed. by Herbert Gross Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2005 XXIV, 690 S. graph. Darst 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Optical instruments Optics Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 gnd rswk-swf Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 s DE-604 Gross, Herbert 1955- Sonstige (DE-588)134121201 oth (DE-604)BV019743683 2 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013311292&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Handbook of optical systems Optical instruments Optics Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4197032-9
title	Handbook of optical systems
title_auth	Handbook of optical systems
title_exact_search	Handbook of optical systems
title_full	Handbook of optical systems 2 Physical image formation ed. by Herbert Gross
title_fullStr	Handbook of optical systems 2 Physical image formation ed. by Herbert Gross
title_full_unstemmed	Handbook of optical systems 2 Physical image formation ed. by Herbert Gross
title_short	Handbook of optical systems
title_sort	handbook of optical systems physical image formation
topic	Optical instruments Optics Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 gnd
topic_facet	Optical instruments Optics Bilderzeugung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013311292&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV019743683
work_keys_str_mv	AT grossherbert handbookofopticalsystems2

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