Gene flow from GM plants:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Blackwell Publ.
2005
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Biological sciences series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1405122374 9781405122375 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Gene flow from GM plants |c ed. by Guy M. Poppy and Michael J. Wilkinson |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804133447553253376 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Gene Flow from GM Plants
Edited by
GUY M POPPY
School of Biological Sciences
University of Southampton, UK
and
MICHAEL J WILKINSON
School of Plant Sciences
University of Reading, UK
Blackwell
Publishing
Contents
List of Contributors xi
Preface xiii
1 Where science fits into the GM debate 1
PHILIP J DALE
1 1 Background 1
1 2 Regulation 1
1 3 Stimulus for research •• •• 2
1 4 Vigorous campaigning 3
1 5 The GM Nation Public Debate 4
1 6 Gene flow issues raised in the public debate 5
161 GM is unnatural 5
162 Genetic contamination 5
163 GM and organic agriculture cannot coexist 6
164 GM crops will damage the environment 7
1 7 Findings of the debate 7
1 8 Discussion 7
181 GM crops have become a lightning rod for a range of concerns 8
182 Difficulty of holding a rational discussion of GM crops
in context « 8
1821 Method not mission 8
1822 The FSEs raised wider issues 9
183 Broader agricultural issues 10
184 Political context 10
References , 1 1
2 Crop biotechnology - the state of play 12
THOMAS E NICKSON
2 1 Introduction 12
22A need for better tools in crop production systems 14
221 Crop production and sustainability 14
2 3 The current state of GM crops 18
231 Herbicide tolerance 21
232 Insect protection 23
233 Virus resistance in plants 26
vi CONTENTS
o
2 4 Future developments 27
241 Expansion of Bt and HT 28
242 Other pest resistance traits 29
243 Tolerance to abiotic stress 30
244 Output traits 30
245 Other GM plants - 32
246 Gene flow containment 33
2 5 Summary 35
Acknowledgements 36
References 37
3 Pollen dispersal vectored by wind or insects 43
GAVIN RAMSAY
3 1 Introduction 43
311 The fascination with pollination 43
312 The pollination of crop plants 44
313 Pollen dispersal, gene flow and GM crops 47
3 2 Evolutionary and ecological aspects of pollination biology 47
321 Evolutionary aspects of wind-mediated pollination 47
322 Adaptations for wind pollination 49
323 Airborne pollen recording for allergy sufferers 50
324 Evolutionary and ecological aspects of entomophily 51
325 Adaptations for entomophily 53
3 3 Managing insect pollination for crop production 54
331 Crops benefiting from wild and managed pollinators , 54
332 The use of managed pollinators 54
3 4 Experiments and observations on vectors in oilseed rape, beet
and maize 9 56
341 Uncertainties on the relative importance of different vectors
in oilseed rape 56
342 Oilseed rape cross-pollination: observations 57
343 Oilseed rape cross pollination: experimental data 59
344 jOther crops - 59
3 5 Processes and patterns with wind-mediated pollination 61
351 Deposition, turbulence and impaction 61
352 Long-distance dispersal 62
353 Local barriers, directionality and edge effects 63
3 6 Processes and patterns with insect-mediated pollination 63
361 Functional groupings of pollinators 63
362 Common processes: local dispersal 64
363 Processes and patterns for social insects 64
364 Edge effects in recipient patches 67
365 Patchiness and pollinator behaviour 68
366 Influence of landscape patterns on pollen dispersal 69
3 7 Modelling pollen dispersal based on vectors 69
371 General models 69
372 Modelling elements of bee behaviour 70
CONTENTS vii
3 8 Lessons for the management of gene flow from studies °
on vectors 71
381 Effectiveness of isolation by distance 71
382 Managing seed and crop production systems 71
References 73
Hybridisation - reproductive barriers to gene flow 78
A J RICHARDS
4 1 The taxonomic context of hybrid formation 78
411 What is a (crop) species? 80
4 2 Reproductive isolation 82
421 Potential for hybridisation 82
422 Wallace Effect 83
423 Pre-pollination isolation 84
4231 Distance 85
4232 Temporal isolation (phenology) 86
4233 Ethological (pollinator) preference 87
424 Post-pollination, prezygotic isolation (interspecific incompatibility) 88
4241 Unilateral incompatibility 89
425 Post-zygotic isolation 90
4251 Embryo-endosperm balance seed incompatibility 91
4252 Genomic imprinting 92
4253 Seed sterility (F, embryo inviability) 93
426 F, hybrid sterility 94
4261 Invasive sterile hybrids 94
4262 The causes of hybrid sterility: chromosome homology 95
4263 The causes of hybrid sterility: irregular polyploidy 97
4 3 Hybridisation, introgression and consequences of transgene spread 100
431 Hybrid swarms 100
432 Hybrid habitats 102
433 Introgression 103
434 Hybridisation and extinction 105
4 4 Concluding remarks 107
References 109
5 Rare hybrids and methods for their detection 113
RIKKE BAGGER J0RGENSEN AND MICHAEL J WILKINSON
5 1 Introduction 113
5 2 Gene flow - to what extent will it take place? 114
521 Barriers to gene flow 114
5 3 Plants have different potential for dispersal of genes 115
531 Species groups 115
5 4 The hybridisation potential of major European crops 117
541 Wheat, Triticum aestivum (17 300 000 ha) 117
542 Barley, Hordeum vulgare (10 600 000 ha) 119
viii CONTENTS
o
543 Maize, Zea mays (4 350 000 ha) 120
544 Pumpkins for fodder, Cucurbita pepo (5 100 000 ha) 121
545 Olives, Olea europaea (4 300 000 ha) 121
546 Oilseed rape, Brassica napus (3 500 000 ha) 122
547 Vine, Vitis vinifera (3 500000 ha) 123
548 Sunflower seeds, Helianthus animus (2 200000 ha) 124
549 Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris (2 000 000 ha) 124
5 4 10 Oat,Avenattjfira(1900000ha) 125
5 5 Methods for detection and quantification of rare hybrids 125
5 6 Preliminary screens for hybrids 127
561 Morphology 127
562 Sterility 128
563 Herbicide bioassays and visible marker genes 128
564 Protein assays 129
565 Chromosome analysis and flow cytometry 129
566 Microarrays 130
5 7 Confirmation of hybrid status 130
571 Isozymes 130
572 DNA-based methods 131
5721 PCR-based techniques 131
5722 Random amplified polymorphic DNA 132
5723 Amplified fragment length polymorphism 132
5724 Simple sequence repeats (microsatellites) 132
5725 Quantitative PCR (real-time PCR) 133
5 8 Introgression 133
581 Data analysis for introgression 134
582 AFLPOP 134
583 New Hybrids 134
584 Structure • 134
5 9 Conclusions 135
References 135
Assessingthe ecological fitness of recipients _ 143
ARTHUR E WEIS
6 1 Introduction 143
6 2 Hybridization, introgression and internal selection 145
621 The biology of natural hybrids and hybrid zones 145
622 Crop-wild hybridization: two examples 149
6221 Sunflower 149
6222 Oilseed rape 150
6 3 Projecting introgression of transgenes using empirical data and models 154
631 How well do fitness estimates predict population change? 156
632A way around the difficulties? 159
6 4 Conclusion: a reason for hope, a cause for concern 163
Acknowledgements 164
References 164
CONTENTS ix
7 Assessing the environmental risks of gene flow from tJM
crops to wild relatives 169
ALAN RAYBOULD AND MICHAEL J WILKINSON
7 1 Introduction 169
7 2 What is risk assessment? 169
7 3 Tiered testing and risk assessment 171
7 4 General requirements for assessing risks of gene flow from transgenic crops 172
7 5 Assessment endpoints 173
7 6 Hazard assessments 174
761 Toxicity of transgene product 174
762 Enhanced invasiveness of transgene recipient 174
763 Transgene-induced changes to community of the recipient 178
7 7 Exposure assessments 181
7 8 Proposed scheme for assessing the environmental risks of gene flow 182
References 184
8 Quantifying exposure 186
JAMIE P SUTHERLAND AND GUY M POPPY
8 1 Introduction 186
8 2 Defining risk, hazard and exposure 187
8 3 Exposure trees 189
8 4 An introduction to tiered risk assessment 190
8 5 Quantifying exposure with first- and second-tier experimentation 192
851 Exposure in non-target herbivores and pollinators 192
852 Exposure in natural enemies 193
853 Exposure in soil organisms 195
8 6 Quantifying exposure with third-tier experimentation 195
861 Exposure in herbivores and pollina amp;rs 196
862 Exposure in natural enemies 198
863 Exposure in soil organisms 198
8 7 Planned releases of GM crops 199
8 8 Alternative approaches, to quantifying exposure 201
881 Simulation studies 201
881 1 Advantages of transgene simulation 202
8812 Disadvantages of transgene simulation 202
8813 Future scope of transgene simulation 204
882 Modelling 204
8 9 Conclusions 207
Acknowledgements 207
References 208
9 Regulating the risks of gene flow 213
STEVEN HILL
9 1 Introduction 213
9 2 The European Regulatory Framework for GM crops 214
X CONTENTS
o
921 Ensuring consumer safety: Directive 2001/18/EC and Regulation
1829/2003/EC on GM food and feed 214
922 Ensuring consumer choice: Regulation 1830/2003/EC on
traceability, labelling and coexistence measures 215
923 The international context 217
9 3 Risk assessment of gene flow , 218
931 How well is the rate of gene transfer known? 219
932 How well are the consequences of gene flow known? 221
9 4 Conclusions 223
References 223
10 Risk assessment of GM crops - does the road ahead need to be
long and winding? 225
GUY M POPPY AND MICHAEL J WILKINSON
10 1 Setting the scene 225
10 2 Managing the land for multiple users 225
10 3 Global strategies for risk assessment 227
10 4 Relative importance of environmental changes arising from GM crops 229
10 5 History of GM risk assessment 232
10 6 Hazard-led research 233
10 7 Regulation-led research 233
10 8 The way forward 234
References 237
Index 239
•9
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| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Gene flow from GM plants ed. by Guy M. Poppy and Michael J. Wilkinson 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Blackwell Publ. 2005 XIV, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biological sciences series Includes bibliographical references and index Transgenic plants Transgenic plants Risk assessment Gentransfer (DE-588)4194102-0 gnd rswk-swf Transgene Pflanzen (DE-588)4311513-5 gnd rswk-swf Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd rswk-swf Transgene Pflanzen (DE-588)4311513-5 s Gentransfer (DE-588)4194102-0 s Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 s b DE-604 Poppy, Guy M. Sonstige oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip059/2005007958.html Table of contents HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013229522&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gene flow from GM plants Transgenic plants Transgenic plants Risk assessment Gentransfer (DE-588)4194102-0 gnd Transgene Pflanzen (DE-588)4311513-5 gnd Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4194102-0 (DE-588)4311513-5 (DE-588)4137042-9 |
| title | Gene flow from GM plants |
| title_auth | Gene flow from GM plants |
| title_exact_search | Gene flow from GM plants |
| title_full | Gene flow from GM plants ed. by Guy M. Poppy and Michael J. Wilkinson |
| title_fullStr | Gene flow from GM plants ed. by Guy M. Poppy and Michael J. Wilkinson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gene flow from GM plants ed. by Guy M. Poppy and Michael J. Wilkinson |
| title_short | Gene flow from GM plants |
| title_sort | gene flow from gm plants |
| topic | Transgenic plants Transgenic plants Risk assessment Gentransfer (DE-588)4194102-0 gnd Transgene Pflanzen (DE-588)4311513-5 gnd Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Transgenic plants Transgenic plants Risk assessment Gentransfer Transgene Pflanzen Risikoanalyse |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip059/2005007958.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013229522&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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