The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Baltimore
Johns Hopkins Press
1942
|
| Schriftenreihe: | The Albert Shaw lectures on diplomatic history
1941 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 520 S. Kt. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918
Autor: Bailey, Thomas Andrew
Jahr: 1942
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ...................................
Chapter
I. The Transition From Neutrality to Belli-
gerency .............................
(i) General assumption that belligerent America
flagrantly violated neutral rights—(ii) Importance
of present subject—Why it has not been investi-
gated earlier—(iii) Timeliness of general sub-
ject—Emphasis in this book not on diplomatic his-
tory but on policy—(iv) Neutral America, the
leader and champion of neutrals—(v) Belligerent
America turns back on neutrals—The question of
what is a violation of international law—(vi) The
question of which nations were neutral—(vii)
Wilson s invitation to neutrals to follow America
in breaking relations—Reactions of Europe; Li-
beria; Siam—(vili) Response of China—(ix)
Replies from Latin America—(x) Pressures and
inducements from Washington to bring neutrals
into war—(xi) Conclusions.
II. The Beginnings of a Policy Toward the
Neutrals ............................
(i) Agitation against indirect shipment of
American foodstuffs and materials to Germany—
(ii) Demand for export control—(iii) American
misunderstanding of neutral problems—Charges of
inconsistency in America—(iv) Neutral defense
of position in trading with Germany—(v) Neu-
tral accusations of American inconsistency—Possi-
ble neutral countermeasures against proposed
American export restrictions—(vi) British desire
for American co-operation in neutral control meas-
ures—Balfour Mission and its objectives—(vii)
Discussions in Washington with British Em-
bassy—British suggestions as to forcing neutral
shipping into service—(viii) Report of British-
American Joint Subcommittee on Export Licenses;
Report of Subcommittee on Statistics and Sources
of Information—(ix) Woolsey memorandum on
extent of American willingness to co-operate with
the British—(x) Observations on work of Balfour
Commission.
xi
xii Table of Contents
page
III. The Establishment of Export and Import
Control ......................... · · ¦ 64
(i) Debate over export control bill in Con-
gress—(ii) Exports control established by Es-
pionage Act—(iii) Executive order of June 22,
1917, creating Exports Council—First exports
licensing proclamation (July 9, 1917)—Reac-
tions—(iv) Legality of exports embargoes—(v)
Policy toward neutrals outlined in memorandum of
Exports Council, July 24, 1917—(vi) British seek
more satisfactory export control—(vii) British re-
fute danger of forcing neutrals into arms of enemy—
(viii) State Department seeks fuller data as to Brit-
ish neutral commitments—(ix) Wilson s proclama-
tion of August 21, 1917, creating Exports Admin-
istrative Board and new Exports Council—Wil-
son s second exports control proclamation (August
27, 1917)—(x) Executive order of October 12,
1917, replacing Exports Administrative Board with
War Trade Board—(xi) Imports control author-
ized by Trading with the Enemy Act of October
6, 1917—Wilson s proclamation of November 28,
1917, establishing import control by license—
Third export control proclamation of November
28, 1917—Wilson s proclamation of February 14,
1918, placing all exports and imports under
license—(xii) Christmas concessions to Northern
Neutrals—(xiii.) Relaxation of embargo on non-
essentials to Northern Neutrals.
IV. The Rationing Agreement With Norway 102
(i) General position of Norway—(ii) Sending
of Nansen Commission to United States, July,
1917—(iii) Norwegian-American grain agree-
ment, August, 1^17—(iv) Delay .of Norway in
presenting proposals-—(v) Reasons for American
delay in negotiations—Wilson s idealistic posi-
tion—(vi) Nansen s first comprehensive proposal,
November 16, 1917—Norwegian and American
proposals and counterproposals—War Trade
Board publishes its terms to bring pressure to bear
on Norwegian government, January, 1918—(vii)
Christiania s publication of position—(viii) Ger-
man threats and Norway s declaration of neutral-
ity, March, 1918—War Trade Board s ultimatum
to Nansen, April, 1918—Nansen signs general
agreement, April 30, 1918—(ix) Summary of the
agreement—(x) General observations on the agree-
ment—(xi) United States drives a hard bargain.
Table of Contents
xiii
PAGE
V. The Swedish Rationing and Tonnage Nego-
(i) General position of Sweden and her
strength—(ii) Weaknesses—(iii) Sending of spe-
cial commission to the United States, May, 1917—
(iv) American grain deal with Sweden, August,
1917—Opposition and final consent of British—
(v) British mail-pouch controversy with Sweden-
Good offices of United States result in amicable
settlement, October, 1917—(vi) Iron ore problem
and early Allied suggestions of purchasing part of
surplus going to Germany—(vii) Transfer of
Swedish-American negotiations to London—(viii)
Conclusion of modus vivendi on tonnage and em-
bargo easement, January 29, 1918—(ix) Negotia-
tions for general agreement in London—American
opposition to requisitioning of Swedish tonnage—
United States reluctantly assumes share of ore
purchase—(x) War Trade Board s objections to
final agreement—(xi) Summary of general agree-
ment of May 29, 1918—(xii) Dissatisfaction with
workings of agreement—More favorable attitude
of Sweden toward the Allies—(xiii) General
observations and conclusions.
VI. The Rationing and Tonnage Agreement
(i) General position of Denmark—(ii) Prob-
lems confronting the Allies—(iii) Danish reac-
tion to American criticisms—(iv) Initial steps in
the Danish-American negotiations—Wilson vetoes
Hoover s suggestion of drastic measures—(v) Ne-
gotiations in the autumn of 1917—British attempts
•to place onus on the United States—(vi) Policy
of purposeful delay in negotiations ended by Wil-
son s intervention—(vii) General problems of ra-
tioning and tonnage—Denmark s allegations of
distress—(viii) American ultimatum on danger-
rone tonnage—Partial Danish capitulation—Fear
of requisitioning—-(ix) German pressure on Co-
penhagen—(x) Terms of Danish-American ration-
ing and tonnage agreement of September 18, 1918
—Earlier agreement with Iceland—(xi) General
observations on agreement—Danish reaction.
VII. The Rationing and Tonnage Negotia-
tions With Holland.................. 194
TIATIONS
136
With Denmark
165
(i) General position of Holland—(ii) Instru-
xiv Table of Contents
PAGE
ments of coercion possessed by Allies—(iii)
Dutch reaction to embargo—Breakdown of -grain
negotiations—Sending of commission—(iv) Pro-
tracted negotiations in Washington—Increasing
bitterness in Holland—(v) Transfer of negotia-
tions to London—Conclusion of modus vivendi—
Dutch delay in carrying it out—(vi) Early steps
toward requisitioning Dutch tonnage—Wilson s
general· requisitioning order of March 20, 1918—
(vii) Reaction of the Dutch—(viii) Unofficial
and official Dutch protests—Unofficial and offi-
cial American replies—Legal position of United
States—(ix) Dutch attempts to secure assurances
against further requisitioning-—German steps in
direction of reprisals—More favorable auguries
for continued negotiations with Dutch—(x) Re-
opening of negotiations in London—(xi) Ton-
nage and rationing agreement of November 25,
1918—Implementing Allied agreement with N. O.
T. of December 17, 1918—Adherence to this
agreement by War Trade Board, December 30,
1918—Reservations of United States—(xii) Gen-
eral observations and conclusions.
VIII. The Rationing Negotiations With
Switzerland ......................... 239
(i) General position of Switzerland—(ii)
American sympathy—Importance of tiny repub-
lic—(iii) Swiss concern over embargo on grain—
Sending of commission to the United States—(iv)
Silk agreement—Problems involving Switzerland
and Italy—(v) Shift of negotiations to Paris—
Connection between the grain and military situa-
tion—American declaration to respect Swiss neu-
trality—Signing of rationing agreement of Decem-
ber 5, 1917—(vi) Analysis of agreement—Swiss
satisfaction—(vii) British-American misunder-
standing as to obligation to deliver grain—(viii)
Critical situation in Switzerland—American prom-
ise to send grain—(ix) Washington s decision to
convoy grain ships to Switzerland—(x) Unsuc-
cessful attempt to secure German and Austrian
tonnage in Spain for Swiss grain—(xi) General
observations and conclusions.
IX. The Rationing and Tonnage Negotiations
With Spain.......................... 272
(i) The general position of Spain—(ii) Pres-
sures suggested by the Balfour Commission—
Table of Contents XV
PAGE
Lansing s statement to Madrid—(iii) Gradual im-,
position of embargo on Spain—Cotton problem—
(iv) U-boats in Spanish waters—Washington de-
clines British invitation to protest jointly—Sink-
ings of merchantmen in Spanish waters—United
States representations over escape of U 293 from
Cadiz—(v) Washington joins with Associates in -
urging internment of German crews in Spain—
(vi) Negotiations in Madrid for commercial agree-
ment—Impossibility of securing tonnage—Diffi-
culty over bunkering pressure—(vii) Summary of
commercial agreement of March 7, 1918—(viii)
Delay of Spain in carrying out agreement—Break-
down of tonnage negotiations—(ix) Spanish-
American financial agreement of August 28, 1918
—Negotiations for mules for A. E. F.—(x) Wash-
ington declines to urge Spain to enter war—(xi)
General observations and conclusions.
X. The United States and the Latin America
Neutrals............................ 305
(i) Absence of hemispheric solidarity—The
belligerents; quasi-belligerents ; neutrals—(ii)
General observations on the group that remained
neutral—(iii) The abortive conference of neutrals
—United States opposition to—(iv) Unique posi-
tion of Mexico—(v) Difficulty between United
States and Mexico over twenty-four hour rule—
Three-ship rule—(vi) Questions of hovering; vio-
lating Mexican territorial waters—(vii) The sisal
problem in Yucatán—America refrains from
drastic action—(viii) Problems involving Argen-
tina—Washington s refusal to press for intern-
ment of German submarines—Allied grain agree-
ment—Case of the Babia Blanca—(ix) Chilean
seizure of interned German ships—Similar action
by Uruguay and Peru—(x) Latin America agrees
to receive United States armed merchantmen and
requisitioned Dutch ships—(xi) General observa-
tions and conclusions.
XI. Bunkers and Blacklists................ 339
(i) British bunker control and attempts to per-
suade America to adopt it—(fi) Adoption of
bunker control by the United States and its objec-
tives—(iii) General conclusions on bunker control
and neutral rights—(iv) British blacklist and its
nature—(v) American protest against British
blacklist (July 26, 1916)—Grey s reply—(vi)
2
xvi Table of Contents
page
British pressure on America to adopt blacklist in
1917—Blacklist authorized by Trading with Enemy
Act of October 6, 1917—Four categories of the
American blacklist—(vii) The three compre-
hensive United States blacklists—Extension of
blacklist after Armistice—(viti) Inter-Allied co-
ordination problems—Effectiveness of American
blacklists—(ix) British proposal of a financial
blockade of neutrals—Refusal of the United
States to join—(x) General conclusions.
XII. Problems Involving Freedom of the Seas 380
(i) Declaration of London, 1909—Refusal of
Britain to subscribe to—(ii) Lansing s protest
against British blockade (October 21, 1915)—
(iii) Embargo by belligerent America comple-
ments blockade—Washington s refusal to ex-
change prizes reciprocally with British; to par-
ticipate in British blockade—(iv) Postwar discus-
sions of American practices—(v) Was America a
particeps criminis in helping enforce blockade?—
(vi) Washington s neutral position on contra-
band—(vii) American belligerent attitude on con-
traband and continuous voyage—(viii) United
States declines to seize reservists on high seas; to
engage in mandatory routing of neutral ships—
(ix) Elimination of Halifax call—Abortive scheme
for mandatory routing—(x) American position on
safe-conducts—(xi) Prebelligerent attitude on min-
ing open sea—Laying the North Sea mine bar-
rage—(xii) Washington declines to take strong
measures to force Norway to close the barrage gap
—(xiii) Observations on dealings with Norway—
(xiv) Conclusions.
XIII. Problems of International Law and
Neutral Treaty Rights................ 421
(i) Early American protests against British
postal censorship—(ii) Belligerent America adopts
postal censorship of neutral mails—(iii) Ques-
tionable or inconsistent practices—(iv) Early
American protests against British cable censor-
ship; later adoption of—Questionable practices—
(v) Drafting of neutral aliens contrary to treaty
guarantees—(vi) Protests of neutral diplomats—
Wilson s discharge order—(vii) Amendment of
Selective Service Act—Injustices to aliens—(viii)
Requisitioning of neutral shipping building in
Table of Contents
XVII
PAGE
United States—Hague Court (1922) finds against
United States in Norwegian claims—(ix) Spe-
cial arbitrator (1932) finds for United States in
case of two detained Swedish ships—(x) Court
of Claims (1927) finds against United States in
case of detained Dutch ship Zeelandia—(xi)
American refusal to violate neutrality of Panama
Canal—(xii) Neutral protest against eliciting sub-
marine information from neutral captains—(xiii)
American propaganda in neutral countries; high
tone of—(xiv) Summary and conclusions.
(i) Practices protested against by the United
States as a neutral but adopted as a belligerent—
(ii) Practices adopted as a belligerent after re-
serving rights as a neutral—(iii) Arguable viola-
tions of international law—(iv) Pressures brought
to bear on the neutrals—(v) Practices protested
against as a neutral and not employed as a bel-
ligerent—(vi) Unquestionable violations of treaty
rights and international law—(vii) Practices not
protested against as a neutral and not employed
while a belligerent—(viii) Wilsonian idealism
and the generosity of the United States toward the
neutrals—(ix) General conclusions and observa-
tions—The record of the United States on the
whole creditable.
Select Bibliography........................ 493
XIV. The Balance Sheet
469
Index
505
TABLES
Population and Area of European Neutrals....
Gross Steam Tonnage of the World, 1916-1917
Status of Latin America, 1917-1918..........
Enemy Trading Lists of the United States.....
16
104
306
364
MAPS
European Neutrals, April, 1917
Latin America, 1917-1918.____
17
307
|
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| geographic | USA United States Foreign relations 1913-1921 USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | USA United States Foreign relations 1913-1921 |
| id | DE-604.BV019921832 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:09:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013263686 |
| oclc_num | 1140734 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 DE-20 DE-706 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 DE-20 DE-706 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XVII, 520 S. Kt. |
| psigel | BSBWK BSBQK0008 BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 1942 |
| publishDateSearch | 1942 |
| publishDateSort | 1942 |
| publisher | Johns Hopkins Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | The Albert Shaw lectures on diplomatic history |
| series2 | The Albert Shaw lectures on diplomatic history |
| spelling | Bailey, Thomas Andrew 1902-1983 Verfasser (DE-588)122714512 aut The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918 by Thomas A. Bailey Baltimore Johns Hopkins Press 1942 XVII, 520 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Albert Shaw lectures on diplomatic history 1941 Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Geschichte 1917-1918 gnd rswk-swf Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Amerika bsbaltswk Neutrale bsbaltswk Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Neutrality World War, 1914-1918 United States Neutralität (DE-588)4041958-7 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 gnd rswk-swf USA United States Foreign relations 1913-1921 USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 s Geschichte 1917-1918 z DE-604 Neutralität (DE-588)4041958-7 s Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s The Albert Shaw lectures on diplomatic history 1941 (DE-604)BV002786465 1941 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013263686&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bailey, Thomas Andrew 1902-1983 The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918 The Albert Shaw lectures on diplomatic history Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Amerika bsbaltswk Neutrale bsbaltswk Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Neutrality World War, 1914-1918 United States Neutralität (DE-588)4041958-7 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041958-7 (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4171607-3 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918 |
| title_auth | The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918 |
| title_exact_search | The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918 |
| title_full | The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918 by Thomas A. Bailey |
| title_fullStr | The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918 by Thomas A. Bailey |
| title_full_unstemmed | The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918 by Thomas A. Bailey |
| title_short | The policy of the United States toward the neutrals, 1917 - 1918 |
| title_sort | the policy of the united states toward the neutrals 1917 1918 |
| topic | Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Amerika bsbaltswk Neutrale bsbaltswk Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Neutrality World War, 1914-1918 United States Neutralität (DE-588)4041958-7 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Weltkrieg 1914-18 Amerika Neutrale Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Neutrality World War, 1914-1918 United States Neutralität Erster Weltkrieg Neutraler Staat USA United States Foreign relations 1913-1921 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013263686&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002786465 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT baileythomasandrew thepolicyoftheunitedstatestowardtheneutrals19171918 |