Geochemistry: pathways and processes
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Columbia University Press
2003
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Rev. ed. of: Geochemistry / Steven M. Richardson. c1989. - Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 363 p. ill. : 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 0231124406 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804133434248921088 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SECOND EDITION
GEOCHEMISTRY
Pathways and Processes
Harry Y McSween, Jr
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Steven M Richardson
Winona State University
Maria E Uhle
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
ColumbiaUniversityPress|NEWYORK
CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition x
ONE INTRODUCING CONCEPTS IN GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
TWO
THREE
Overview
What Is Geochemistry?
Historical Overview
Beginning Your Study of Geochemistry
Geochemical Variables
Geochemical Systems
Thermodynamics and Kinetics
An Example: Comparing Thermodynamic and Kinetic Approaches
Notes on Problem Solving
Suggested Readings
Problems
HOW ELEMENTS BEHAVE
Overview
Elements, Atoms, and the Structure of Matter
Elements and the Periodic Table
The Atomic Nucleus and Isotopes
The Basis for Chemical Bonds: The Electron Cloud
Size, Charge, and Stability
Elemental Associations
Bonding
Perspectives on Bonding
Structural Implications of Bonding
Retrospective on Bonding
Summary
Suggested Readings
Problems
A FIRST LOOK AT THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
l
Overview 35
Temperature and Equations of State 35
Work 37
The First Law of Thermodynamics 37
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 39
Entropy and Disorder 42
vii
GEOCHEMISTRY: PATHWAYS AND PROCESSES
Reprise: The Internal Energy Function Made Useful 42
Auxiliary Functions of State 44
Enthalpy 44
The Helmholtz Function 45
Gibbs Free Energy 45
Cleaning Up the Act: Conventions for E, H, F, G, and 5 47
Composition as a Variable 48
Components 48
Changes in E, H, F, and G Due to Composition 51
Conditions for Heterogeneous Equilibrium 52
The Gibbs-Duhem Equation 53
Summary 53
Suggested Readings 54
Problems 55
FOUR HOW TO HANDLE SOLUTIONS 56
Overview 56
What Is a Solution? 56
Crystalline Solid Solutions 57
Amorphous Solid Solutions 60
Melt Solutions 60
Electrolyte Solutions 62
Gas Mixtures 62
Solutions That Behave Ideally 62
Solutions That Behave Nonideally 66
Activity in Electrolyte Solutions 68
The Mean Salt Method 69
The Debye-Huckel Method 69
Solubility 71
The Ionic Strength Effect 74
The Common Ion Effect 74
Complex Species 75
Summary 76
Suggested Readings 76
Problems 77
FIVE DIAGENESIS: A STUDY IN KINETICS 79
Overview 79
What Is Diagenesis? 79
Kinetic Factors in Diagenesis 80
Diffusion 80
Advection 85
Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation 87
The Diagenetic Equation 92
Summary 92
Contents ix
Suggested Readings 92
Problems 93
SIX ORGANIC MATTER AND BIOMARKERS:
A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE 94
Overview 94
Organic Matter in the Global Carbon Cycle 94
Organic Matter Production and Cycling in the Oceans 96
Fate of Primary Production: Degradation and Diagenesis 96
Factors Controlling Accumulation and Preservation 98
Preservation by Sorption 98
Degradation in Oxic Environments 99
Diagenetic Alteration 99
Chemical Composition of Biologic Precursors 103
Carbohydrates 103
Proteins 103
Lipids 104
Lignin 105
Biomarkers 105
Application of Biomarkers to Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions 106
Alkenone Temperature Records 106
Amino Acid Racemization 107
Summary 108
Suggested Readings 109
Problems 110
SEVEN CHEMICAL WEATHERING:
DISSOLUTION AND REDOX PROCESSES 111
Overview 111
Fundamental Solubility Equilibria 111
Silica Solubility 111
Solubility of Magnesian Silicates 112
Solubility of Gibbsite 114
Solubility of Aluminosilicate Minerals 115
Rivers as Weathering Indicators 119
Agents of Weathering 121
Carbon Dioxide 121
Organic Acids 122
Oxidation-Reduction Processes 124
Thermodynamic Conventions for Redox Systems 124
Eh-pH Diagrams 127
Redox Systems Containing Carbon Dioxide 129
Activity-Activity Relationships: The Broader View 131
Summary 133
Suggested Readings 134
Problems 136
GEOCHEMISTRY: PATHWAYS AND PROCESSES
EIGHT THE OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE AS A
GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM 137
Overview 137
Composition of the Oceans 137
A Classification of Dissolved Constituents 137
Chemical Variations with Depth 139
Composition of the Atmosphere 141
Carbonate and the Great Marine Balancing Act 143
Some First Principles 143
Calcium Carbonate Solubility 148
Chemical Modeling of Seawater: A Summary 151
Global Mass Balance and Steady State in the Oceans 152
Examining the Steady State 152
How Does the Steady State Evolve? 154
Box Models 154
Continuum Models 158
A Summary of Ocean-Atmosphere Models 158
Gradual Change: The History of Seawater and Air 159
Early Outgassing and the Primitive Atmosphere 159
The Rise of Oxygen 164
Summary 166
Suggested Readings 166
Problems 168
NINE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CHANGES:
THERMODYNAMICS AGAIN 169
Overview 169
What Does Equilibrium Really Mean? 169
Determining When a System Is in Equilibrium 169
The Phase Rule 170
Open versus Closed Systems 171
Changing Temperature and Pressure 172
Temperature Changes and Heat Capacity 172
Pressure Changes and Compressibility 174
Temperature and Pressure Changes Combined 176
A Graphical Look at Changing Conditions: The Clapeyron Equation 176
Reactions Involving Fluids 177
Raoult s and Henry s Laws: Mixing of Several Components 179
Standard States and Activity Coefficients 179
Solution Models: Activities of Complex Mixtures 181
Thermobarometry: Applying What We Have Learned 182
Summary 184
Suggested Readings 185
Problems 186
Contents xi
TEN PICTURING EQUILIBRIA: PHASE DIAGRAMS 188
Overview 188
G-X2 Diagrams 188
Derivation of T-X2 and P-X2 Diagrams 190
T-X2 Diagrams for Real Geochemical Systems 191
Simple Crystallization in a Binary System: CaMgSi2O6-CaAI2Si2Og 192
Formation of a Chemical Compound in a Binary System: KAlSi2Os-SiO2 193
Solid Solution in a Binary System: NaAlSi3Og- CaAl2Si-,O8 194
Unmixing in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi3Og 195
Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Diagrams 196
Binary Phase Diagrams Involving Fluids 197
P-T Diagrams 199
Systems with Three Components 201
Summary 201
Suggested Readings 204
Problems 205
ELEVEN KINETICS AND CRYSTALLIZATION 206
Overview 206
Effect of Temperature on Kinetic Processes 206
Diffusion 208
Nucleation 210
Nucleation in Melts 211
Nucleation in Solids 214
Growth 216
Interface-Controlled Growth 216
Diffusion-Controlled Growth 218
Some Applications of Kinetics 219
Aragonite ^ Calcite: Growth as the Rate-Limiting Step 220
Iron Meteorites: Diffusion as the Rate-Limiting Step 220
Bypassing Theory: Controlled Cooling Rate Experiments 222
Bypassing Theory Again: Crystal Size Distributions 223
Summary 223
Suggested Readings 224
Problems 226
TWELVE THE SOLID EARTH AS A GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM 227
Overview 227
Reservoirs in the Solid Earth 227
Composition of the Crust 227
Composition of the Mantle 229
Composition of the Core 231
Fluxes in the Solid Earth 233
Cycling between Crust and Mantle 233
xii GEOCHEMISTRY: PATHWAYS AND PROCESSES
Heat Exchange between Mantle and Core
Fluids and the Irreversible Formation of Continental Crust
Melting in the Mantle
Thermodynamic Effects of Melting
Types of Melting Behavior
Causes of Melting
Differentiation in Melt-Crystal Systems
Fractional Crystallization
Chemical Variation Diagrams
Liquid Immiscibility
The Behavior of Trace Elements
Trace Element Fractionation during Melting and Crystallization
Compatible and Incompatible Elements
Volatile Elements
Crust and Mantle Fluid Compositions
Mantle and Crust Reservoirs for Fluids
Cycling of Fluids between Crust and Mantle
Summary
Suggested Readings
Problems
THIRTEEN USING STABLE ISOTOPES
Overview
Historical Perspective
What Makes Stable Isotopes Useful?
Mass Fractionation and Bond Strength
Geologic Interpretations Based on Isotopic Fractionation
Thermometry
Isotopic Evolution of the Oceans
Fractionation in the Hydrologic Cycle
Fractionation in Geothermal and Hydrothermal Systems
Fractionation in Sedimentary Basins
Fractionation among Biogenic Compounds
Isotopic Fractionation around Marine Oil and Gas Seeps
Summary
Suggested Readings
Problems
FOURTEEN USING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
Overview
Principles of Radioactivity
Nuclide Stability
Decay Mechanisms
Rate of Radioactive Decay
Decay Series and Secular Equilibrium
Geochronology
Porassium-Argon System
Rubidium-Strontium System
Contents xiii
Samarium-Neodymium System 294
Uranium-Thorium-Lead System 294
Extinct Radionuclides 297
Fission Tracks 298
Geochemical Applications of Induced Radioactivity 299
Neutron Activation Analysis 299
40Argon-3 Argon Geochronology 300
Cosmic-Ray Exposure 301
Radionuclides as Tracers of Geochemical Processes 302
Heterogeneity of the Earth s Mantle 302
Magmatic Assimilation 304
Subduction of Sediments 306
Isotopic Composition of the Oceans 307
Degassing of the Earth s Interior to Form the Atmosphere 308
Summary 310
Suggested Readings 310
Problems 312
FIFTEEN STRETCHING OUR HORIZONS:
COSMOCHEMISTRY 313
Overview 313
Why Study Cosmochemistry? 313
Origin and Abundance of the Elements 314
Nucleosynthesis in Stars 314
Cosmic Abundance Patterns 316
Chondrites as Sources of Cosmochemical Data 318
Cosmochemical Behavior of Elements 320
Controls on Cosmochemical Behavior 320
Chemical Fractionations Observed in Chondrites 321
Condensation of the Elements 323
How Equilibrium Condensation Works 323
The Condensation Sequence 326
Evidence for Condensation in Chondrites 327
Infusion of Matter from Outside the Solar System 327
Isotopic Diversity in Meteorites 327
A Supernova Trigger? 329
The Discovery of Stardust in Chondrites 330
The Most Volatile Materials: Organic Compounds and Ices 330
Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds 330
Ices—The Only Thing Left 331
A Time Scale for Creation 332
Estimating the Bulk Compositions of Planets 333
Some Constraints on Cosmochemical Models 333
The Equilibrium Condensation Model 335
The Heterogeneous Accretion Model 336
The Chondrite Mixing Model 336
Planetary Models: Cores and Mantles 339
xiv GEOCHEMISTRY: PATHWAYS AND PROCESSES
Summary 340
Suggested Readings 341
Problems 342
Appendix A: Mathematical Methods 343
Appendix B: Finding and Evaluating Geochemical Data 348
Appendix C: Numerical Values of Geochemical Interest 351
Glossary 353
Index 359
|
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| spelling | McSween, Harry Y. Verfasser aut Geochemistry pathways and processes Harry Y. McSween ; Steven M. Richardson ; Maria E. Uhle 2. ed. New York Columbia University Press 2003 xvi, 363 p. ill. : 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rev. ed. of: Geochemistry / Steven M. Richardson. c1989. - Includes bibliographical references and index Geochemie swd Geochemistry Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd rswk-swf Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 s 1\p DE-604 Richardson, Steven M. Verfasser aut Uhle, Maria E. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013220870&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | McSween, Harry Y. Richardson, Steven M. Uhle, Maria E. Geochemistry pathways and processes Geochemie swd Geochemistry Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020198-3 |
| title | Geochemistry pathways and processes |
| title_auth | Geochemistry pathways and processes |
| title_exact_search | Geochemistry pathways and processes |
| title_full | Geochemistry pathways and processes Harry Y. McSween ; Steven M. Richardson ; Maria E. Uhle |
| title_fullStr | Geochemistry pathways and processes Harry Y. McSween ; Steven M. Richardson ; Maria E. Uhle |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geochemistry pathways and processes Harry Y. McSween ; Steven M. Richardson ; Maria E. Uhle |
| title_short | Geochemistry |
| title_sort | geochemistry pathways and processes |
| title_sub | pathways and processes |
| topic | Geochemie swd Geochemistry Geochemie (DE-588)4020198-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geochemie Geochemistry |
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