Diagnostic ultrasound imaging: inside out
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier Academic Press
2004
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Academic Press series in biomedical engineering
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 549 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0126801452 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Diagnostic ultrasound imaging |b inside out |c Thomas L. Szabo |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier Academic Press |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 549 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Academic Press series in biomedical engineering | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Diagnosis, Ultrasonic | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ultrasonic imaging | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Early Beginnings 2
1.1.2 Sonar 3
1.2 Echo Ranging of the Body 4
1.3 Ultrasound Portrait Photographers 6
1.4 Ultrasound Cinematographers 12
1.5 Modern Ultrasound Imaging Developments 16
1.6 Enabling Technologies for Ultrasound Imaging 19
1.7 Ultrasound Imaging Safety 20
1.8 Ultrasound and Other Diagnostic Imaging Modalities 22
1.8.1 Imaging Modalities Compared 22
1.8.2 Ultrasound 22
1.8.3 X rays 24
1.8.4 Computed Tomography Imaging 24
1.8.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 25
1.9 Conclusion 26
Bibliography 26
References 27
Xiv CONTENTS
2, OVERVIEW 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Fourier Transform 30
2.2.1 Introduction to the Fourier Transform 30
2.2.2 Fourier Transform Relationships 31
2.3 Building Blocks 34
2.3.1 Time and Frequency Building Blocks 34
2.3.2 Space Wave Number Building Block 36
2.4 Central Diagram 43
References 45
D ACOUSTIC WAVE PROPAGATION 47
3.1 Introduction to Waves 47
3.2 Plane Waves in Liquids and Solids 48
3.2.1 Introduction 48
3.2.2 Wave Equations for Fluids 49
3.2.3 One Dimensional Wave Hitting a Boundary 52
3.2.4 ABCD Matrices 53
3.2.5 Oblique Waves at a Liquid Liquid Boundary 57
3.3 Elastic Waves in Solids 59
3.3.1 Types of Waves 59
3.3.2 Equivalent Networks for Waves 64
3.3.3 Waves at a Fluid Solid Boundary 66
3.4 Conclusion 70
Bibliography 70
References 70
HT ATTENUATION 71
4.1 Losses in Tissues 72
4.1.1 Losses in Exponential Terms and in Decibels 72
4.1.2 Tissue Data 73
4.2 Losses in Both Frequency and Time Domains 75
4.2.1 The Material Transfer Function 75
4.2.2 The Material Impulse Response Function 76
4.3 Tissue Models 77
4.3.1 Introduction 77
4.3.2 Thermoviscous Model 78
4.3.3 Multiple Relaxation Model 79
4.3.4 The Time Causal Model 79
CONTENTS xv
4.4 Pulses in Lossy Media 83
4.4.1 Scaling of the Material Impulse Response Function 83
4.4.2 Pulse Propagation: Interactive Effects in Time and Frequency 86
4.4.3 Pulse Echo Propagation 88
4.5 Penetration and Time Gain Compensation 90
4.6 Hooke s Law for Viscoelastic Media 90
4.7 Wave Equations for Tissues 92
4.7.1 Voigt Model Wave Equation 92
4.7.2 Multiple Relaxation Model Wave Equation 93
4.7.3 Time Causal Model Wave Equations 93
References 95
J TRANSDUCERS 97
5.1 Introduction to Transducers 98
5.1.1 Transducer Basics 98
5.1.2 Transducer Electrical Impedance 99
5.1.3 Summary 101
5.2 Resonant Modes of Transducers 102
5.2.1 Resonant Crystal Geometries 102
5.2.2 Determination of Electroacoustic Coupling Constants 104
5.2.3 Array Construction 105
5.3 Equivalent Circuit Transducer Model 106
5.3.1 KLM Equivalent Circuit Model 106
5.3.2 Organization of Overall Transducer Model 108
5.3.3 Transducer at Resonance 109
5.4 Transducer Design Considerations 111
5.4.1 Introduction 111
5.4.2 Insertion Loss and Transducer Loss 11 ]
5.4.3 Electrical Loss 113
5.4.4 Acoustical Loss 114
5.4.5 Matching Layers 116
5.4.6 Design Examples 117
5.5 Transducer Pulses 120
5.6 Equations for Piezoelectric Media 122
5.7 Piezoelectric Materials 123
5.7.1 Introduction 123
5.7.2 Normal Polycrystalline Piezoelectric Ceramics 124
5.7.3 Relaxor Piezoelectric Ceramics 124
5.7.4 Single Crystal Ferroelectrics 126
5.7.5 Piezoelectric Organic Polymers 126
5.7.6 Domain Engineered Ferroelectric Single Crystals 126
5.7.7 Composite Materials 126
XVi CONTENTS
5.8 Comparison of Piezoelectric Materials 127
5.9 Transducer Advanced Topics 128
Bibligraphy 131
References 132
O BEAMFORMING 137
6.1 What is Diffraction? 137
6.2 Fresnel Approximation of Spatial Diffraction Integral 140
6.3 Rectangular Aperture 142
6.4 Apodization 148
6.5 Circular Apertures 149
6.5.1 Near and Far Fields for Circular Apertures 149
6.5.2 Universal Relations for Circular Apertures 153
6.6 Focusing 154
6.6.1 Derivation of Focusing Relations 154
6.6.2 Zones for Focusing Transducers 158
6.7 Angular Spectrum of Waves 163
6.8 Diffraction Loss 164
6.9 Limited Diffraction Beams 168
Bibliography 168
References 168
/ ARRAY BEAMFORMING 171
7.1 Why Arrays? 172
7.2 Diffraction in the Time Domain 172
7.3 Circular Radiators in the Time Domain 173
7.4 Arrays 177
7.4.1 The Array Element 178
7.4.2 Pulsed Excitation of an Element 181
7.4.3 Array Sampling and Grating Lobes 182
7.4.4 Element Factors 185
7.4.5 Beam Steering 186
7.4.6 Focusing and Steering 188
7.5 Pulse Echo Beamforming 190
7.5.1 Introduction 190
7.5.2 Beam Shaping 192
7.5.3 Pulse Echo Focusing 194
7.6 Two Dimensional Arrays 196
7.7 Baffled 199
7.8 General Approaches 203
7.9 Nonideal Array Performance 203
CONTENTS xvjj
7.9.1 Quantization and Defective Elements 203
7.9.2 Sparse and Thinned Arrays 204
7.9.3 1.5 Dimensional Arrays 206
7.9.4 Diffraction in Absorbing Media 207
7.9.5 Body Effects 208
Bibliography 208
References 209
O WAVE SCATTERING AND IMAGING 21 3
8.1 Introduction 213
8.2 Scattering of Objects 216
8.2.1 Specular Scattering 216
8.2.2 Diffusive Scattering 217
8.2.3 Diffractive Scattering 219
8.2.4 Scattering Summary 221
8.3 Role of Transducer Diffraction and Focusing 222
8.3.1 Time Domain Born Approximation Including Diffraction 223
8.4 Role of Imaging 225
8.4.1 Imaging Process 225
8.4.2 A Different Attitude 227
8.4.3 Speckle 230
8.4.4 Contrast 234
8.4.5 van Cittert Zernike Theorem 236
8.4.6 Speckle Reduction 240
Bibliography 240
References 241
J7 SCATTERING FROM TISSUE AND TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION 243
9.1 Introduction 244
9.2 Scattering from Tissues 244
9.3 Properties of and Propagation in Heterogeneous Tissue 248
9.3.1 Properties of Heterogeneous Tissue 248
9.3.2 Propagation in Heterogeneous Tissue 250
9.4 Array Processing of Scattered Pulse Echo Signals 254
9.5 Tissue Characterization Methods 257
9.5.1 Introduction 257
9.5.2 Fundamentals 258
9.5.3 Backscattering Definitions 259
9.5.4 The Classic Formulation 260
9.5.5 Extensions of the Original Backscatter Methodology 261
9.5.6 Integrated Backscatter 262
xviii contents
9.5.7 Spectral Features 263
9.6 Applications of Tissue Characterization 264
9.6.1 Radiology and Ophthalmic Applications 264
9.6.2 Cardiac Applications 266
9.6.3 High Frequency Applications 269
9.6.4 Texture Analysis and Image Analysis 277
9.7 Elastography 277
9.8 Aberration Correction 283
9.9 Wave Equations for Tissue 286
Bibliography 288
References 288
I U IMAGING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 297
10.1 Introduction 298
10.2 Trends in Imaging Systems 299
10.3 Major Controls 300
10.4 Block Diagram 301
10.5 Major Modes 303
10.6 Clinical Applications 306
10.7 Transducers and Image Formats 307
10.7.1 Image Formats and Transducer Types 307
10.7.2 Transducer Implementations 310
10.7.3 Multidimensional Arrays 313
10.8 Front End 313
10.8.1 Transmitters 313
10.8.2 Receivers 314
10.9 Scanner 316
10.9.1 Beamformers 316
10.9.2 Signal Processors 316
10.10 Back End 322
10.10.1 Scan Conversion and Display 322
10.10.2 Computation and Software 323
10.11 Advanced Signal Processing 325
10.11.1 High End Imaging Systems 325
10.11.2 Attenuation and Diffraction Amplitude Compensation 325
10.11.3 Frequency Compounding 326
10.11.4 Spatial Compounding 327
10.11.5 Real Time Border Detection 329
10.11.6 Three and Four Dimensional Imaging 330
10.12 Alternate Imaging System Architectures 332
Bibliography 334
References 334
CONTENTS xjx
I I DOPPLER MODES 337
11.1 Introduction 338
11.2 The Doppler Effect 338
11.3 Scattering from Flowing Blood in Vessels 342
11.4 Continuous Wave Doppler 346
11.5 Pulsed Wave Doppler 353
11.5.1 Introduction 353
11.5.2 Range Gated Pulsed Doppler Processing 355
11.5.3 Quadrature Sampling 359
11.5.4 Final Filtering and Display 362
11.5.5 Pulsed Doppler Examples 363
11.6 Comparison of Pulsed and Continuous Wave Doppler 365
11.7 Ultrasound Color Flow Imaging 366
11.7.1 Introduction 366
11.7.2 Phase Based Mean Frequency Estimators 366
11.7.3 Time Domain Based Estimators 369
11.7 .4 Implementations of Color Flow Imaging 370
11.7.5 Power Doppler and Other Variants of Color Flow Imaging 371
11.7.6 Future and Current Developments 373
11.8 Non Doppler Visualization of Blood Flow 374
11.9 Conclusion 376
Bibliography 377
References 377
I Z. NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS AND IMAGING 381
12.1 Introduction 382
12.2 What is Nonlinear Propagation? 386
12.3 Propagation in a Nonlinear Medium with Losses 390
12.4 Propagation of Beams in Nonlinear Media 392
12.5 Harmonic Imaging 400
12.5.1 Introduction 400
12.5.2 Resolution 402
12.5.3 Focusing 404
12.5.4 Natural Apodization 405
12.5.5 Body Wall Effects 406
12.5.6 Absorption Effects 410
12.5.7 Harmonic Pulse Echo 411
12.6 Harmonic Signal Processing 412
12.7 Other Nonlinear Effects 415
12.8 Nonlinear Wave Equations and Simulation Models 418
12.9 Summary 421
XX CONTENTS
Bibliography 421
References 422
I 3 ULTRASONIC EXPOSIMETRYAND ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS 429
13.1 Introduction to Measurements 430
13.2 Materials Characterization 430
13.2.1 Transducer Materials 430
13.2.2 Tissue Measurements 431
13.2.3 Measurement Considerations 432
13.3 Transducers 432
13.3.1 Impedance 432
13.3.2 Pulse Echo Testing 433
13.3.3 Beamplots 435
13.4 Acoustic Output Measurements 438
13.4.1 Introduction 438
13.4.2 Hydrophone Characteristics 439
13.4.3 Hydrophone Measurements of Absolute Pressure and Derived
Parameters 443
13.4.4 Force Balance Measurements of Absolute Power 447
13.4.5 Measurements of Temperature Rise 447
13.5 Performance Measurements 449
13.6 Thought Experiments 450
Bibliography 450
References 451
14 ULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENTS 455
14.1 Introduction 455
14.2 Microbubble as Linear Resonator 456
14.3 Microbubble as Nonlinear Resonator 458
14.4 Cavitation and Bubble Destruction 459
14.4.1 Rectified Diffusion 459
14.4.2 Cavitation 461
14.4.3 Mechanical Index 462
14.5 Ultrasound Contrast Agents 463
14.5.1 Basic Physical Characteristics of Ultrasound Contrast Agents 463
14.5.2 Acoustic Excitation of Ultrasound Contrast Agents 465
14.5.3 Mechanisms of Destruction of Ultrasound Contrast Agents 467
14.5.4 Secondary Physical Characteristics of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents 471
14.6 Imaging with Ultrasound Contrast Agents 473
14.7 Therapeutic Ultrasound Contrast Agents: Smart Bubbles 479
CONTENTS xxj
14.8 Equations of Motion for Contrast Agents 482
14.9 Conclusion 483
Bibliography 484
References 485
I O ULTRASOUND INDUCED BIOEFFECTS 489
15.1 Introduction 490
15.2 Ultrasound Induced Bioeffects: Observation to Regulation 491
15.3 Thermal Effects 493
15.3.1 Introduction 493
15.3.2 Heat Conduction Effects 494
15.3.3 Absorption Effects 495
15.3.4 Perfusion Effects 496
15.3.5 Combined Contributions to Temperature Elevation 497
15.3.6 Biologically Sensitive Sites 497
15.4 Mechanical Effects 498
15.5 The Output Display Standard 498
15.5.1 Origins of the Output Display Standard 498
15.5.2 Thermal Indices 499
15.5.3 Mechanical Index 500
15.5.4 The ODS Revisited 501
15.6 Comparison of Medical Ultrasound Modalities 502
15.6.1 Introduction 502
15.6.2 Ultrasound Therapy 502
15.6.3 Hyperthermia 503
15.6.4 High Intensity Focused Ultrasound 504
15.6.5 Lithotripsy 505
15.6.6 Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging 505
15.7 Primary and Secondary Ultrasound Induced Bioeffects 507
15.8 Equations for Predicting Temperature Rise 508
15.9 Conclusions 510
Bibliography 512
References 512
APPENDIX A 517
A.I Introduction 517
A.2 The Fourier Transform 518
A.2.1 Definitions 518
A.2.2 Fourier Transform Pairs 519
A.2.3 Fundamental Fourier Transform Operations 521
A.2.4 The Sampled Waveform 523
XXii CONTENTS
A.2.5 The Digital Fourier Transform 526
A.2.6 Calculating a Fourier Transform with an FFT 527
A.2.7 Calculating an Inverse Fourier Transform and a Hilbert Transform
with an FFT 532
A.2.8 Calculating a Two Dimensional Fourier Transform with FFTs 533
Bibliography 534
References 534
APPENDIX B 535
References 535
APPENDIX C 537
C.I Development of One Dimensional KLM Model Based on
ABCD Matrices 537
References 540
APPENDIX D 541
INDEX 543
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:08:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0126801452 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2005271567 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013195411 |
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| physical | XXII, 549 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Szabo, Thomas L. Verfasser aut Diagnostic ultrasound imaging inside out Thomas L. Szabo Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier Academic Press 2004 XXII, 549 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Academic Press series in biomedical engineering Includes bibliographical references and index Echografie gtt Diagnosis, Ultrasonic Ultrasonic imaging Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 gnd rswk-swf Ultraschalldiagnostik (DE-588)4061557-1 gnd rswk-swf Ultraschalldiagnostik (DE-588)4061557-1 s Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013195411&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Szabo, Thomas L. Diagnostic ultrasound imaging inside out Echografie gtt Diagnosis, Ultrasonic Ultrasonic imaging Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 gnd Ultraschalldiagnostik (DE-588)4061557-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4197032-9 (DE-588)4061557-1 |
| title | Diagnostic ultrasound imaging inside out |
| title_auth | Diagnostic ultrasound imaging inside out |
| title_exact_search | Diagnostic ultrasound imaging inside out |
| title_full | Diagnostic ultrasound imaging inside out Thomas L. Szabo |
| title_fullStr | Diagnostic ultrasound imaging inside out Thomas L. Szabo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diagnostic ultrasound imaging inside out Thomas L. Szabo |
| title_short | Diagnostic ultrasound imaging |
| title_sort | diagnostic ultrasound imaging inside out |
| title_sub | inside out |
| topic | Echografie gtt Diagnosis, Ultrasonic Ultrasonic imaging Bilderzeugung (DE-588)4197032-9 gnd Ultraschalldiagnostik (DE-588)4061557-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Echografie Diagnosis, Ultrasonic Ultrasonic imaging Bilderzeugung Ultraschalldiagnostik |
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