Verfügbarkeit: The physics of traffic

The physics of traffic: empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Kerner, Boris S. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2004
Schriftenreihe:	Springer complexity : understanding complex systems
Schlagworte:	Capacidade de tráfego Modelos matemáticos Sistemas de controle de tráfego Mathematisches Modell Electronic traffic controls Highway capacity > Mathematical models Traffic flow > Mathematical models Nichtlineare Dynamik Verkehrsablauf Autobahn Musterbildung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	Literaturverz. S. 655 - 677
Beschreibung:	XXIII, 682 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3540207163

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adam_text	Contents Introduction Part I Historical Overview and Three-Phase Traffic Theory Spatiotemporal Pattern Formation in Freeway Traffic ........................................ 13 2.1 Introduction ........................................... 13 2.2 Traffic and Synergetics .................................. 14 2.3 Free and Congested Traffic .............................. 15 2.3.1 Local Measurements of Traffic Variables ........... 15 2.3.2 Examples of Freeway Infrastructures and Detector Arrangements ....................... 17 2.3.3 Free Traffic Flow ................................ 18 2.3.4 Congested Traffic ............................... 21 2.3.5 Empirical Fundamental Diagram .................. 22 2.3. G Complex Local Dynamics of Congested Traffic ...... 24 2.4 Main Empirical Features of Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns ..................................... 27 2.4.1 Three Traffic Phases ............................ 27 2.4.2 Characteristic Parameters of Wide Moving Jams .... 28 2.4.3 Spontaneous Breakdown Phenomenon (Spontaneous F^S Transition) .................... 32 2.4.4 Induced Breakdown Phenomenon ................. 34 2.4.5 Synchronized Flow Patterns ...................... 35 2.4.6 Catch Effect ................................... 37 2.4.7 Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow: General Pattern ................................ 41 2.4.8 Expanded Congested Patterns .................... 46 2.4.9 Foreign Wide Moving Jams ...................... 51 2.4.10 Reproducible and Predictable Congested Patterns .. 53 2.4.11 Methodology for Empirical Congested Pattern Study 57 2.5 Conclusions. Fundamental Empirical Features of Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns ..................... 58 VIII Contents 3 Overview of Freeway Traffic Theories and Models: Fundamental Diagram Approach ............ 63 3.1 Introduction: Hypothesis About Theoretical Fundamental Diagram ....... 63 3.2 Achievements of Fundamental Diagram Approach to Traffic Flow Modeling and Theory ..................... 64 3.2.1 Conservation of Vehicle Number on Road and Front Velocity ............................... 66 3.2.2 The Lighthill-Whitham-Richards Model and Shock Wave Theory ......................... 67 3.2.3 Collective Flow Concept and Probability of Passing . . 68 3.2.4 Scenarios for Moving Jam Emergence .............. 69 3.2.5 Wide Moving Jam Characteristics ................. 69 3.2.6 Flow Rate in Wide Moving Jam Outflow. The Line J .................................... 71 3.2.7 Metastable States of Free Flow with Respect to Moving Jam Emergence ........... 73 3.3 Drawbacks of Fundamental Diagram Approach in Describing of Spatiotemporal Congested Freeway Patterns ....................................... 78 3.3.1 Shock Wave Theory ............................. 78 3.3.2 Models and Theories of Moving Jam Emergence in Free Flow ................................... 80 3.3.3 Models and Theories with Variety of Vehicle and Driver Characteristics ........................ 83 3.3.4 Application of Classical Queuing Theories to Freeway Congested Traffic Patterns ............. 84 3.4 Conclusions ............................................ 85 4 Basis of Three-Phase Traffic Theory ...................... 87 4.1 Introduction and Remarks on Three-Phase Traffic Theory ......................................... 87 4.2 Definition of Traffic Phases in Congested Traffic Based on Empirical Data ................................ 88 4.2.1 Objective Criteria for Traffic Phases in Congested Traffic ............................. 88 4.2.2 Explanation of Terms Synchronized Flow and Wide Moving Jam ........................ 90 4.2.3 Mean Vehicle Trajectories ........................ 91 4.2.4 Flow Rate in Synchronized Flow .................. 91 4.2.5 Empirical Line J ................................ 93 4.2.6 Propagation of Two Wide Moving Jams ............ 94 4.3 Fundamental Hypothesis of Three-Phase Traffic Theorv ............................ 95 Contents IX 4.3.1 Three-Phase Traffic Theory as Driver Behavioral Theory ...................... 98 4.3.2 Synchronization Distance and Speed Adaptation Effect in Synchronized Flow ......................100 4.3.3 Random Transformations ( Wandering ) Within Synchronized Flow States .................100 4.3.4 Dynamic Synchronized Flow States ...............101 4.4 Empirical Basis of Three-Phase Traffic Theory .............102 4.5 Conclusions ............................................103 5 Breakdown Phenomenon (F — >S Transition) in Three-Phase Traffic Theory ............................105 5.1 Introduction ...........................................105 5.2 Breakdown Phenomenon on Homogeneous Road ............106 5.2.1 Speed Breakdown at Limit Point of Free Flow ......106 5.2.2 Critical Local Perturbation for Speed Breakdown .... 108 5.2.3 Probability for Breakdown Phenomenon ...........110 5.2.4 Threshold Flow Rate and Density, Metastability, and Nucleation Effects .............. Ill 5.2.5 Z-Shaped Speed-Density and Passing Probability Characteristics .......................114 5.2.6 Physics of Breakdown Phenomenon: Competition Between Over-Acceleration and Speed Adaptation ...........................119 5.2.7 Physics of Threshold Point in Free Flow ...........120 5.2.8 Moving Synchronized Flow Pattern ................122 5.3 Breakdown Phenomenon at Freeway Bottlenecks ...........123 5.3.1 Deterministic Local Perturbation ..................123 5.3.2 Deterministic F^S Transition ....................128 5.3.3 Physics of Deterministic Speed Breakdown at Bottleneck ..................................133 5.3.4 Influence of Random Perturbations ...............133 5.3.5 Z-Characteristic for Speed Breakdown at Bottleneck 136 5.3.6 Physics of Speed Breakdown at Bottleneck .........139 5.3.7 Time Delay of Speed Breakdown .................140 5.4 Conclusions ............................................142 6 Moving Jam Emergence in Three-Phase Traffic Theory . .. 145 6.1 Introduction ..........................................145 6.2 Wide Moving Jam Emergence in Free Flow ................147 6.3 Wide Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow ........150 6.3.1 Hypothesis for Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow ...........................150 6.3.2 Features of Metastable Synchronized Flow States . . . 155 6.3.3 Stable High Densitv Synchronized Flow States .....156 X Contents 6.4 Double Z-Shaped Traffic Flow Characteristics ..............158 6.4.1 Z-Characteristic for S-^J Transition ...............158 6.4.2 Cascade of Two Phase Transitions (F^S-^J Transitions) ...........................161 6.4.3 Wide Moving Jam Emergence Within Initial Moving Synchronized Flow Pattern ... 167 6.5 Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow at Bottlenecks ......................169 6.5.1 Why Moving Jams Do not Emerge in Free Flow at Bottlenecks .......................169 6.5.2 Z-Characteristic for S-^J Transition at Bottlenecks . . 171 6.5.3 Physics of Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow ...........................172 6.5.4 Double Z-Characteristic and F^S^J Transitions at Bottlenecks ..................................176 6.6 Conclusions ............................................178 7 Congested Patterns at Freeway Bottlenecks in Three-Phase Traffic Theory ............................179 7.1 Introduction ...........................................179 7.2 Two Main Types of Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns ....................179 7.3 Simplified Diagram of Congested Patterns at Isolated Bottlenecks .................................180 7.4 Synchronized Flow Patterns .............................183 7.4.1 Influence of Fluctuations on Limit Point for Free Flow at Bottlenecks ......................183 7.4.2 Moving Synchronized Flow Pattern Emergence at Bottlenecks ........................185 7.4.3 Pinning of Downstream Front of Synchronized Flow at Bottlenecks ..............189 7.4.4 Transformation Between Widening and Localized Synchronized Flow Patterns ..........192 7.5 General Patterns .......................................194 7.5.1 Spatiotemporal Structure of General Patterns ......194 7.5.2 Dissolving General Pattern and Pattern Transformation ......................198 7.6 Physics of General Patterns .............................200 7.6.1 Region of Wide Moving Jams ..................... 200 7.6.2 Narrow Moving Jam Emergence in Pinch Region . . . 204 7.6.3 Moving Jam Suppression Effect ................... 209 7.6.4 Width of Pinch Region ........................... 210 7.6.5 Wide Moving Jam Propagation Through Bottlenecks 211 7.7 Conclusions ............................................ 213 Contents XI Freeway Capacity in Three-Phase Traffic Theory ............................217 8.1 Introduction ...........................................217 8.2 Homogeneous Road .....................................217 8.3 Freeway Capacity in Free Flow at Bottlenecks ..............218 8.3.1 Definition of Freeway Capacity ...................218 8.3.2 Probability for Speed Breakdown at Bottlenecks ___220 8.3.3 Threshold Boundary for Speed Breakdown .........223 8.3.4 Features of Freeway Capacity at Bottlenecks ........226 8.4 Z-Characteristic and Probability for Speed Breakdown ...................................228 8.5 Congested Pattern Capacity at Bottlenecks ...............232 8.6 Main Behavioral Assumptions of Three-Phase Traffic Theory ...........................234 8.7 Conclusions ............................................237 Part II Empirical Spatiotemporal Congested Traffic Patterns 9 Empirical Congested Patterns at Isolated Bottlenecks ...................................241 9.1 Introduction ..........................................241 9.2 Effectual Bottlenecks and Effective Locations of Bottlenecks ..........................................242 9.2.1 Effectual Bottlenecks on Freeway Aö-South ........244 9.2.2 Effectual Bottlenecks on Freeway Aö-North ........247 9.2.3 Isolated Effectual Bottleneck .....................247 9.3 Empirical Synchronized Flow Patterns ....................250 9.3.1 Widening Synchronized Flow Pattern .............250 9.3.2 Localized Synchronized Flow Pattern ..............255 9.3.3 Moving Synchronized Flow Pattern ...............256 9.4 Empirical General Patterns .............................259 9.4.1 Empirical General Pattern of Type (1).............259 9.4.2 Empirical General Pattern of Type (2) ............262 9.4.3 Dependence of Effective Location of Bottleneck on Time ...........................264 9.5 Conclusions ............................................268 10 Empirical Breakdown Phenomenon: Phase Transition from Free Flow to Synchronized Flow .....................................269 10.1 Introduction ...........................................269 10.2 Spontaneous Breakdown Phenomenon (Spontaneous F—+S Transition) at On-Ramp Bottlenecks .... 270 XII Contents 10.3 Probability for F-^S Transition ..........................274 10.3.1 Empirical and Theoretical Definitions of Freeway Capacities at Bottlenecks ..............275 10.3.2 Pre-Discharge Flow Rate ........................278 10.4 Induced Speed Breakdown at On-Ramp Bottlenecks ................................281 10.4.1 F—>S Transition Induced by Wide Moving Jam Propagation Through Effectual Bottleneck .........282 10.4.2 Induced Speed Breakdown at Bottlenecks Caused by Synchronized Flow Propagation .........282 10.5 Breakdown Phenomenon at Off-Ramp Bottlenecks ..........285 10.6 Breakdown Phenomenon Away from Bottlenecks ...........289 10.7 Some Empirical Features of Synchronized Flow .............294 10.7.1 Complex Behavior in Flow-Density Plane ..........294 10.7.2 Three Types of Synchronized Flow ................296 10.7.3 Overlapping States of Free Flow and Synchronized Flow in Density ................299 10.7.4 Analysis of Individual Vehicle Speeds ..............302 10.8 Conclusions ............................................302 11 Empirical Features of Wide Moving Jam Propagation ........................305 11.1 Introduction ...........................................305 11.2 Characteristic Parameters of Wide Moving Jams ...........305 11.2.1 Empirical Determination of Line J ................306 11.2.2 Dependence of Characteristic Jam Parameters on Traffic Conditions ............................310 11.2.3 Propagation of Wide Moving Jams Through Synchronized Flow ......................311 11.2.4 Moving Blanks Within Wide Moving Jams .........314 11.3 Features of Foreign Wide Moving Jams ...................316 11.4 Conclusions ............................................318 12 Empirical Features of Moving Jam Emergence ................................321 12.1 Introduction ...........................................321 12.2 Pinch Effect in Synchronized Flow ........................321 12.2.1 Narrow Moving Jam Emergence ..................323 12.2.2 Wide Moving Jam Emergence (S^J Transition) ___328 12.2.3 Correlation of Characteristics for Pinch Region and Wide Moving Jams ..........................332 12.2.4 Frequency of Narrow Moving Jam Emergence ......332 12.2.5 Saturation and Dynamic Features of Pinch Effect ___334 12.2.6 Spatial Dependence of Speed Correlation Function . . 335 Contents XIII 12.2.7 Effect of Wide Moving Jam Emergence in Pinch Region of General Pattern ...............337 12.3 Strong and Weak Congestion ............................337 12.4 Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow Away from Bottlenecks ..................................340 12.5 Pattern Formation at Off-Ramp Bottlenecks ..............343 12.6 Induced F^J Transition ................................344 12.7 Conclusions ............................................348 13 Empirical Pattern Evolution and Transformation at Isolated Bottlenecks ...................................349 13.1 Introduction ...........................................349 13.2 Evolution of General Patterns at On-Ramp Bottlenecks ................................350 13.2.1 Transformation of General Pattern into Synchronized Flow Pattern ...................350 13.2.2 Alternation of Free Flow and Synchronized Flow in Congested Patterns ...........................350 13.2.3 Hysteresis Effects Due to Pattern Formation and Dissolution .................................352 13.3 Transformations of Congested Patterns Under Weak Congestion ................................354 13.4 Discharge Flow Rate and Capacity Drop ..................357 13.5 Conclusions ............................................363 14 Empirical Complex Pattern Formation Caused by Peculiarities of Freeway Infrastructure ................365 14.1 Introduction ...........................................365 14.2 Expanded Congested Pattern ............................366 14.2.1 Common Features ...............................366 14.2.2 Example of Expanded Congested Pattern ...........367 14.3 Dissolution of Moving Jams at Bottlenecks ................369 14.3.1 Dynamics of Wide Moving Jam Outflow ............369 14.3.2 Localized Synchronized Flow Patterns Resulting from Moving Jam Dissolution ...........371 14.4 Conclusions ............................................372 15 Dependence of Empirical Fundamental Diagram on Congested Pattern Features ..................373 15.1 Introduction ...........................................373 15.1.1 Empirical Fundamental Diagram and Steady State Model Solutions .................373 15.1.2 Two Branches of Empirical Fundamental Diagram . . . 374 15.1.3 Line J and Wide Moving Jam Outflow ............375 XIV Contents 15.2 Empirical Fundamental Diagram and Line J ............................................378 15.2.1 Asymptotic Behavior of Empirical Fundamental Diagrams ..........................378 15.2.2 Influence of Different Vehicle Characteristics on Fundamental Diagrams ........................383 15.3 Dependence of Empirical Fundamental Diagram on Congested Pattern Type ..............................385 15.4 Explanation of Reversed -λ, Inverted-V, and Inverted-U Empirical Fundamental Diagrams ..........392 15.5 Conclusions ............................................394 Part III Microscopic Three-Phase Traffic Theory 16 Microscopic Traffic Flow Models for Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns ...................399 16.1 Introduction ...........................................399 16.2 Cellular Automata Approach to Three-Phase Traffic Theory . 401 16.2.1 General Rules of Vehicle Motion ..................401 16.2.2 Synchronization Distance .........................402 16.2.3 Steady States ...................................403 16.2.4 Fluctuations of Acceleration and Deceleration in Cellular Automata Models .....................405 16.2.5 Boundary Conditions and Model of On-Ram p ......407 16.2.6 Summary of Model Equations and Parameters ......408 16.3 Continuum in Space Model Approach to Three-Phase Traffic Theory ...........................408 16.3.1 Vehicle Motion Rules ............................408 16.3.2 Speed Adaptation Effect Within Synchronization Distance .......................................409 16.3.3 Motion State Model for Random Acceleration and Deceleration ............................... 411 16.3.4 Safe Speed ..................................... 413 16.3.5 2D Region of Steady States ....................... 414 16.3.6 Physics of Driver Time Delays .................... 415 16.3.7 Over-Acceleration and Over-Deceleration Effects .... 419 16.3.8 Lane Changing Rules ........................... 420 16.3.9 Boundary Conditions and Models of Bottlenecks .... 421 16.3.10 Summary of Model Equations and Parameters ...... 425 16.4 Conclusions ............................................ 431 17 Microscopic Theory of Phase Transitions in Freeway Traffic ........................................433 17.1 Introduction ...........................................433 Contents XV 17.2 Microscópio Theory of Breakdown Phenomenon (F^S Transition) ......................................434 17.2.1 Homogeneous Road .............................434 17.2.2 Breakdown Phenomenon at On-Ramp Bottlenecks .. . 438 17.3 Moving Jam Emergence and Double Z-Shaped Characteristics of Traffic Flow ...........................442 17.3.1 F—»J Transition on Homogeneous Road ............442 17.3.2 S^J Transition on Homogeneous Road ............443 17.3.3 Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow Upstream of Bottlenecks ....................445 17.4 Conclusions ............................................448 18 Congested Patterns at Isolated Bottlenecks ...............449 18.1 Introduction ...........................................449 18.2 Diagram of Congested Patterns at Isolated On-Ramp Bottlenecks .........................450 18.2.1 Synchronized Flow Patterns ......................450 18.2.2 Single Vehicle Characteristics in Synchronized Flow . 454 18.2.3 Maximum Freeway Capacities and Limit Point in Diagram ......................458 18.2.4 Pinch Effect in General Patterns ..................458 18.2.5 Peculiarities of General Patterns ..................462 18.3 Weak and Strong Congestion in General Patterns .................................... 464 18.3.1 Criteria for Strong and Weak Congestion ........... 464 18.3.2 Strong Congestion Features ...................... 467 18.4 Evolution of Congested Patterns at On-Ramp Bottlenecks ................................469 18.5 Hysteresis and Nucleation Effects by Pattern Formation at On-Ramp Bottlenecks .......................471 18.5.1 Threshold Boundary for Synchronized Flow Patterns 471 18.5.2 Threshold Boundary for General Patterns ..........475 18.5.3 Overlap of Different Metastable Regions and Multiple Pattern Excitation ...................476 18.6 Strong Congestion at Merge Bottlenecks ...................477 18.6.1 Comparison of General Patterns at Merge Bottleneck and at On-Ramp Bottleneck ......................477 18.6.2 Diagram of Congested Patterns ...................478 18.7 Weak Congestion at Off-Ramp Bottlenecks ................480 18.7.1 Diagram of Congested Patterns ...................480 18.7.2 Comparison of Pattern Features at Various Bottlenecks ...........................480 18.8 Congested Pattern Capacity at On-Ramp Bottlenecks ................................483 XVI Contents 18.8.1 Transformations of Congested Patterns at On-Ramp Bottlenecks ........................483 18.8.2 Temporal Evolution of Discharge Flow Rate ........486 18.8.3 Dependence of Congested Pattern Capacity on On-Ramp Inflow .............................490 18.9 Conclusions ............................................492 19 Complex Congested Pattern Interaction and Transformation .......................................495 19.1 Introduction ...........................................495 19.2 Catch Effect and Induced Congested Pattern Formation ......................................496 19.2.1 Induced Pattern Emergence ......................496 19.3 Complex Congested Patterns and Pattern Interaction .................................498 19.3.1 Foreign Wide Moving Jams ......................498 19.3.2 Expanded Congested Patterns ....................501 19.4 Intensification of Downstream Congestion Due to Upstream Congestion ............................504 19.5 Conclusions ............................................507 20 Spatiotemporal Patterns in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow . .. 509 20.1 Introduction ...........................................509 20.2 Microscopic Two-Lane Model for Heterogeneous Traffic Flow with Various Driver Behavioral Characteristics and Vehicle Parameters .................................510 20.2.1 Single-Lane Model ...............................510 20.2.2 Two-Lane Model ...............................512 20.2.3 Boundary, Initial Conditions, and Model of Bottleneck ...................................514 20.2.4 Simulation Parameters ..........................515 20.3 Patterns in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow with Different Driver Behavioral Characteristics ............515 20.3.1 Vehicle Separation Effect in Free Flow .............515 20.3.2 Onset of Congestion in Free Flow on Homogeneous Road ...........................516 20.3.3 Lane Asymmetric Emergence of Moving Synchronized Flow Patterns ............519 20.3.4 Congested Patterns at On-Ramp Bottlenecks .......519 20.3.5 Wide Moving Jam Propagation ...................525 20.4 Patterns in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow with Different Vehicle Parameters ........................528 20.4.1 Peculiarity of Wide Moving Jam Propagation .......530 20.4.2 Partial Destroying of Speed Synchronization ........533 Contents XVII 20.4.3 Extension of Free Flow Recovering and Vehicle Separation ...........................533 20.5 Weak Heterogeneous Flow ...............................535 20.5.1 Spontaneous Onset of Congestion Away from Bottlenecks ...........................535 20.5.2 Lane Asymmetric Free Flow Distributions ..........537 20.6 Characteristics of Congested Pattern Propagation in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow ...........................538 20.6.1 Velocity of Downstream Jam Front ................538 20.6.2 Flow Rate in Jam Outflow ........................540 20.6.3 Velocity of Downstream Front of Moving Synchronized Flow Patterns ......................541 20.7 Conclusions ............................................542 Part IV Engineering Applications 21 ASDA and FOTO Models of Spatiotemporal Pattern Dynamics based on Local Traffic Flow Measurements ...............547 21.1 Introduction ...........................................547 21.2 Identification of Traffic Phases ...........................548 21.3 Determination of Traffic Phases with FOTO Model .........550 21.3.1 Fuzzy Rules for FOTO Model ....................551 21.4 Tracking Moving Jams with ASDA: Simplified Discussion ....................................554 21.4.1 Tracking Synchronized Flow with FOTO Model .....557 21.4.2 ASDA-Like Approach to Tracking Synchronized Flow ...................559 21.4.3 Cumulative Flow Rate Approach to Tracking Synchronized Flow ...................560 21.5 Conclusions ............................................561 22 Spatiotemporal Pattern Recognition, Tracking, and Prediction ............................................563 22.1 Introduction ...........................................563 22.2 FOTO and ASDA Application for Congested Pattern Recognition and Tracking ...........563 22.2.1 Validation of FOTO and ASDA Models at Traffic Control Center of German Federal State of Hessen.......................................563 22.2.2 Application of FOTO and ASDA Models on Other Freeways in Germany and USA ..........565 22.3 Spatiotemporal Pattern Prediction .......................568 22.3.1 Historical Time Series ...........................568 XVIII Contents 22.3.2 Database of Reproducible and Predictable Spatiotemporal Pattern Features .................575 22.3.3 Vehicle Onboard Autonomous Spatiotemporal Congested Pattern Prediction .....................580 22.4 Traffic Analysis and Prediction in Urban Areas .............582 22.4.1 Model for Traffic Prediction in City Networks .......582 22.5 Conclusions ............................................589 23 Control of Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns .......................................591 23.1 Introduction ...........................................591 23.2 Scenarios for Traffic Management and Control .............592 23.3 Spatiotemporal Pattern Control Through Ramp Metering ................................593 23.3.1 Free Flow Control Approach ......................595 23.3.2 Congested Pattern Control Approach .............606 23.3.3 Comparison of Free Flow and Congested Pattern Control Approaches .........610 23.3.4 Comparison of Different Control Rules in Congested Pattern Control Approach ............614 23.4 Dissolution of Congested Patterns ........................617 23.5 Prevention of Induced Congestion ........................620 23.6 Influence of Automatic Cruise Control on Congested Patterns ..................................624 23.6.1 Model of Automatic Cruise Control ................624 23.6.2 Automatic Cruise Control with Quick Dynamic Adaptation ..................626 23.6.3 Automatic Cruise Control with Slow Dynamic Adaptation ...................628 23.7 Conclusions ............................................629 24 Conclusion ...............................................631 A Terms and Definitions ....................................033 A.I Traffic States, Parameters, and Variables ..................633 A.2 Traffic Phases .........................................633 A.3 Phase Transitions ......................................634 A. 4 Bottleneck Characteristics ...............................635 A. 5 Congested Patterns at Bottlenecks ........................636 A. 6 Local Perturbations .....................................637 A. 7 Critical and Threshold Traffic Variables ...................637 A.8 Some Features of Phase Transitions and Traffic State Stability ...............................638 Contents XIX В ASDA and FOTO Models for Practical Applications .................................641 B.I ASDA Model for Several Road Detectors ..................641 B.I.I Extensions of ASDA for On-Ramps, Off-Ramps, and Changing of Number of Freeway Lanes Upstream of Moving Jam .........................643 B.I. 2 Extensions of ASDA for On-Ramps, Off-Ramps, and Changing of Number of Freeway Lanes Downstream of Moving Jam ......................645 B.1.3 FOTO Model for Several Road Detectors ...........646 B.1.4 Extended Rules for FOTO Model .................646 B.2 Statistical Evaluation of Different Reduced Detector Configurations ........................651 References ....................................................655 Index .........................................................679 Springer: understanding сол MPLEX1TY COMPLEX SYSTEMS Kerner The Physics of Traffic This book is devoted to the explanation of freeway traffic congestion, a fact of life for many car drivers. Results of empirical observations of freeway con¬ gestion, which exhibit diverse complex spatiotem¬ poral patterns including moving traffic jams, are analyzed. Empirical features of these reproducible freeway traffic patterns only recently sufficiently well understood are reviewed. In the first part, three-phase traffic theory can be found, which is the basis for a physical theory of traffic phenomena and its applications in engineering. In the second part, the empirical spatiotemporal patterns are examined and, finally in parts in and iv, the mathe¬ matical model and the engineering applications are addressed. The Physics of Traffic addresses researchers and practitioners alike.
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callnumber-label	HE336
callnumber-raw	HE336.T7
callnumber-search	HE336.T7
callnumber-sort	HE 3336 T7
callnumber-subject	HE - Transportation and Communications
classification_rvk	ZO 4100 ZO 4600
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ctrlnum	(OCoLC)57356728 (DE-599)BVBBV019868898
dewey-full	388.3/1/0151
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dewey-ones	388 - Transportation
dewey-raw	388.3/1/0151
dewey-search	388.3/1/0151
dewey-sort	3388.3 11 3151
dewey-tens	380 - Commerce, communications, transportation
discipline	Physik Bauingenieurwesen Mathematik Wirtschaftswissenschaften Verkehrstechnik Verkehr / Transport
format	Book
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id	DE-604.BV019868898
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2025-02-20T06:42:24Z
institution	BVB
isbn	3540207163
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013193241
oclc_num	57356728
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-Aug4 DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-703 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-83 DE-11
owner_facet	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-Aug4 DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-703 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-83 DE-11
physical	XXIII, 682 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	2004
publishDateSearch	2004
publishDateSort	2004
publisher	Springer
record_format	marc
series2	Springer complexity : understanding complex systems
spellingShingle	Kerner, Boris S. The physics of traffic empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory Capacidade de tráfego larpcal Modelos matemáticos larpcal Sistemas de controle de tráfego larpcal Mathematisches Modell Electronic traffic controls Highway capacity Mathematical models Traffic flow Mathematical models Nichtlineare Dynamik (DE-588)4126141-0 gnd Verkehrsablauf (DE-588)4062902-8 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd Autobahn (DE-588)4003936-5 gnd Musterbildung (DE-588)4137934-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4126141-0 (DE-588)4062902-8 (DE-588)4114528-8 (DE-588)4003936-5 (DE-588)4137934-2
title	The physics of traffic empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory
title_auth	The physics of traffic empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory
title_exact_search	The physics of traffic empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory
title_full	The physics of traffic empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory B. S. Kerner
title_fullStr	The physics of traffic empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory B. S. Kerner
title_full_unstemmed	The physics of traffic empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory B. S. Kerner
title_short	The physics of traffic
title_sort	the physics of traffic empirical freeway pattern features engineering applications and theory
title_sub	empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory
topic	Capacidade de tráfego larpcal Modelos matemáticos larpcal Sistemas de controle de tráfego larpcal Mathematisches Modell Electronic traffic controls Highway capacity Mathematical models Traffic flow Mathematical models Nichtlineare Dynamik (DE-588)4126141-0 gnd Verkehrsablauf (DE-588)4062902-8 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd Autobahn (DE-588)4003936-5 gnd Musterbildung (DE-588)4137934-2 gnd
topic_facet	Capacidade de tráfego Modelos matemáticos Sistemas de controle de tráfego Mathematisches Modell Electronic traffic controls Highway capacity Mathematical models Traffic flow Mathematical models Nichtlineare Dynamik Verkehrsablauf Autobahn Musterbildung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013193241&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013193241&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT kernerboriss thephysicsoftrafficempiricalfreewaypatternfeaturesengineeringapplicationsandtheory

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