Wind power in power systems:
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| Sprache: | English |
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2005
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| Beschreibung: | XLVII, 691 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Wind power in power systems |c ed. by Thomas Ackermann |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester |b Wiley |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XLVII, 691 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804133359285174272 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Contributors xx
Abbreviations
xx¡x
Notation
xxxv¡
Units
xlvi
1
Introduction
1
Thomas
Ackermann
Part A Theoretical Background and Technical Regulations
5
2
Historical Development and Current Status of Wind Power
7
Thomas
Ackermann
2.1
Introduction
7
2.2
Historical Background
8
2.2.1
Mechanical power generation
8
2.2.2
Electrical power generation
9
2.3
Current Status of Wind Power Worldwide
11
2.3.1
Overview of grid-connected wind power generation
11
2.3.2
Europe
11
2.3.3
North America
13
2.3.4
South and Central America
16
2.3.5
Asia and Pacific
16
2.3.6
Middle East and Africa
17
2.3.7
Overview of stand-alone generation
18
2.3.8
Wind power economics
18
2.3.9
Environmental issues
20
2.4
Status of Wind Turbine Technology
21
2.4.1
Design approaches
22
2.5
Conclusions
23
Acknowledgements
23
References
23
Contents
3 Wind Power in Power Systems: An
Introduction
25
Lennart Söder
and Thomas
Ackermann
3.1
Introduction
25
3.2
Power System History
25
3.3
Current Status of Wind Power in Power Systems
26
3.4
Network Integration Issues for Wind Power
28
3.5
Basic Electrical Engineering
29
3.6
Characteristics of Wind Power Generation
32
3.6.1
The wind
32
3.6.2
The physics
33
3.6.3
Wind power production
34
3.7
Basic Integration Issues Related to Wind Power
40
3.7.1
Consumer requirements
40
3.7.2
Requirements from wind farm operators
41
3.7.3
The integration issues
41
3.8
Conclusions
46
Appendix: A Mechanical Equivalent to Power System Operation with
Wind Power
47
Introduction
47
Active power balance
48
Reactive power balance
49
References
50
4
Generators and Power Electronics for Wind Turbines
53
Anca D.
Hansen
4.1
Introduction
53
4.2
State-of-the-art Technologies
53
4.2.1
Overview of wind turbine topologies
53
4.2.2
Overview of power control concepts
55
4.2.3
State-of-the-art generators
55
4.2.4
State-of-the-art power electronics
59
4.2.5
State-of-the-art market penetration
62
4.3
Generator Concepts
65
4.3.1
Asynchronous (induction) generator
66
4.3.2
The synchronous generator
69
4.3.3
Other types of generators
70
4.4
Power Electronic Concepts
72
4.4.1
Soft-starter
72
4.4.2
Capacitor bank
72
4.4.3
Rectifiers and inverters
73
4.4.4
Frequency converters
74
4.5
Power Electronic Solutions in Wind Farms
75
4.6
Conclusions
77
References
77
5
Power Quality Standards for Wind Turbines
79
John
Olav
Tande
5.1
Introduction
79
5.2
Power Quality Characteristics of Wind Turbines
80
Contents jx
5.2.1
Rated data gj
5.2.2 Maximum
permitted power
81
5.2.3 Maximum
measured power
§1
5.2.4
Reactive power
g
1
5.2.5
Flicker coefficient
82
5.2.6
Maximum number of wind turbine switching operations
83
5.2.7
Flicker step factor
83
5.2.8
Voltage change factor
84
5.2.9
Harmonic currents
84
5.2.10
Summary power quality characteristics for various wind turbine types
84
5.3
Impact on Voltage Quality
85
5.3.1
General
85
5.3.2
Case study specifications
86
5.3.3
Slow voltage variations
87
5.3.4
Flicker
89
5.3.5
Voltage dips
91
5.3.6
Harmonic voltage
92
5.4
Discussion
93
5.5
Conclusions
94
References
95
6
Power Quality Measurements
97
Fritz Santjer
6.1
Introduction
97
6.2
Requirements for Power Quality Measurements
98
6.2.1
Guidelines
98
6.2.2
Specification
99
6.2.3
Future aspects
104
6.3
Power Quality Characteristics of Wind Turbines and Wind Farms
105
6.3.1
Power peaks
105
6.3.2
Reactive power
106
6.3.3
Harmonics
106
6.3.4
Flicker
108
6.3.5
Switching operations
109
6.4
Assessment Concerning the Grid Connection
111
6.5
Conclusions
42
References
13
7
Technical Regulations for the Interconnection of Wind Farms to
the Power System 115
Julija
Matevosyan, Thomas
Ackermann
and
Sigrid
M.
Bolik
7.1
Introduction
5
7.2
Overview of Technical Regulations I·5
7.2.1
Regulations for networks below llOkV
117
7.2.2
Regulations for networks above 1
10
kV
119
7.2.3
Combined regulations
20
7.3
Comparison of Technical Interconnection Regulations
121
7.3.1
Active power control
7.3.2
Frequency control 123
Contents
7.3.3
Voltage
control
124
7.3.4
Tap changers
128
7.3.5
Wind farm protection
128
7.3.6
Modelling information and verification
133
7.3.7
Communication and external control
133
7.3.8
Discussion of interconnection regulations
134
7.4
Technical Solutions for New Interconnection Rules
136
7.4.1
Absolute power constraint
136
7.4.2
Balance control
136
7.4.3
Power rate limitation control approach
136
7.4.4
Delta control
137
7.5
Interconnection Practice
138
7.6
Conclusions
140
References
140
8
Power System Requirements for Wind Power
143
Hannele Holttinen
and Ritva Hirvonen
8.1
Introduction
143
8.2
Operation of the Power System
144
8.2.1
System reliability
145
8.2.2
Frequency control
146
8.2.3
Voltage management
147
8.3
Wind Power Production and the Power System
149
8.3.1
Production patterns of wind power
149
8.3.2
Variations of production and the smoothing effect
151
8.3.3
Predictability of wind power production
155
8.4
Effects of Wind Energy on the Power System
156
8.4.1
Short-term effects on reserves
156
8.4.2
Other short-term effects
160
8.4.3
Long-term effects on the adequacy of power capacity
162
8.4.4
Wind power in future power systems
164
8.5
Conclusions
164
References
165
9
The Value of Wind Power
169
Lennart Söder
9.1
Introduction
169
9.2
The Value of a Power Plant
169
9.2.1
Operating cost value
169
9.2.2
Capacity credit
170
9.2.3
Control value
170
9.2.4
Loss reduction value
170
9.2.5
Grid investment value
170
9.3
The Value of Wind Power
170
9.3.1
The operating cost value of wind power
171
9.3.2
The capacity credit of wind power
171
9.3.3
The control value of wind power
174
9.3.4
The loss reduction value of wind power
177
9.3.5
The grid investment value of wind power
180
Contents
xi
9.4 The Market
Value of
Wind Power 180
9.4.1 The market
operation cost value of wind power
180
9.4.2
The market capacity credit of wind power
181
9.4.3
The market control value of wind power
182
9.4.4
The market loss reduction value of wind power
188
9.4.5
The market grid investment value of wind power
189
9.5
Conclusions
194
References
195
Part
В
Power System Integration Experience
197
10
Wind Power in the Danish Power System
199
Peter
Borre
Eriksen and Carl Hilger
10.1
Introduction
199
10.2
Operational Issues
203
10.2.1
The Nordic market model for electricity trading
205
10.2.2
Different markets
207
10.2.3
Interaction between technical rules and the market
209
10.2.4
Example of how Eltra handles the balance task
210
10.2.5
Balancing via
Nord Pool:
first step
211
10.2.6
The accuracy of the forecasts
213
10.2.7
Network controller and instantaneous reserves
215
10.2.8
Balancing prices in the real-time market
215
10.2.9
Market prices fluctuating with high wind production
217
10.2.10
Other operational problems
217
10.3
System Analysis and Modelling Issues
219
¡0.3.1
Future development of wind power
219
10.3.2
Wind regime
220
10.3.3
Wind power forecast models
221
10.3.4
Grid connection
223
10.3.5
Modelling of power systems with large-scale wind
power production
224
10.3.6
Wind power and system analysis
226
10.3.7
Case study CO2 reductions according to the Kyoto
Protocol
228
10.4
Conclusions and Lessons Learned
231
References
232
11
Wind Power in the German Power System: Current Status and Future
Challenges of Maintaining Quality of Supply
233
Matthias Luther,
Uwe Radtke
and
Wilhelm R.
Winter
11.1
Introduction
233
11.2
Current Performance of Wind Energy in Germany
234
11.3
Wind Power Supply in the E.ON
Netz
Area
236
11.4
Electricity System Control Requirements
237
11.5
Network Planning and Connection Requirements
238
11.6
Wind Turbines and Dynamic Performance Requirements
241
11.7
Object of Investigation and Constraints
241
x¡¡
Contents
11.8 Simulation
Results
244
11.8.1
Voltage quality
244
11.8.2
Frequency stability
248
11.9
Additional Dynamic Requirements of Wind Turbines
252
11.10
Conclusions
254
References
255
12
Wind Power on Weak Grids in California and the US Midwest
257
H. M.
Romanowitz
12.1
Introduction
257
12.2
The Early Weak Grid: Background
259
12.2.1
Tehachapi
66
kV
transmission
259
12.2.2
VARs
260
12.2.3
FACTS devices
260
12.2.4 Development
ofwind energy on the Tehachapi
66
kV
grid
261
12.2.5
Reliable generation
262
12.2.6
Capacity factor improvement: firming intermittent wind generation
263
12.3
Voltage Regulation:
VAR
Support on a Wind-dominated Grid
264
12.3.1
Voltage control of a self-excited induction machine
264
12.3.2
Voltage regulated
VAR
control
264
12.3.3
Typical wind farm PQ operating characteristics
265
12.3.4
Local voltage change from
VAR
support
267
12.3.5
Location of supplying VARs within a wind farm
268
12.3.6
Self-correcting fault condition:
VAR
starvation
269
12.3.7
Efficient-to-use idle wind turbine component capacity
for low-voltage VARs
270
12.3.8
Harmonics and harmonic resonance: location on grid
271
12.3.9
Islanding, self-correcting conditions and speed of response
for
VAR
controls
274
12.3.10
Self-correcting fault condition:
VAR
starvation
275
12.3.11
Higher-speed grid events: wind turbines that stay connected through
grid events
276
12.3.12
Use of advanced
VAR
support technologies on weak grids
278
12.3.13
Load flow studies on a weak grid and with induction machines
279
12.4
Private Tehachapi Transmission Line
280
12.5
Conclusions
281
References
282
13
Wind Power on the Swedish Island of Gotland
283
Christer Liljegren
and Thomas
Ackermann
13.1
Introduction
283
13.1.1
History
283
13.1.2
Description of the local power system
285
13.1.3
Power exchange with the mainland
286
13.1.4
Wind power in the South of Gotland
286
13.2
The Voltage Source Converter Based High-voltage Direct-current Solution
287
13.2.1
Choice of technology
287
13.2.2
Description
287
13.2.3
Controllability
288
Contents
____________________________________________________________________xiii
13.2.4
Reactive power support and control
288
13.2.5
Voltage control
288
13.2.6
Protection philosophy
289
13.2.7
Losses
290
13.2.8
Practical experience with the installation
290
13.2.9
Tjcereborg Project
291
13.3
Grid Issues
291
13.3.1
Flicker
292
13.3.2
Transient phenomena
292
13.3.3
Stability issues with voltage control equipment
293
13.3.4
Validation
294
13.3.5
Power flow
295
13.3.6
Technical responsibility
296
13.3.7
Future work
296
13.4
Conclusions
296
Further Reading
297
References
297
14
Isolated Systems with Wind Power
299
Per Lundsager and E. Ian Baring-Gould
14.1
Introduction
299
14.2
Use of Wind Energy in Isolated Power Systems
300
14.2.1
System concepts and configurations
300
14.2.2
Basic considerations and constraints for wind-diesel power stations
305
14.3
Categorisation of Systems
310
14.4
Systems and Experience
311
14.4.1
Overview of systems
312
14.4.2
Hybrid power system experience
312
14.5
Wind Power Impact on Power Quality
315
14.5.1
Distribution network voltage levels
316
14.5.2
System stability and power quality
316
14.5.3
Power and voltage fluctuations
317
14.5.4
Power system operation
317
14.6
System Modelling Requirements
320
14.6.1
Requirements and applications
321
14.6.2
Some numerical models for isolated systems
322
14.7
Application Issues
322
14.7.1
Cost of energy and economics
324
14.7.2
Consumer demands in isolated communities
325
14.7.3
Standards, guidelines and project development approaches
325
14.8
Conclusions and Recommendations
327
References
328
15
Wind Farms in Weak Power Networks in India
331
Poul Sorensen
15.1
Introduction
331
15.2
Network Characteristics
334
15.2.1
Transmission capacity
334
15.2.2
Steady-state voltage and outages
335
xiv Contents
15.2.3
Frequency
337
15.2.4 Harmonie
and interharmonic distortions
337
15.2.5
Reactive power consumption
338
15.2.6
Voltage imbalance
338
15.3
Wind Turbine Characteristics
338
15.4
Wind Turbine Influence on Grids
339
15.4.1
Steady-state voltage
339
15.4.2
Reactive power consumption
339
15.4.3
Harmonic and interharmonic emission
342
15.5
Grid Influence on Wind Turbines
343
15.5.
1 Power performance
343
15.5.2
Safety
345
15.5.3
Structural lifetime
346
15.5.4
Stress on electric components
346
15.5.5
Reactive power compensation
346
15.6
Conclusions
347
References
347
16
Practical Experience with Power Quality and Wind Power
349
Åke Larsson
16.1
Introduction
349
16.2
Voltage Variations
349
16.3
Flicker
352
16.3.1
Continuous operation
352
16.3.2
Switching operations
354
16.4
Harmonics
358
16.5
Transients
360
16.6
Frequency
361
16.7
Conclusions
363
References
363
17
Wind Power Forecast for the German and Danish Networks
365
Bernhard
Ernst
17.1
Introduction
365
17.2
Current Development and Use of Wind Power Prediction Tools
366
17.3
Current Wind Power Prediction Tools
367
17.3.1
Prediktor
367
17.3.2
Wind Power Prediction Tool
368
17.3.3
Zephyr
370
17.3.4
Previente
370
17.3.5
e
Wind
370
17.3.6
SI
Ρ
REO
LICO
371
17.3.7
Advanced Wind Power Prediction Tool
372
17.3.8
HONEYMOON project
376
17.4
Conclusions and Outlook
377
17.4.1
Conclusions
377
17.4.2
Outlook 3g0
References 3g0
Useful websites 3gj
Contents xv
18
Economie
Aspects
of Wind Power in Power Systems
383
Thomas
Ackermann
and
Poul
Erik M
or
t
horst
18.1
Introduction
383
18.2
Costs for Network Connection and Network Upgrading
384
18.2.1
Shallow connection charges
384
18.2.2
Deep connection charges
387
18.2.3
Shallowish connection charges
388
18.2.4
Discussion of technical network limits
388
18.2.5
Summary of network interconnection and upgrade costs
389
18.3
System Operation Costs in a Deregulated Market
390
18.3.1
Primary control issues
391
18.3.2
Treatment of system operation costs
392
18.3.3
Secondary control issues
392
18.3.4
Electricity market aspects
395
18.4
Example:
Nord Pool
395
18.4.1
The
Nord
Pool power exchange
396
18.4.2
Elspot pricing
397
18.4.3
Wind power and the power exchange
398
18.4.4
Wind power and the balancing market
403
18.5
Conclusions
408
References
409
PartC Future Concepts
411
19
Wind Power and Voltage Control
413
J. G. Slootweg, S. W. H.
de Haan,
H.
Polinder and
W. L. Kling
19.1
Introduction
413
19.2
Voltage Control
414
19.2.1
The need for voltage control
414
19.2.2
Active and reactive power
416
19.2.3
Impact of wind power on voltage control
417
19.3
Voltage Control Capabilities of Wind Turbines
420
19.3.1
Current wind turbine types
420
19.3.2
Wind turbine voltage control capabilities
421
19.3.3
Factors affecting voltage control
425
19.4
Simulation Results
425
19.4.1
Test system
425
19.4.2
Steady-state analysis
426
19.4.3
Dynamic analysis
428
19.5
Voltage Control Capability and Converter Rating
430
19.6
Conclusions
431
References
432
20
Wind Power in Areas with Limited Transmission Capacity
433
Julija
Matevosyan
20.1
Introduction
433
20.2
Transmission Limits
434
20.2.1
Thermal limit
434
20.2.2
Voltage stability limit
435
xvj
Contents
20.2.3
Power output of wind turbines
438
20.2.4
Transient stability
439
20.2.5
Summary
439
20.3
Transmission Capacity: Methods of Determination
440
20.3.1
Determination of cross-border transmission capacity
440
20.3.2
Determination of transmission capacity within the country
441
20.3.3
Summary
442
20.4
Measures to Increase Transmission Capacity
442
20.4.1
Soft measures
442
20.4.2
Possible reinforcement measures: thermal limit
443
20.4.3
Possible reinforcement measures: voltage stability limit
444
20.4.4
Converting AC transmission lines to DC for higher transmission ratings
444
20.5
Impact of Wind Generation on Transmission Capacity
445
20.6
Alternatives to Grid Reinforcement for the Integration of Wind Power
446
20.6.
1 Regulation using existing generation sources
447
20.6.2
Wind energy spillage
447
20.6.3
Summary
457
20.7
Conclusions
458
References
458
21
Benefits of Active Management of Distribution Systems
461
Goran
Štrbac, Predrag Djapić,
Thomas Bopp and Nick Jenkins
21.1
Background
461
21.2
Active Management
462
21.2.1
Voltage-rise effect
462
21.2.2
Active management control strategies
464
21.3
Quantification of the Benefits of Active Management
465
21.3.1
Introduction
465
21.3.2
Case studies
466
21.4
Conclusions
476
References
476
22
Transmission Systems for Offshore Wind Farms
479
Thomas
Ackermann
22.1
Introduction
479
22.2
General Electrical Aspects
481
22.2.1
Offshore substations
482
22.2.2
Redundancy
483
22.3
Transmission System to Shore
484
22.3.1
High-voltage alternating-current transmission
485
22.3.2
Line-commutated converter based high-voltage direct-current transmission
486
22.3.3
Voltage source converter based high-voltage direct-current transmission
488
22.3.4
Comparison
490
22.4
System Solutions for Offshore Wind Farms
497
22.4.1
Use of low frequency
497
22.4.2
DC solutions based on wind turbines with AC generators
498
22.4.3
DC solutions based on wind turbines with DC generators
498
22.5
Offshore Grid Systems
499
22.6
Alternative Transmission Solutions
500
22.7
Conclusions
500
Contents
xv¡¡
Acknowledgement
50
j
References 50
j
23
Hydrogen as a Means of Transporting and Balancing Wind Power Production
505
Robert
Sternberger- Wilckens
23.1
Introduction
505
23.2
A Brief Introduction to Hydrogen
506
23.3
Technology and Efficiency 507
23.3.1
Hydrogen production 507
23.3.2
Hydrogen storage
5O8
23.3.3
Hydrogen transport 509
23.4
Reconversion to Electricity: Fuel Cells
510
23.5
Hydrogen and Wind Energy
512
23.6
Upgrading Surplus Wind Energy
514
23.6.1
Hydrogen products
516
23.7
A Blueprint for a Hydrogen Distribution System
516
23.7.1
Initial cost estimates
518
23.8
Conclusions 519
References
519
Part
D
Dynamic Modelling of Wind Turbines for power System Studies
523
24
Introduction to the Modelling of Wind Turbines
525
Hans Knudsen and
Jörgen Nygård
Nielsen
24.1
Introduction
525
24.2
Basic Considerations regarding Modelling and Simulations
526
24.3
Overview of Aerodynamic Modelling
526
24.3.1
Basic description of the turbine rotor
527
24.3.2
Different representations of the turbine rotor
532
24.4
Basic Modelling Block Description of Wind Turbines
534
24.4.1
Aerodynamic system
535
24.4.2
Mechanical system
536
24.4.3
Generator drive concepts
536
24.4.4
Pitch servo
539
24.4.5
Main control system
539
24.4.6
Protection systems and relays
541
24.5
Per Unit Systems and Data for the Mechanical System
541
24.6
Different Types of Simulation and Requirements for Accuracy
546
24.6.1
Simulation work and required modelling accuracy
546
24.6.2
Different types of simulation
547
24.7
Conclusions
552
References
553
25
Reduced-order Modelling of Wind Turbines
555
J. G. Slootweg, H.
Polinder
and W. L.
Kling
25.1
Introduction
555
25.2
Power System Dynamics Simulation
556
25.3
Current Wind Turbine Types
557
25.4
Modelling Assumptions
557
xv¡¡¡
Contents
25.5
Model of a Constant-speed Wind Turbine
559
25.5.1
Model structure
559
25.5.2
Wind speed model
559
25.5.3
Rotor model
562
25.5.4
Shaft model
564
25.5.5
Generator model
565
25.6
Model of a Wind Turbine with a Doubly fed Induction Generator
567
25.6.1
Model structure
567
25.6.2
Rotor model
568
25.6.3
Generator model
568
25.6.4
Converter model
570
25.6.5
Protection system model
572
25.6.6
Rotor speed controller model
573
25.6.7
Pitch angle controller model
574
25.6.8
Terminal voltage controller model
575
25.7
Model of a Direct drive Wind Turbine
576
25.7.1
Generator model
577
25.7.2
Voltage controller model
578
25.8
Model Validation
579
25.8.1
Measured and simulated model response
579
25.8.2
Comparison of measurements and simulations
582
25.9
Conclusions
584
References
584
26
High-order Models of Doubly-fed Induction Generators
587
Eva Centeno López
and Jonas
Persson
26.1
Introduction
587
26.2
Advantages of Using a Doubly-fed Induction Generator
588
26.3
The Components of a Doubly-fed Induction Generator
588
26.4
Machine Equations
589
26.4.1
The vector method
590
26.4.2
Notation of quantities
592
26.4.3
Voltage equations of the machine
592
26.4.4
Flux equations of the machine
594
26.4.5
Mechanical equations of the machine
595
26.4.6
Mechanical equations of the wind turbine
597
26.5
Voltage Source Converter
597
26.6
Sequencer
599
26.7
Simulation of the Doubly-fed Induction Generator
599
26.8
Reducing the Order of the Doubly-fed Induction Generator
600
26.9
Conclusions
601
References
602
27
Full-scale Verification of Dynamic Wind Turbine Models
603
Vladislav Akhmatov
27.1
Introduction
603
27.1.1
Background
604
27.1.2
Process of validation
605
27.2
Partial Validation
607
27.2.1
Induction generator model
607
27.2.2
Shaft system model
611
Contents xjx
27.2.3
Aerodynamic rotor model
613
27.2.4
Summary of partial validation
618
27.3
Full-scale Validation
619
27.3.1
Experiment outline
619
27.3.2
Measured behaviour
621
27.3.3
Modelling case g22
27.3.4
Model validation
623
27.3.5
Discrepancies between model and measurements
625
27.4
Conclusions
625
References
626
28
Impacts of Wind Power on Power System Dynamics
629
J. G. Slootweg and W. L.
Kling
28.1
Introduction
629
28.2
Power System Dynamics
630
28.3
Actual Wind Turbine Types
631
28.4
Impact of Wind Power on Transient Stability
632
28.4.1
Dynamic behaviour of wind turbine types
632
28.4.2
Dynamic behaviour of wind farms
636
28.4.3
Simulation results
638
28.5
Impact of Wind Power on Small Signal Stability
645
28.5.1
Eigenvalue-frequency domain analysis
645
28.5.2
Analysis of the impact of wind power on small signal stability
646
28.5.3
Simulation results
647
28.5.4
Preliminary conclusions
648
28.6
Conclusions
650
References
651
29
Aggregated Modelling and Short-term Voltage Stability of Large Wind Farms
653
Vladislav Akhmatov
29.1
Introduction
653
29.1.1
Main outline
654
29.1.2
Area of application
655
29.1.3
Additional requirements
655
29.2
Large Wind Farm Model
656
29.2.1
Reactive power conditions
657
29.2.2
Faulting conditions
658
29.3
Fixed-speed Wind Turbines
658
29.3.1
Wind turbine parameters
661
29.3.2
Stabilisation through power ramp
661
29.4
Wind Turbines with Variable Rotor Resistance
663
29.5
Variable-speed Wind Turbines with Doubly-fed Induction Generators
665
29.5.1
Blocking and restart of converter
вві
29.5.2
Response of a large wind farm
668
29.6
Variable-speed Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Generators
670
29.7
A Single Machine Equivalent
672
29.8
Conclusions
673
References
673
Index
677
|
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| spelling | Wind power in power systems ed. by Thomas Ackermann Chichester Wiley 2005 XLVII, 691 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Energia eólica larpcal Wind power Wind power plants Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 gnd rswk-swf Windenergie (DE-588)4079329-1 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Windenergie (DE-588)4079329-1 s Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 s DE-604 Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 s Ackermann, Thomas 1966- (DE-588)1020387920 edt Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013170874&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wind power in power systems Energia eólica larpcal Wind power Wind power plants Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 gnd Windenergie (DE-588)4079329-1 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4128839-7 (DE-588)4079329-1 (DE-588)4121178-9 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Wind power in power systems |
| title_auth | Wind power in power systems |
| title_exact_search | Wind power in power systems |
| title_full | Wind power in power systems ed. by Thomas Ackermann |
| title_fullStr | Wind power in power systems ed. by Thomas Ackermann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wind power in power systems ed. by Thomas Ackermann |
| title_short | Wind power in power systems |
| title_sort | wind power in power systems |
| topic | Energia eólica larpcal Wind power Wind power plants Windkraftwerk (DE-588)4128839-7 gnd Windenergie (DE-588)4079329-1 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Energia eólica Wind power Wind power plants Windkraftwerk Windenergie Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013170874&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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