Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes: hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2005
|
| Series: | Environmental science
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 661 - 732 |
| Physical Description: | XXVIII, 732 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 3540234551 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes |b hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments |c Alain Tremblay ... (ed.) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2005 | |
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| _version_ | 1804133302913728512 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS 1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................21
1.1 GREENHOUSE GASES AND
RESERVOIRS..................................................21 1.2
RESERVOIR
DYNAMICS........................................................................27
1.2.1 WATER QUALITY
..........................................................................27
1.2.2
PLANKTON...................................................................................30
1.2.3 BENTHOS
....................................................................................31
1.2.4 FISH
..........................................................................................32
1.3 CONTENTS AND RATIONALES
.................................................................32
GROSS EMISSIONS 2 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING FLUXES OF CO2 AND
CH4 FROM HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIRS AND NATURAL WATER
BODIES...........................37
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................37
2.1 INTRODUCTION
....................................................................................38
2.2 HISTORY OF THE METHODS USED BY HYDRO-QUEBEC
............................38 2.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODS
............................................................39 2.3.1
FLOATING CHAMBERS WITH IN SITU LABORATORY ANALYSIS ..............39
2.3.2 FLOATING CHAMBERS WITH EX SITU LABORATORY ANALYSIS..............42
2.3.3 FLOATING CHAMBERS COUPLED TO AN NDIR OR FTIR INSTRUMENT 43 2.3.4
THIN BOUNDARY
LAYER...............................................................45
2.4 COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT
METHODS............................................47 2.4.1 STABILITY OF
AIR AND WATER SAMPLES IN SYRINGES AND BOTTLES ...47 2.4.2 EFFECT ON THE
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION OF THE SAMPLES.............47 2.4.3 EFFECT OF THE
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN SITES ..............48 2.4.4 QUALITY
CONTROL FOR ALL METHODS ..............................................48
2.4.5 COMPARISON OF THE TWO METHODS WITH SYRINGE
........................52 2.4.6 COMPARISON OF SYRINGE AND THIN BOUNDARY
LAYER METHODS...53 2.4.7 COMPARISON OF SYRINGE AND AUTOMATED INSTRUMENT
METHODS .54 IV CONTENTS 2.4.8 COMPARISON OF NDIR AND FTIR INSTRUMENTS
..........................55 2.4.9 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES FOR EACH
METHOD ...................57 2.5
CONCLUSION......................................................................................60
3 DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL NEAR INFRARED OPEN PATH DIODE
LASER PROTOTYPE FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF CO2 AND CH4 FLUXES FROM
BOREAL HYDRO RESERVOIRS AND LAKES.................................61
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................61
3.1 INTRODUCTION
....................................................................................62
3.2
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................63
3.2.1 CHOICE OF THE GRADIENT TECHNIQUE FOR FLUX ESTIMATES ............63
3.2.2 ASSESSING AVERAGE CO2 AND CH4 CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS ....64 3.2.3
ASSESSING AVERAGE GHG FLUXES
..............................................65 3.3 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
AND TECHNIQUE..............................................66 3.3.1
DESCRIPTION OF THE OPTICAL
PATHS..............................................66 3.3.2 SPECTRAL
RESOLUTION OF THE LASER DEVICE .................................68 3.3.3
DESCRIPTION OF THE SIGNAL
DETECTION.........................................69 3.4 MAJOR RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
........................................................71 3.4.1
TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND OPTIMIZATIONS ...........................71
3.4.2 CO2 AND CH4 FLUXES AT FLUDEX - ELA EXPERIMENTAL
RESERVOIR...........................................................................................72
3.4.3 CO2 AND CH4 FLUXES AT ROBERT-BOURASSA HYDROELECTRIC
RESERVOIR.....................................................................
......................79 3.4.4 MAJOR BENEFITS OF FLUX MEASUREMENTS BY
TUNABLE DIODE
LASERS................................................................................................83
3.5 CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE
WORK...................................84 4 GREENHOUSE GAS FLUXES
(CO2, CH4 AND N2O) IN FORESTS AND WETLANDS OF BOREAL, TEMPERATE AND
TROPICAL REGIONS ........................87
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................87
4.1 INTRODUCTION
....................................................................................88
4.2 NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE OF CO2 (NEE) IN FORESTS
.......................89 4.3 NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE OF CO2 IN WETLANDS
...............................97 4.4 CH4 FLUXES IN
WETLANDS................................................................101
4.5 CH4 FLUXES IN FORESTS
...................................................................113
4.6 N2O FLUXES IN FOREST AND WETLAND SOILS
......................................116 4.7 N2O IN
WETLANDS...........................................................................120
4.8 GHG BUDGETS IN FORESTS AND WETLANDS
........................................120 4.9 GENERAL EVALUATION OF
GAS FLUX DATA...........................................125 CONTENTS V
5 DIFFUSE FLUX OF GREENHOUSE GASES * METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE * AT THE
SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE OF SOME LAKES AND RESERVOIRS OF THE WORLD
......................................................................................................129
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................129
5.1 INTRODUCTION
..................................................................................130
5.2 LAKES AND RESERVOIRS SAMPLED IN THIS
STUDY................................133 5.2.1 SEDIMENT SAMPLING FOR
GASES................................................135 5.2.2 DIFFUSE
FLUX
CALCULATIONS......................................................138
5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
.................................................................142
5.3.1 SEDIMENT GAS DIFFUSE
FLUX....................................................142 5.3.2
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEDIMENT GAS FLUXES AND LAKE AND RESERVOIR TROPHIC
CONDITIONS ........................................................146
5.4 CONCLUSIONS
..................................................................................152
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
............................................................................152
6 ORGANIC CARBON DENSITIES OF SOILS AND VEGETATION OF TROPICAL,
TEMPERATE AND BOREAL
FORESTS..............................................................155
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................155
6.1 INTRODUCTION
..................................................................................156
6.2 SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
DENSITY........................................................157 6.3
PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SOC DENSITY .............165
6.4 UNCERTAINTIES OF SOC ESTIMATES
...................................................169 6.5 ORGANIC
CARBON IN VEGETATION
......................................................170 6.6 HIGH
SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY OF
BIOMASS........................................173 6.7 UNCERTAINTIES IN
EVALUATING THE ORGANIC CARBON IN VEGETATION....178 6.8 TOTAL CARBON
DENSITIES AND STOCKS OF FOREST BIOMES ..................181 6.9 EXPORT
OF ORGANIC CARBON TO AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS.......................183 6.10
CONCLUSION
..................................................................................185
7 CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE EMISSIONS FROM ESTUARIES
...............187
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................187
7.1 INTRODUCTION
..................................................................................188
7.2 ESTUARIES: SOME USEFUL DEFINITIONS FOR DESCRIBING CARBON CYCLING AND
GAS
EMISSIONS..............................................................................188
7.3 ORGANIC CARBON SOURCES AND MINERALIZATION IN ESTUARIES
............190 7.4 ESTUARINE SPECIFICITY FOR GAS
TRANSFER..........................................191 7.5 CARBON DIOXIDE
EMISSIONS ...........................................................194
7.6 METHANE
EMISSIONS.......................................................................200
7.7 SIGNIFICANCE AT THE GLOBAL SCALE
...................................................206 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
..............................................................................207
VI CONTENTS 8 GHG EMISSIONS FROM BOREAL RESERVOIRS AND NATURAL AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS..............................................................................................209
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................209
8.1 INTRODUCTION
..................................................................................209
8.2 MATERIAL AND
METHODS...................................................................210
8.2.1 STUDY AREAS
...........................................................................210
8.2.2 MEASUREMENT OF GHG FLUXES AND OTHER VARIABLES...............212
8.2.3 STATISTICAL
ANALYSES................................................................218
8.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
.................................................................218
8.3.1 SPATIAL VARIATION OF GHG
EMISSIONS.....................................218 8.3.2 TEMPORAL
VARIATION OF GHG EMISSION FROM RESERVOIRS.......229 8.3.3 FLUXES IN CO2
EQUIVALENT CARBON..........................................231 8.4
CONCLUSION....................................................................................231
9 CO2 EMISSIONS FROM SEMI-ARID RESERVOIRS AND NATURAL AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS..............................................................................................233
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................233
9.1 INTRODUCTION
..................................................................................233
9.2 MATERIAL AND
METHODS...................................................................234
9.2.1 STUDY AREAS
...........................................................................234
9.2.2 MEASUREMENT OF CO2 FLUX AND OTHER VARIABLES....................239
9.2.3 GENERAL CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATER BODIES ........239
9.2.4 STATISTICAL
ANALYSES................................................................243
9.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
.................................................................243 9.4
CONCLUSION....................................................................................250
10 A COMPARISON OF CARBON DIOXIDE NET PRODUCTION IN THREE FLOODED
UPLANDS (FLUDEX, 1999-2002) AND A FLOODED WETLAND (ELARP, 1991-2002)
USING A DYNAMIC
MODEL.....................................................251
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................251
10.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................251
10.2 METHODS
......................................................................................253
10.2.1 THE
MODEL............................................................................253
10.2.1 RUNNING THE MODEL AND CALIBRATING TO THE MEASURED DATA .257 10.3
RESULTS
........................................................................................257
10.3.1 ELARP
................................................................................257
10.3.2 FLUDEX
.............................................................................259
10.4
DISCUSSION...................................................................................261
10.5 CONCLUSIONS
................................................................................265
CONTENTS VII 11 GROSS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM BRAZILIAN HYDRO
RESERVOIRS
...............................................................................................267
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................267
11.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................267
11.2 MATERIAL AND
METHODS.................................................................268
11.2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION
...................................................................268
11.3
METHODOLOGY...............................................................................269
11.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: GROSS EMISSIONS OF CO2 AND CH4 FROM
BRAZILIAN POWER DAMS
........................................................................271
11.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE
ORIENTATIONS............................279 11.6
ANNEX..........................................................................................281
11.6.1 PROCEDURES FOR CAPTURING
BUBBLES.......................................281 11.6.2 CALCULATION OF
AVERAGES OF GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS BY BUBBLES
...........................................................................................282
11.6.3 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES FOR DIFFUSION
RATES.....................284 11.6.4 PRINCIPLE OF EXCHANGE RATES
MEASUREMENT .........................284 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
............................................................................291
12 LONG TERM GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIR
OF PETIT SAUT (FRENCH GUIANA) AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS.......293
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................293
12.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................293
12.2 EXPERIMENTAL SITE AND
CAMPAIGNS..............................................295 12.2.1 THE
PETIT SAUT RESERVOIR
......................................................295 12.2.2
MEASUREMENTS......................................................................295
12.3 RESULTS
........................................................................................297
12.3.1 OBSERVED AND PREDICTED EMISSIONS OVER 20 YEARS .............297
12.3.3 LONG TERM DATA AND RECENT FLUX MEASUREMENTS ...............305
12.4 CONCLUSION AND
PERSPECTIVE........................................................309
12.4.1 FUTURE
INITIATIVES..................................................................310
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
..............................................................................312
VIII CONTENTS PROCESSES LEADING TO GHG PRODUCTION 13 PRODUCTION OF GHG
FROM THE DECOMPOSITION OF IN VITRO INUNDATED PHYTOMASS AND SOIL
................................................................................315
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................315
13.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................316
13.2
METHODOLOGY...............................................................................318
13.2.1 FIELD SITE AND SAMPLE COLLECTION
........................................318 13.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL
SETUP..............................................................319
13.2.3 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
.....................................................319 13.2.4
MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE .................322 13.2.5
PRODUCTION OF
GASES.............................................................323
13.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
...............................................................324
13.3.1 SOIL SAMPLES
........................................................................324
13.3.2 VEGETATION SAMPLES
.............................................................328 13.4
CONCLUSION..................................................................................336
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
............................................................................338
14 DIFFUSIVE CO2 FLUX AT THE AIR-WATER INTERFACE OF THE ROBERT-
BOURASSA HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIR IN NORTHERN QUEBEC : ISOTOPIC APPROACH
( 13 C)
.......................................................................................339
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................339
14.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................339
14.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
...............................................................341
14.2.1 STUDY
SITE.............................................................................341
14.2.2 SAMPLING SCHEME
................................................................343
14.2.3 IN SITU SAMPLING MEASUREMENTS
..........................................343 14.3 MODEL CONSTRUCTION
....................................................................345
14.4 ESTIMATION OF THE FCO2 PROD./FCO2 ATM. EQ. FOR THE ROBERT-BOURASSA
RESERVOIR.............................................................................................346
14.5 ESTIMATING FCO2 ATM. EQ AND MEAN CO2 FLUX AT THE AIR-WATER
INTERFACE..............................................................................................348
14.6 ESTIMATE OF THE MEAN ANNUAL DIFFUSIVE CO2 FLUX FROM THE ROBERT-
BOURASSA RESERVOIR
.............................................................................352
14.7 COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS
.......................................................353 CONTENTS IX
15 THE USE OF CARBON MASS BUDGETS AND STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES TO EXAMINE
PROCESSES AFFECTING CO2 AND CH4 PRODUCTION IN THE EXPERIMENTAL FLUDEX
RESERVOIRS......................................................355
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................355
15.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................356
15.2 METHODS AND RATIONALE
...............................................................357
15.2.1 STUDY SITE AND RESERVOIR
CONSTRUCTION................................357 15.2.2 THEORETICAL
APPROACH TO QUANTIFICATION OF NET RESERVOIR CO2 AND CH4 PRODUCTION,
GROSS DIC PRODUCTION AND NPP, AND CH4 PRODUCTION AND CH4 OXIDATION
.......................................................360 15.2.3
INORGANIC C AND CH4 MASS BUDGETS AND STABLE CARBON ISOTOPIC RATIO MASS
BUDGETS ..........................................................362
15.2.4 * 13 C VALUES OF GROSS DIC PRODUCTION, NPP, CH4 PRODUCTION AND
OXIDATION
.................................................................................364
15.2.5 ANALYTICAL
METHODS..............................................................366
15.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
...............................................................367
15.3.1 INORGANIC C AND CH4 BUDGETS AND NET RESERVOIR CO2 AND CH4
PRODUCTION.......................................................................................367
15.3.2 GROSS RESERVOIR DIC PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION VIA NPP
..........................................................................................369
15.3.3 CH4 PRODUCTION AND OXIDATION
............................................376 15.3.4 RESERVOIR GHG
PRODUCTION, OC STORAGE, AND TIMESCALE....377 15.3.5 EXTRAPOLATION OF
FLUDEX RESULTS TO OTHER STUDIES...........379 15.4 CONCLUSIONS
................................................................................382
16 MASS BALANCE OF ORGANIC CARBON IN THE SOILS OF FORESTED WATERSHEDS
FROM NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA .................................383
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................383
16.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................383
16.1.1 EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE C
GASES........................................383 16.1.2 CONTRIBUTION OF
SOILS FROM FOREST ECOSYSTEMS....................385 16.2 ORGANIC CARBON
IN FOREST SOILS...................................................386
16.2.1 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE OF ORGANIC CARBON IN FORESTED ECOSYSTEMS
.....................................................................................387
16.2.2 KEY ROLE OF FOREST SOILS IN THE ORGANIC CARBON CYCLE.......390
16.2.3 NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN SOILS ........392
16.2.4 FUNCTIONS OF ORGANIC CARBON IN SOILS
.................................396 16.2.5 LINKS BETWEEN CARBON AND
OTHER ELEMENTAL CYCLES IN FOREST SOILS
................................................................................................398
16.3 ORGANIC C POOLS AND FLUXES IN FOREST
WATERSHEDS.....................405 16.3.1 FOREST ECOSYSTEMS FROM
NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA ........405 X CONTENTS 16.3.2 FOREST
ECOSYSTEMS FROM SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA........413 16.3.3 FOREST
ECOSYSTEMS FROM NORTHWESTERN EUROPE ...................413 16.3.4.
CARBON POOLS AND FLUXES IN NORTHERN WETLANDS.................414 16.4
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES ..................417
16.4.1 NET ROLE OF SOILS ON THE CYCLING OF ORGANIC CARBON IN TERRESTRIAL
ECOSYSTEMS....................................................................417
16.4.2 CHANGES IN THE TRANSPORT OF DOC FROM TERRESTRIAL TO AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS
.....................................................................................419
17 PLANKTONIC COMMUNITY DYNAMICS OVER TIME IN A LARGE RESERVOIR AND
THEIR INFLUENCE ON CARBON
BUDGETS...............................................421
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................421
17.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................421
17.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
...............................................................423
17.2.1 LONG-TERM DATA SET (1978-1984)
........................................423 17.2.2 RECENT DATA SET
...................................................................427
17.3 RESULTS
........................................................................................428
17.3.1 LONG-TERM VARIATION IN ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY (1978-1984)
....................................................................................428
17.3.2 RELATION WITH WATER QUALITY AND TROPHIC
STATUS.................430 17.3.3 RECENT DATA SET: A COMPARISON BETWEEN
RESERVOIRS..........432 17.4
DISCUSSION...................................................................................436
17.5 CONCLUSIONS
................................................................................440
18 PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF METHANE IN SOIL, PEAT, AND SEDIMENTS
FROM A HYDRO-ELECTRIC RESERVOIR (ROBERT-BOURASSA) AND LAKES IN THE
CANADIAN TAIGA
................................................................441
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................441
18.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................442
18.2 MATERIAL AND
METHODS.................................................................443
18.2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND SAMPLE
COLLECTION..............................443 18.2.2 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
VARIABLES................................................444 18.2.3
BACTERIAL METHANE
METABOLISM............................................445 18.2.4
STATISTICS...............................................................................448
18.3 RESULTS
........................................................................................448
18.3.1 METHANOGENESIS
...................................................................448
18.3.2 METHANOTROPHY
....................................................................454
18.4
DISCUSSION...................................................................................457
18.4.1 METHANOGENESIS
...................................................................457
18.4.2 METHANOTROPHY
....................................................................460
CONTENTS XI 18.5 METHANE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND CONCLUDING
REMARKS.................463 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
..............................................................................465
19 BACTERIAL ACTIVITY IN THE WATER COLUMN AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CO2
EFFLUX.......................................................................................................467
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................467
19.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................468
19.2 STUDY SITES AND METHODS
............................................................469 19.3
RESULTS
........................................................................................471
19.3.1 TEMPERATURE AND
DOC.........................................................471 19.3.2
BACTERIAL ABUNDANCE AND PRODUCTION IN THE STUDY SITES .....473 19.4
DISCUSSION...................................................................................475
19.4.1 FACTORS AFFECTING BACTERIOPLANKTON ACTIVITIES (I.E. PRODUCTION,
SPECIFIC PRODUCTION AND% HNA)
...................................................475 19.4.2
BACTERIOPLANKTON ACTIVITIES AND VARIATIONS IN CO2 FLUXES TO THE
ATMOSPHERE...............................................................................478
19.4.3 CONTRIBUTION OF BACTERIOPLANKTON ACTIVITIES TO CO2 FLUXES FROM
FRESHWATERS TO THE
ATMOSPHERE..............................................479 19.5
CONCLUSION
..................................................................................482
20 PRODUCTION-CONSUMPTION OF CO2 IN RESERVOIRS AND LAKES IN RELATION
TO PLANKTON
METABOLISM.........................................................483
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................483
20.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................484
20.2 STUDY
SITE....................................................................................485
20.3 METHODS
......................................................................................487
20.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
...............................................................490
20.4.1 PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS
.......................................................490 20.4.2 AREAL
GROSS PRODUCTION
.......................................................492 20.4.3 AREAL
PLANKTONIC RESPIRATION...............................................493
20.4.4 SPATIAL VARIATION OF THE PRODUCTION: RESPIRATION RATIO .......494
20.4.5 GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND TOTAL RESPIRATION MASS BALANCE AND
THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO CO2 FLUX AT THE WATER-AIR
INTERFACE..........................................................................................503
XII CONTENTS 21 IMPACTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HYDROELECTRIC
RESERVOIRS
...............................................................................................509
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................509
21.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................510
21.2 ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER
.................510 21.2.1 TYPES OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC
MATTER.....................................511 21.2.2 DISSOLVED ORGANIC
MATTER QUALITY.......................................512 21.2.3
PHOTOREACTIONS AND DOM
....................................................514 21.2.4 IONIC
CONDITIONS
..................................................................518
21.3 ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND MICROORGANISMS
................................519 21.3.1
PLANKTON...............................................................................519
21.3.2 HARMFUL EFFECTS OF UV ON MICROORGANISMS
........................521 21.4 PHOTOOXIDATION IN
RESERVOIRS......................................................522
21.4.1
VEGETATION............................................................................522
21.4.2 RESIDENCE TIME
...................................................................523
21.4.3 TEMPERATURE AND ICE
............................................................523 21.4.4
ESTIMATE OF THE RATE OF PHOTOOXIDATION IN RESERVOIRS.........523 21.5
CONCLUSION..................................................................................526
22 IMPACT OF METHANE OXIDATION IN TROPICAL RESERVOIRS ON GREENHOUSE
GASES FLUXES AND WATER QUALITY.....................................529
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................529
22.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................529
22.2 SITE AND MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTIONS
...........................................531 22.2.1 THE EXAMPLE OF THE
PETIT SAUT RESERVOIR AND THE DOWNSTREAM RIVER
...............................................................................................531
22.2.2
MEASUREMENTS......................................................................533
22.3 WATER QUALITY AND METHANE OXIDATION IN THE RESERVOIR
............534 22.3.1 STRATIFICATION AND GENERAL WATER QUALITY
............................534 22.3.2 METHANE PRODUCTION AND OXIDATION
IN THE RESERVOIR...........538 22.3.3 PRINCIPAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
WATER QUALITY.......................541 22.4 METHANE EMISSION AND
OXIDATION DOWNSTREAM OF THE
RESERVOIR.............................................................................................544
22.4.1 EVIDENCE OF A CONSUMPTION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE DOWNSTREAM
SINNAMARY RIVER DUE TO AN OXIDATION OF DISSOLVED METHANE
..........................................................................................544
22.4.2 BUILDING OF AN AERATING WEIR IN THE PLANT OUTLET CANAL IN ORDER
TO GUARANTEE 2 MG L -1 OF DO IN THE DOWNSTREAM SINNAMARY RIVER
...............................................................................................547
CONTENTS XIII 22.4.3 HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION (1994-2002) OF THE DM
CONCENTRATIONS AND FLUXES IN THE WATER CROSSING THE DAM ...........548
22.4.4 EFFICIENCY OF DM ELIMINATION IN THE NEAR DOWNSTREAM OF THE DAM
(1994-2002)
...........................................................................550
22.4.5 DM EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE SINNAMARY RIVER DOWNSTREAM
OF THE AERATING
WEIR..................................................553 22.4.6 A NEW
ASSESSMENT OF THE METHANE EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE DOWNSTREAM
SINNAMARY RIVER (1994-2002 PERIOD)
............................................................................................556
22.4.7 EXTRAPOLATION OF CH4 FINDINGS TO OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.......................................................................................557
22.4.8 THE ROLE OF DM OXIDATION IN THE DO BUDGET OF THE DOWNSTREAM
SINNAMARY
.................................................................557
22.5 GENERAL CONCLUSION
....................................................................558
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
............................................................................560
MODELLING 23 USING GAS EXCHANGE ESTIMATES TO DETERMINE NET PRODUCTION
OF CO2 IN RESERVOIRS AND LAKES
................................................................563
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................563
23.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................563
23.2 METHODS USED TO ESTIMATE GAS EXCHANGE
..................................564 23.3 DISCUSSION OF THE
METHODS..........................................................566
23.4 USING A MODEL TO ASSIST
INTERPRETATION.......................................568 23.5 OTHER
SOURCES OF
VARIABILITY.......................................................571
23.6 CONCLUSION
..................................................................................574
24 A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR SIMULATING THE VERTICAL TRANSPORT OF
DISSOLVED CO2 AND CH4 IN HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIRS
.........................575
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................575
24.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................575
24.2 THERMODYNAMIC LAKE
MODELS....................................................577 24.3
DESCRIPTION OF THE HOSTETLER LAKE MODEL
...................................578 24.3.1 ENERGY BALANCE
EQUATIONS...................................................578 24.3.2
TURBULENT DIFFUSION
.............................................................579 24.3.3
CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT
.......................................................583 XIV CONTENTS
24.3.4 ICE
MODEL.............................................................................583
24.4 CALCULATION OF CO2 AND CH4 FLUXES AT THE AIR-WATER INTERFACE .584
24.4.1 BULK AERODYNAMIC TECHNIQUE (BAT)
.................................585 24.4.2 THIN BOUNDARY LAYER (TBL)
...............................................585 24.5 RESULTS
........................................................................................587
24.5.1 MODEL DEFINITION OF ATMOSPHERIC GHG CONCENTRATIONS AND GHG
SOURCES AND SINKS
.................................................................587
24.5.2 SENSITIVITY TEST AND
VALIDATION............................................589 24.5.3
APPLICATION: COMPARISON OF THE ANNUAL CO2 EMISSIONS FOR TWO RESERVOIRS
IN CENTRAL NORTHERN QUEBEC .................................592 24.6
CONCLUSION..................................................................................593
25 MODELLING THE GHG EMISSION FROM HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIRS........597
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................597
25.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................598
25.2 MODEL
FORMULATION......................................................................601
25.2.1 BASIC CONFIGURATION OF THE RESERVOIR
....................................601 25.2.2 CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS OF
THE MODEL ....................................604 25.3 MASS TRANSFER OF
CO2 AND CH4 AT THE WATER-AIR INTERFACE ...............605 25.3.1 WIND
EFFECT
..........................................................................606
25.3.2 WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECT
.....................................................607 25.3.3 MASS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE ....607 25.3.4
EFFECT OF ICE
FORMATION.........................................................609
25.3.5 EFFECT OF OXIC
CONDITIONS......................................................612
25.3.6 EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE
.................................................612 25.3.7 EFFECT OF PH
.........................................................................612
25.3.8 KINETIC
PARAMETERS...............................................................613
25.3.9 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
................616 25.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
................................................................618
25.4.1 INPUT DATA TO THE MODEL
........................................................618 25.4.2
SIMULATION WITH THE
MODEL...................................................625 25.4.3
LIMITATIONS OF THE MODEL
.....................................................633 25.5
CONCLUSION..................................................................................633
25.5.1 MODEL
CHARACTERISTICS...........................................................633
25.5.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE
MODEL....................................................634
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
............................................................................635
CONTENTS XV 26 SYNTHESIS
............................................................................................637
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................637
26.1 GREENHOUSE GASES IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
..............................638 26.1.1 TERRESTRIAL
ECOSYSTEMS.........................................................638
26.1.2 AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS.............................................................640
26.1.3 ESTUARIES
..............................................................................642
26.2 THE ISSUE OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIRS.....644
26.2.1 FLOODED SOILS AND
SEDIMENTS...............................................645 26.2.2 WATER
COLUMN......................................................................650
26.2.3 EXCHANGE AT THE WATER-AIR INTERFACE
...................................651 26.2.4 RESERVOIR
CHARACTERISTICS.....................................................655
26.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF NET GHG EMISSIONS FROM RESERVOIRS .........656
26.2.6 COMPARISON OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES
...........................................................................................657
26.2.6 CONCLUSION AND UNRESOLVED ISSUES
......................................659
REFERENCES...............................................................................................661
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019806695 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TD885 |
| callnumber-raw | TD885.5.G73 |
| callnumber-search | TD885.5.G73 |
| callnumber-sort | TD 3885.5 G73 |
| callnumber-subject | TD - Environmental Technology |
| classification_rvk | AR 23400 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)57333330 (DE-599)BVBBV019806695 |
| dewey-full | 360 628.532 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 360 - Social problems and services; associations 628 - Sanitary engineering |
| dewey-raw | 360 628.532 |
| dewey-search | 360 628.532 |
| dewey-sort | 3360 |
| dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Allgemeines Soziologie Bauingenieurwesen |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Albersdorf Dithmarschen |
| id | DE-604.BV019806695 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:06:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540234551 |
| language | English |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-83 |
| physical | XXVIII, 732 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
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| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Environmental science |
| spelling | Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments Alain Tremblay ... (ed.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2005 XXVIII, 732 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental science Literaturverz. S. 661 - 732 Genet, Jean 1910-1986 Splendid's (DE-588)4498925-8 gnd rswk-swf Franz Marc Museum (DE-588)2086402-4 gnd rswk-swf Efeito estufa larpcal Impactos ambientais larpcal Meio ambiente (controle) larpcal Umwelt Greenhouse gases Environmental aspects Gasemission (DE-588)4513491-1 gnd rswk-swf Mustererkennung (DE-588)4040936-3 gnd rswk-swf Treibhausgas (DE-588)4438735-0 gnd rswk-swf Albersdorf Dithmarschen (DE-588)4001042-9 gnd rswk-swf Treibhausgas (DE-588)4438735-0 s Gasemission (DE-588)4513491-1 s DE-604 Genet, Jean 1910-1986 Splendid's (DE-588)4498925-8 u Mustererkennung (DE-588)4040936-3 s Franz Marc Museum (DE-588)2086402-4 b Albersdorf Dithmarschen (DE-588)4001042-9 g Tremblay, Alain Sonstige oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013132182&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments Genet, Jean 1910-1986 Splendid's (DE-588)4498925-8 gnd Franz Marc Museum (DE-588)2086402-4 gnd Efeito estufa larpcal Impactos ambientais larpcal Meio ambiente (controle) larpcal Umwelt Greenhouse gases Environmental aspects Gasemission (DE-588)4513491-1 gnd Mustererkennung (DE-588)4040936-3 gnd Treibhausgas (DE-588)4438735-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4498925-8 (DE-588)2086402-4 (DE-588)4513491-1 (DE-588)4040936-3 (DE-588)4438735-0 (DE-588)4001042-9 |
| title | Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments |
| title_auth | Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments |
| title_exact_search | Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments |
| title_full | Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments Alain Tremblay ... (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments Alain Tremblay ... (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments Alain Tremblay ... (ed.) |
| title_short | Greenhouse gas emissions - fluxes and processes |
| title_sort | greenhouse gas emissions fluxes and processes hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments |
| title_sub | hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments |
| topic | Genet, Jean 1910-1986 Splendid's (DE-588)4498925-8 gnd Franz Marc Museum (DE-588)2086402-4 gnd Efeito estufa larpcal Impactos ambientais larpcal Meio ambiente (controle) larpcal Umwelt Greenhouse gases Environmental aspects Gasemission (DE-588)4513491-1 gnd Mustererkennung (DE-588)4040936-3 gnd Treibhausgas (DE-588)4438735-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Genet, Jean 1910-1986 Splendid's Franz Marc Museum Efeito estufa Impactos ambientais Meio ambiente (controle) Umwelt Greenhouse gases Environmental aspects Gasemission Mustererkennung Treibhausgas Albersdorf Dithmarschen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013132182&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tremblayalain greenhousegasemissionsfluxesandprocesseshydroelectricreservoirsandnaturalenvironments |