Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation: an introduction with 400 problems
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH-Verl.
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Physics textbook
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 472 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3527405038 9783527405039 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation |b an introduction with 400 problems |c Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH-Verl. |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 472 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
Preface XI
1 Emission: The Birth of Photons 1
1.1 Wave and Particle Languages 1
1.2 Radiation in Equilibrium with Matter 4
1.2.1 Change of Variable 8
1.2.2 Stefan Boltzmann Law 12
1.3 Blackbody Radiation 12
1.4 Absorptivity and Emissivity 14
1.4.1 Blackbody Radiation without a Blackbody 15
1.4.2 Averages: A Critical Look 17
1.4.3 Average Emissivity and Absorptivity 20
1.4.4 Brightness and Color Temperature 21
1.4.5 A Few Comments on Terminology 22
1.4.6 The Solar Spectrum 23
1.4.7 Imaging and Spectral Dependence of Contrast 23
1.5 Emission by Clouds 26
1.5.1 Directional Emissivity 29
1.6 Emissivity and Global Warming 31
References and Suggestions for Further Reading 37
Problems 42
2 Absorption: The Death of Photons 51
2.1 Exponential Attenuation 51
2.1.1 Absorptivity and Absorption Coefficient: A Tenuous Connection . . 54
2.1.2 Absorptance and Absorbance: More Room for Confusion 54
2.1.3 The Sum of Exponentials is not an Exponential 55
2.1.4 Attenuation in a Nonuniform Medium 56
2.2 Directional Emissivity of the Atmosphere 57
2.3 Flux Divergence 58
2.3.1 The Sum of Exponentials is not an Exponential: Another Example . 59
2.4 Absorption Cross Section 60
2.5 The ABCs of Complex Variables 66
2.6 Interpretation of the Molecular Absorption Coefficient 70
2.6.1 Why the Obsession with Harmonic Oscillators? 74
Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An Introduction with 400 Problems. Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux
Copyright © 2006 Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 3 527 40503 8
Contents
2.7 Classical versus Quantum Mechanical Interpretation of Absorption 76
2.7.1 Molecular Energy Levels 78
2.8 Absorption by Molecules: The Details 84
2.8.1 Absorption versus Spontaneous and Induced Emission 85
2.8.2 Absorption by Atmospheric Molecules 91
2.9 Absorption by Particles HO
2.9.1 Molecules and Particles: Similarities and Differences 115
References and Suggestions for Further Reading 115
Problems 119
3 Scattering: The Life of Photons 125
3.1 Scattering: An Overview 125
3.2 Scattering by a Dipole 127
3.3 Waves on a String: The One Dimensional Wave Equation 129
3.3.1 Solutions to the Wave Equation 132
3.3.2 Sinusoidal Wave Functions 133
3.4 Superposition and Interference 134
3.4.1 Superposition of Waves with Different Frequencies 136
3.4.2 Coherence 136
3.4.3 Distinction between a Theory and an Equation 139
3.4.4 Scalar Waves in Three Dimensions 141
3.4.5 Acoustic Waves 142
3.4.6 The Doppler Effect 143
3.4.7 Interference of Waves with Different Directions 146
3.4.8 Phase Shift on Scattering 148
3.4.9 Scattering by Air and Liquid Water Molecules 151
3.5 Scattering by Particles 155
3.5.1 Complex Refractive Index 158
3.5.2 Scattering by an Isotropic, Homogeneous Sphere 165
3.5.3 Some Observable Consequences of Scattering of Visible Radiation
by Spherical Particles 172
References and Suggestions for Further Reading 175
Problems 179
4 Radiometry and Photometry: What you Get and What you See 185
4.1 The General Radiation Field 185
4.1.1 Solid Angle 186 ;
4.1.2 Radiance 188 '
4.1.3 Invariance of Radiance 191
4.1.4 Imaging Devices and Radiance 192
4.1.5 A Simple Lens Cannot Increase Radiance 195 |
4.1.6 Radiance Changes Upon (Specular) Reflection and Refraction . 196 |
4.1.7 Luminance and Brightness 200 J
4.1.8 A Few Words about Terminology and Units 2041
Contents IX
4.2 Irradiance 206
4.2.1 Diffuse Reflection 208
4.2.2 Flux Divergence 212
4.3 Color 212
4.3.1 Colorimetry: The CIE Chromaticity Diagram 216
4.3.2 The Nonexistence of Absolute White 224
References and Suggestions for Further Reading 227
Problems . ¦ 229
5 Multiple Scattering: Elementary 241
5.1 Multiple Scattering by a Pile of Parallel Plates 241
5.1.1 Why We Sometimes Can Ignore Interference and Sometimes Not . . 249
5.1.2 Radiative Transfer in Plane Parallel Media 251
5.1.3 Mean Free Path 253
5.2 Two Stream Theory of Radiative Transfer 254
5.2.1 Conservative Scattering 257
5.2.2 Conservative Scattering: Equilibrium Solution 257
5.2.3 Conservative Scattering: Reflection and Transmission 258
5.2.4 Conservative Scattering: Diffuse Radiation 261
5.3 Multiple Scattering in an Absorbing Medium 264
5.3.1 Clouds, Snow, Paint, Frozen Waterfalls, Wet Sand, and Broken Beer
Bottles 268
5.4 Emission 277
References and Suggestions for Further Reading 279
Problems 281
6 Multiple Scattering: Advanced 291
6.1 N Stream Theory and Beyond 291
6.1.1 Directional Derivative 292
6.1.2 Equation of Transfer 293
6.2 Diffusion Theory: The Elements 297
6.3 The Monte Carlo Method 300
6.3.1 Path Length Distribution 301
6.3.2 Scattering Direction Distribution 303
6.3.3 Transforming Coordinate Axes 308
6.3.4 Surface Reflection 309
6.3.5 Emission 310
6.3.6 Irradiance, Flux Divergence, Radiance, and Path Lengths 311
6.4 Atmospheric Applications of the Monte Carlo Method 315
6.4.1 Irradiances in Plane Parallel Media 316
6.4.2 Photon Path Lengths 320
6.4.3 Three dimensional Clouds 323
6.4.4 Solar and Terrestrial Irradiances, Flux Divergences, and Heating
Rate Profiles 327
References and Suggestions for Further Reading 335
Problems 338
X Contents
7 Polarization: The Hidden Variable 345
7.1 The Nature of Polarized Light 345
7.1.1 Vibration Ellipse and Ellipsometric Parameters 346
7.1.2 Orthogonally Polarized Waves do not Interfere 348
7.1.3 Stokes Parameters and the Ellipsometric Parameters 349
7.1.4 Unpolarized and Partially Polarized Light 354
7.1.5 Degree of Polarization 357
7.1.6 Linear Retarders and Birefringence 359
7.2 Polarization upon Specular Reflection 362
7.2.1 Scattering Interpretation of Specular Reflection and the Brewster
Angle 366
7.2.2 Transformations of Stokes Parameters: The Mueller Matrix 367
7.3 Polarization by Dipolar Scattering: Skylight 370
7.3.1 Polarization of Skylight 374
7.4 Particles as Polarizers and Retarders 378
References and Suggestions for Further Reading 384
Problems 387
8 Meteorological Optics: The Reward 397
8.1 Color and Brightness of the Molecular Atmosphere 397
8.1.1 Variation of Sky Color and Brightness 399
8.1.2 Sunrise and Sunset 408
8.1.3 Ozone and the Twilight Sky 409
8.2 Atmospheric Visual Range 415
8.3 Atmospheric Refraction 418
8.3.1 Terrestrial Mirages 418
8.3.2 Extraterrestrial Mirages 423
8.3.3 The Green Flash 425
8.4 Scattering by Single Water Droplets 427
8.4.1 Coronas and Iridescent Clouds 427
8.4.2 Rainbows 429
8.4.3 The Glory 436
8.5 Scattering by Single Ice Crystals 437
8.5.1 Sun Dogs and Halos 437
8.6 Clouds as Givers and Takers of Light 440
8.6.1 Green Thunderstorms 441
References and Suggestions for Further Reading 446
Problems 452
Index 463
•j |
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| spelling | Bohren, Craig F. Verfasser aut Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation an introduction with 400 problems Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux Weinheim Wiley-VCH-Verl. 2006 XVIII, 472 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Physics textbook Atmospheric radiation Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd rswk-swf Strahlung (DE-588)4057849-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 s Strahlung (DE-588)4057849-5 s DE-604 Clothiaux, Eugene E. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013016225&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bohren, Craig F. Clothiaux, Eugene E. Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation an introduction with 400 problems Atmospheric radiation Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Strahlung (DE-588)4057849-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003397-1 (DE-588)4057849-5 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation an introduction with 400 problems |
| title_auth | Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation an introduction with 400 problems |
| title_exact_search | Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation an introduction with 400 problems |
| title_full | Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation an introduction with 400 problems Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux |
| title_fullStr | Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation an introduction with 400 problems Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation an introduction with 400 problems Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux |
| title_short | Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation |
| title_sort | fundamentals of atmospheric radiation an introduction with 400 problems |
| title_sub | an introduction with 400 problems |
| topic | Atmospheric radiation Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Strahlung (DE-588)4057849-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Atmospheric radiation Atmosphäre Strahlung Lehrbuch |
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