Clays:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English French |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2005
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Auch als Internetausgabe |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 472 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540216677 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV019686713 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20220428 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 050204s2005 gw ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 015 | |a 04,N21,0997 |2 dnb | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 970947429 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 3540216677 |c : ca. EUR 96.25 (freier Pr.), ca. CHF 152.50 (freier Pr.) |9 3-540-21667-7 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9783540216674 | |
| 028 | 5 | 2 | |a 10973547 |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)57541506 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV019686713 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 1 | |a eng |h fre | |
| 044 | |a gw |c DE | ||
| 049 | |a DE-M49 |a DE-20 |a DE-29 |a DE-703 |a DE-634 |a DE-83 |a DE-M490 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a QE389.625 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 552/.5 |2 22 | |
| 084 | |a RB 10162 |0 (DE-625)142220:12642 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a TH 2515 |0 (DE-625)163677: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a 500 |2 sdnb | ||
| 084 | |a GEO 474f |2 stub | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Meunier, Alain |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Argiles |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Clays |c Alain Meunier |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 472 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Auch als Internetausgabe | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Clay | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Clay minerals | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ton |g Geologie |0 (DE-588)4185646-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sedimentologie |0 (DE-588)4121648-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Geomorphologie |0 (DE-588)4130684-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Mineralogie |0 (DE-588)4039457-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Ton |g Geologie |0 (DE-588)4185646-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Mineralogie |0 (DE-588)4039457-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Ton |g Geologie |0 (DE-588)4185646-6 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Geomorphologie |0 (DE-588)4130684-3 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Sedimentologie |0 (DE-588)4121648-9 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013014595&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013014595 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804133129893445632 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE - SPECIES - CRYSTALLISATION 1
1.1 THE CRYSTAL STRUCTUR
E OF CLAY MINERALS 1
1.1.1 THE ELEMENTAR
Y STRUCTUR
E LEVEL: TH
E LAYER 2
1.1.2 CRYSTAL - PARTICLE - AGGREGATE 19
1.1.3 IDENTIFICATION KEYS FOR SIMPLE AN
D MIXED-LAYER SPECIES
OF CLAY MINERALS 32
1.2 NUCLEATION AN
D CRYSTAL GROWTH: PRINCIPLES 35
1.2.1 BASICS 35
1.2.2 NUCLEATION AN
D TH
E FIRST GROWTH STAGES OF CLAY MINERALS
. 42
1.2.3 GROWTH OF CLAY MINERALS 47
1.2.4 RIPENING PROCESS 52
1.2.5 GROWTH OF MIXED CRYSTALS AN
D PARTICLES 57
CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF CLAY MINERALS 61
2.1 SOLID SOLUTIONS 61
2.1.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 61
2.1.2 THE CONCEPT OF SOLID SOLUTION APPLIED TO PHYLLOSILICATES.
. 63
2.1.3 EXPERIMENTA
L STUDY OF SOLID SOLUTIONS 78
2.1.4 SOLID SOLUTIONS IN NATUR
E 82
2.2 MIXED LAYERED MINERALS 92
2.2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 92
2.2.2 CRYSTALLOCHEMISTR
Y OF MIXED-LAYER MINERALS 93
2.2.3 COMPOSITIO
N OF TH
E MOST COMMO
N MIXED-LAYER MINERALS 98
ENERGY BALANCES: THERMODYNAMICS - KINETICS 107
3.1 THERMODYNAMIC
S OF EQUILIBRIUM 107
3.1.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 107
3.1.2 FREE ENERGY OF FORMATIO
N OF CLAY MINERALS 108
3.1.3 EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN SIMPLE MINERALS
WITHOU
T SOLID SOLUTIONS 118
3.1.4 EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN SOLID SOLUTIONS 127
3.1.5 QUALITATIVE CONSTRUCTIO
N OF PHASE DIAGRAM
S 133
3.2 KINETICS OF MINERAL REACTIONS 141
3.2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 141
XII
CONTENTS
3.2.2 FUNDAMENTA
L LAWS OF KINETICS 143
3.2.3 KINETICS OF TH
E MONTMORILLONIT
E - YY MITE REACTION 149
ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS 153
4.1 STABLE ISOTOPES 153
4.1.1 ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATIO
N 154
4.1.2 WATER - CLAY MINERAL INTERACTION
S 161
4.1.3 THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIO
N OF CLAYS OF TH
E WEATHERING -
SEDIMENTATION CYCLE 165
4.1.4 ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIO
N OF CLAYS
UNDER DIAGENETIC CONDITIONS 170
4.1.5 ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIO
N OF CLAYS
I
N ACTIVE GEOTHERMA
L SYSTEMS 175
4.2 RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 178
4.2.1 DATATION PRINCIPLE
: CLOSED SYSTEM 178
4.2.2 DISTURBANCE
S DU
E T
O TH
E OPENIN
G OF TH
E SYSTEM 182
4.2.3 MIXTURES OF PHASES 185
4.2.4 DATATION AN
D CRYSTAL GROWTH 186
SURFACE PROPERTIES - BEHAVIOUR RULES - MICROTEXTURES 191
5.1 CHEMICAL PROPERTIE
S 191
5.1.1 STRUCTUR
E OF CLAY MINERALS AT VARIOUS SCALES 192
5.1.2 THE DIFFERENT STATES OF WATER IN CLAY MATERIALS 196
5.1.3 CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) 207
5.1.4 ANION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (AEC) 212
5.1.5 LAYER CHARGE AN
D CEC 213
5.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 215
5.2.1 SPECIFIC SURFACE 215
5.2.2 SURFACE ELECTRIC CHARGE DENSITY 219
5.2.3 RHEOLOGICAL AN
D MECHANICAL PROPERTIE
S 224
CLAYS IN SOILS AND WEATHERED ROCKS 231
6.1 ATMOSPHERIC AN
D SEAWATER WEATHERING 231
6.1.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 231
6.1.2 MECHANISMS OF FORMATIO
N OF CLAY MINERALS 232
6.1.3 WEATHERED ROCKS 245
6.2 SOILS 273
6.2.1 CLAYS IN SOILS 273
6.2.2 SOILS IN COLD OR TEMPERATE CLIMATES 282
6.2.3 SOILS I
N TROPICAL CLIMATE 284
6.2.4 SOILS IN ARID O
R SEMI-ARID CLIMATES 289
6.2.5 SOILS ON VOLCANOCLASTIC ROCKS 291
CLAYS
IN SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS
295
7.1 MINERAL INHERITANC
E 295
7.1.1 TRANSPOR
T AN
D DEPOSIT 295
CONTENTS
XIII
7.1.2 DETRITA
L SIGNATURE IN MARIN
E SEDIMENTS 303
7.2 NEOGENESIS 307
7.2.1 MAGNESIAN CLAYS:
SEPIOLITE, PALYGORSKITE, STEVENSITE, SAPONITE 307
7.2.2 DIOCTAHEDRA
L SMECTITES 312
7.2.3 FERRIE MITE AN
D GLAUCONITE 320
7.2.4 BERTHIERINE
, ODINIT
E AN
D CHAMOSITE
( VERDINE AN
D OOLITIC IRONSTON
E FACIES) 325
8 DIAGENESIS AND VERY LOW-GRADE METAMORPHISM 329
8.1 SEDIMENTAR
Y SERIES 329
8.1.1 PARAMETER
S OF DIAGENESIS 330
8.1.2 SMECTITE -
YY MITE TRANSFORMATION I
N CLAY SEDIMENTS 338
8.1.3 TRANSFORMATIONS OF OTHE
R CLAY MINERAL
S 354
8.1.4 FROM DIAGENESIS T
O VERY LOW-GRADE METAMORPHIS
M 361
8.2 VOLCANIC ROCKS 365
8.2.1 DIAGENESIS OF ASH AN
D VITREOUS ROCK DEPOSITS 366
8.2.2 DIAGENESIS - VERY LOW-GRADE METAMORPHIS
M OF BASALTS.. 369
8.2.3 DI- AN
D TRIOCTAHEDRA
L MIXED-LAYER MINERALS 372
9 HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS - THERMAL METAMORPHISM 379
9.1 FOSSIL AN
D PRESENT-DAY GEOTHERMA
L FIELDS 379
9.1.1 GEOLOGICAL AN
D DYNAMI
C STRUCTUR
E OF GEOTHERMA
L FIELDS
. 380
9.1.2 PRECIPITATION AN
D REACTION OF CLAYS IN GEOTHERMA
L FIELDS 390
9.1.3 ACID HYDROTHERMA
L SYSTEMS 394
9.1.4 GEOTHERMA
L SYSTEMS WIT
H SEAWATER (ALKALINE TYPE) 399
9.2 SMALL-SIZED HYDROTHERMA
L SYSTEMS 404
9.2.1 THERMA
L METAMORPHIS
M OF CLAY FORMATION
S 406
9.2.2 HYDROTHERMA
L VEINS 410
10 CLAYS UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS 417
10.1 EXPERIMENTA
L CONDITION
S 417
10.1.1 HIGH-TEMPERATURE AN
D HIGH-PRESSUR
E CLAYS 417
10.1.2 CLAYS UNDER EXTREME CHEMICAL CONDITION
S 420
10.1.3 CLAYS UNDE
R IRRADIATIO
N CONDITION
S 423
10.2 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
S 423
10.2.1 HIGH TEMPERATURES: POST-MAGMATIC CRYSTALLISATION 424
10.2.2 HIGH PRESSURES
: SUBDUCTIO
N ZONES 426
10.2.3 METAMORPHISM
: RETROGRAD
E PATH 428
10.2.4 VERY LOW PRESSURES: EXTRATERRESTRIA
L OBJECTS 429
10.2.5 CLAYS AN
D TH
E ORIGIN OF LIFE 430
REFERENCES 433
INDEX 467
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Meunier, Alain |
| author_facet | Meunier, Alain |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Meunier, Alain |
| author_variant | a m am |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019686713 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QE389 |
| callnumber-raw | QE389.625 |
| callnumber-search | QE389.625 |
| callnumber-sort | QE 3389.625 |
| callnumber-subject | QE - Geology |
| classification_rvk | RB 10162 TH 2515 |
| classification_tum | GEO 474f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)57541506 (DE-599)BVBBV019686713 |
| dewey-full | 552/.5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 552 - Petrology |
| dewey-raw | 552/.5 |
| dewey-search | 552/.5 |
| dewey-sort | 3552 15 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geowissenschaften Geologie / Paläontologie Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft Geographie |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02067nam a2200577 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV019686713</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220428 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">050204s2005 gw ad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="015" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">04,N21,0997</subfield><subfield code="2">dnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="016" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">970947429</subfield><subfield code="2">DE-101</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3540216677</subfield><subfield code="c">: ca. EUR 96.25 (freier Pr.), ca. CHF 152.50 (freier Pr.)</subfield><subfield code="9">3-540-21667-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783540216674</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="028" ind1="5" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">10973547</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)57541506</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV019686713</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield><subfield code="h">fre</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">gw</subfield><subfield code="c">DE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-M49</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-634</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M490</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">QE389.625</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">552/.5</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RB 10162</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142220:12642</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">TH 2515</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)163677:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">500</subfield><subfield code="2">sdnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GEO 474f</subfield><subfield code="2">stub</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Meunier, Alain</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="240" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Argiles</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Clays</subfield><subfield code="c">Alain Meunier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Berlin [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">2005</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XIII, 472 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Auch als Internetausgabe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Clay</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Clay minerals</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ton</subfield><subfield code="g">Geologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4185646-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sedimentologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4121648-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geomorphologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4130684-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Mineralogie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039457-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Ton</subfield><subfield code="g">Geologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4185646-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Mineralogie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039457-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Ton</subfield><subfield code="g">Geologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4185646-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Geomorphologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4130684-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Sedimentologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4121648-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">DNB Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013014595&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013014595</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV019686713 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:03:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540216677 |
| language | English French |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013014595 |
| oclc_num | 57541506 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-29 DE-703 DE-634 DE-83 DE-M490 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-29 DE-703 DE-634 DE-83 DE-M490 |
| physical | XIII, 472 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Meunier, Alain Verfasser aut Argiles Clays Alain Meunier Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2005 XIII, 472 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Auch als Internetausgabe Clay Clay minerals Ton Geologie (DE-588)4185646-6 gnd rswk-swf Sedimentologie (DE-588)4121648-9 gnd rswk-swf Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 gnd rswk-swf Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd rswk-swf Ton Geologie (DE-588)4185646-6 s Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 s DE-604 Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 s Sedimentologie (DE-588)4121648-9 s DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013014595&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Meunier, Alain Clays Clay Clay minerals Ton Geologie (DE-588)4185646-6 gnd Sedimentologie (DE-588)4121648-9 gnd Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 gnd Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4185646-6 (DE-588)4121648-9 (DE-588)4130684-3 (DE-588)4039457-8 |
| title | Clays |
| title_alt | Argiles |
| title_auth | Clays |
| title_exact_search | Clays |
| title_full | Clays Alain Meunier |
| title_fullStr | Clays Alain Meunier |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clays Alain Meunier |
| title_short | Clays |
| title_sort | clays |
| topic | Clay Clay minerals Ton Geologie (DE-588)4185646-6 gnd Sedimentologie (DE-588)4121648-9 gnd Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 gnd Mineralogie (DE-588)4039457-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Clay Clay minerals Ton Geologie Sedimentologie Geomorphologie Mineralogie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013014595&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT meunieralain argiles AT meunieralain clays |