Graphic discovery: a trout in the milk and other visual adventures
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Princeton [u.a.]
Princeton Univ. Press
2005
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 192 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0691103011 9780691134055 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Graphic discovery
Autor: Wainer, Howard
Jahr: 2005
Contents
Preface xiii
Introduction 1
In the sixteenth century, the bubonic plague provided the motiva-
tion for the English to begin gathering data on births, marriages,
and deaths. These data, the Bills of Mortality, were the grist that
Dr. John Arbuthnot used to prove the existence of God.
Unwittingly, he also provided strong evidence that data graphs
were not yet part of a scientists tools.
Part I
William Playfair and the Origins of
Graphical Display
1 Why Playfair? 9
All of the pieces were in place for the invention of statistical graph-
ics long before Playfair was born. Why didn t anyone else invent
them? Why did Playfair?
2 Who Was Playfair? 20
by Ian Spence and Howard Wainer
William Playfair (1759?1823) was an inventor and ardent advo-
cate of statistical graphics. Here we tell a bit about his life.
3 William Playfair:
A Daring Worthless Fellow 24
by Ian Spence and Howard Wainer
Audacity was an important personality trait for the invention
of graphics because the inventor had to move counter to the
Cartesian approach to science. We illustrate this quality in Playfair
by describing his failed attempt to blackmail one of the richest
lords of Great Britain.
4 Scaling the Heights (and Widths) 28
The message conveyed by a statistical graphic can be distorted by
manipulating the aspect ratio, the ratio ofa graphs width to its
height. Playfair deployed this ability in a masterly way, providing
a guide to future display technology.
Contents
A Priestley View of International Currency Exchanges 39
A recent plot of the operating hours of international currency
exchanges confuses matters terribly. Why? We find that when we
use a different graphical form, developed by Joseph Priestley in
1765, the structure becomes clear. We also learn how Priestley
discovered the latent graphicacy in his (and our) audiences.
Tom s Veggies and the American Way 44
European intellectuals were not the only ones graphing data.
During a visit to Paris (and prompted by letters from Benjamin
Franklin), Thomas Jefferson learned of this invention and he later
put it to a more practical use than the depiction of the life spans
of heroes from classical antiquity.
The Graphical Inventions of Dubourg and Ferguson:
Two Precursors to William Playfair 47
Although he developed the line chart independendy, Priestley was
not the first to do so. The earliest seems to be the Parisian physi-
cian Jacques Barbeau-Dubourg (1709-1779), who created a won-
derful graphical scroll in 1753. Graphical representation must have
been in the air, for the Scottish philosopher Adam Ferguson
(1723?1816) added his version of time lines to the mix in 1780.
Winds across Europe:
Francis Galton and the Graphic Discovery
of Weather Patterns 52
In 1861, Francis Galton organized weather observatories through-
out Western Europe to gather data in a standardized way. He
organized these data and presented them as a series of ninety-three
maps and charts, from which he confirmed the existence of the
anticyclonic movement of winds around a low-pressure zone.
Part II
Using Graphical Displays to Understand
the Modern World
A Graphical Investigation of the Scourge of Vietnam 59
During the Vietnam War, average SAT scores went down for those
students who were not in the military. In addition, the average
ASVAB scores (the test used by the military to classify all members
of the military) also declined. This Lake Wobegon?like puzzle is
solved graphically.
Contents Ix
lO
1 1
12
13
Two Mind-Bending Statistical Paradoxes 63
The odd phenomenon observed with test scores during the
Vietnam War is not unusual. We illustrate this seeming paradox
with other instances, show how to avoid them, and then discuss an
even subtler statistical pitfall that has entrapped many illustrious
would-be data analysts.
Order in the Court 72
How one orders the elements of a graph is critical to its compre-
hensibility. We look at a New York Times graphic depicting the vot-
ing records of U.S. Supreme Court justices and show that reorder-
ing the graphic provides remarkable insight into the operation of
the court.
No Order in the Court 78
We examine one piece of the evidence presented in the 1998 mur-
der trial of State v. Gibbs and show how the defense attorneys, by
misordering the data in the graph shown to the judge, miscommu-
nicated a critical issue in their argument.
Like a Trout in the Milk 81
Thoreau pointed out that sometimes circumstantial evidence can
be quite convincing, as when you find a trout in the milk. We
examine a fascinating graph that provides compelling evidence of
industrial malfeasance.
Scaling the Market 86
We examine the stock market and show that different kinds of
scalings provide the answers to different levels of questions. One
long view suggests a fascinating conjecture about the trade-offs
between investing in stocks and investing in real estate.
I 5 Sex, Smoking, and Life Insurance: A Graphical View 90
We examine two risk factors for life insurance?sex and smok-
ing?and uncover the implicit structure that underlies insurance
premiums.
I O There They Go Again! 97
The New York Times is better than most media sources for statisti-
cal graphics, but even the Times has occasional relapses to an earlier
time in which confusing displays ran rampant over its pages. We
discuss some recent slips and compare them with prior practice.
14
Contents
17
18
19
21
Sex and Sports: How Quickly Are Women Gaining? 103
A simple graph of winning times in the Boston Marathon aug-
mented by a fitted line provides compelling, but incorrect, evi-
dence for the relative gains that women athletes have made over
the past few decades. A more careful analysis provides a better
notion of the changing size of the sex differences in athletic per-
formances.
Clear Thinking Made Visible: Redesigning Score
Reports for Students 109
Too often communications focus on what the transmitter thinks is
important rather than on what the receiver is most critically inter-
ested in. The standard SAT score report that is sent to more than
one million high school students annually is one such example.
Here we revise this report using principles abstracted from another
missive sent to selected high school students.
Part III
Graphical Displays in the Twenty-first Century
The three chapters of this section grew out of a continuing conver-
sation with John W. Tukey, the renowned Princeton polymath, on
the graphical tools that were likely to be helpful when data were
displayed on a computer screen rathet than a piece of paper. These
conversations began shordy after Tukey s eighty-fourth birthday and
continued for more than a year, ending the night before he died.
John Wilder Tukey: The Father of Twenty-first-Century
Graphical Display 117
Graphical Tools for the Twenty-first Century:
I. Spinning and Slicing 125
Graphical Tools for the Twenty-first Century:
II. Nearness and Smoothing Engines 134
Epilogue: A Selection of Selection Anomalies 142
Graphical displays are only as good as the data from which they
are composed. In this final chapter we examine an all too frequent
data flaw. The effects of nonsampling errors deserve greater atten-
tion, especially when randomization is absent. Formal statistical
analysis treats only some of the uncertainties. In this chapter we
describe three examples of how flawed inferences can be made
from nonrandomly obtained samples and suggest a strategy to
guard against flawed inferences.
Contents xl
Conclusion 150
Dramatis Personae 151
This graphical epic has more than one hundred characters. Some
play major roles, but most are cameos. To help keep straight who is
who, this section contains thumbnail biographies of all the players.
Notes 173
References 177
Index 185
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| title | Graphic discovery a trout in the milk and other visual adventures |
| title_auth | Graphic discovery a trout in the milk and other visual adventures |
| title_exact_search | Graphic discovery a trout in the milk and other visual adventures |
| title_full | Graphic discovery a trout in the milk and other visual adventures Howard Wainer |
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| title_short | Graphic discovery |
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