The art of empirical investigation:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New Brunswick, NJ
Transaction Publishers
2003
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Originally published: Basic research methods in social science. 3rd ed. New York : Random House, 1985. With a new introd. - Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xxv, 558 p. ill. maps : 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 0765805308 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Basic research methods in social science |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The art of empirical investigation |c Julian L. Simon ; with a new introduction by James E. Katz |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Introduction to the Transaction Edition xiii
Preface to Second Edition xix
Acknowledgments to Second Edition xxii
Acknowledgments to First Edition xxiii
Prologue xxiv
1. Introduction 3
1. Purpose of the book 3
2. What kinds of research are called empirical ? 5
3. The place of statistics in the study of research methods 9
4. Some general remarks 10
PART ONE: The Process of Social Science Research
2. The Language of Research: Definitions and Validity 12
1. Operational definitions 12
2. Numbers and operational definitions 17
3. Validity and reliability 21
4. Writing scientific reports 23
5. Communicating with yourself 25
6. Honesty in scientific reporting 25
7. Summary 28
3. Basic Concepts of Research 30
1. Variables in general 30
2. The dependent variable 31
3. The independent variable 31
4. Parameters 31
5. The functional form 33
6. Assumption, theory, deduction, hypothesis, fact, and law 34
7. Universe and sample 36
8. The ideal causal study design 36
9. Ceteris paribus 39
10. Summary 47
4. Types of Empirical Research 43
1. Introduction 43
2. Case study descriptive research 44
3. Classification research 46
4. Measurement and estimation 49
5. Comparison problems 50
6. Research that tries to find relationships 52
Contents
7. Finding causes and effects 56 I
8. Mapping structures 57 I
9. Evaluation research 58
10. Summary 59
5. Theory, Model, Hypothesis, and Empirical Research 62
1. What is theory? 63
2. Models, theory, and hypotheses 64
3. Two views of theory and of science in general 65
4. The relationship between theory and empirical research 65
5. Summary 68
6. Choosing Appropriate Proxies for Theoretical Variables 71
1. Dependent variables whose referents are clearly defined 73
2. Dependent variables whose referents are not clearly defined 80
3. Choosing independent variables 84
4. Choosing a level of aggregation 85
5. Choosing a level of explanation 89
6. Summary 92
PART TWO: Research Decisions and Procedures
7. The Steps in an Empirical Research Study 96
1. Finding a good research problem 97
2. Ask What do I want to find out? 98
3. Establish the purpose of the project 100
4. Determine the value of the research 100
5. Saturate yourself in the problem 100
6. Choose empirical variables 101 I
7. Calculate the benefits of accuracy and the costs of error 104 I
8. Determine the most important research obstacles 105
9. Choose methods 105
10. Check the ethics of your proposed research and method 109
11. Prepare a detailed design of the method 109
12. Collect the data 111
13. Analyze the data 112
14. Write up the research work 112
15. Summary 112
8. How to Assess the Potential Value of Research Projects 115
1. Evaluating the inputs required for a research project 116 II
2. Estimating the value of research projects 118 II
3. Summary 125 I
9. Sampling 126
1. Universe and sample 126
2. Random sampling basics 127
3. Screening in sampling 132
4. Efficiency in random sampling 132
5. Nonrandom samples 138
6. Summary 143
10. Experiments: Pro, Con, and How to Do Them 145
1. The distinction between experiment and survey 145
2. The steps in experimenting 147
Contents ix
3. Advantages of experiments 153
4. Disadvantages of experiments 156
5. Summary 158
11. Designing Experiments 160
1. Simple uncontrolled exploratory experiments 160
2. Before and after experiments 162
3. Matched groups design 163
4. Simple randomized groups design 164
5. Some additional one variable designs 166
6. Multivariate designs 167
7. Experimental designs to study delayed effects 171
8. Summary 171
12. Non Experimental Designs for Studying Relationships 174
1. Time series—the long view 175
2. The cross section—the wide view 176
3. Causes of differences in results from time series and cross
sectional studies 182
4. Designs for studying changes over time 183
5. The panel 185
6. Summary 187
13. Surveys: Pro, Con, and How to Do Them 190
1. The nature of surveys 190
2. Advantages of the survey method for relationship research 191
3. Disadvantages of the survey method for relationship research 192
4. Descriptive surveys 193
5. The steps in executing a survey 200
6. Summary 201
14. Some Other Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques 203
1. Deductive reasoning 203
2. The case study 206
3. Participant observation 207
4. Expert opinion 208
5. Content analysis 211
6. Simulation 215
7. Summary 217
15. Classifying, Measuring, and Scaling 219
1. Classifying 220
2. Measuring and scaling 227
3. Strengths of scales 230
4. Summary 233
16. Scaling Human Responses 235
1. Types of mental activity to be measured 236
2. Stimulus and response scales 238
3. Simple composite scales 239
4. Choice of scales 240
5. Summary 243
Contents
17. Data Handling, Adjusting, and Summarizing 244
1. Data collection and how to avoid disaster 244
2. Errors in automatic data processing 245
3. Adjusting the data 246
4. Estimating missing data 251
5. Imputation 252
6. Imputing value in the absence of standards 254
7. Standardizing the data 255
8. Index numbers 258
9. Avoiding the hazards of hired help 261
10. Summary 263
PART THREE: The Obstacles to Social Science Knowledge
and Ways to Overcome Them
18. The Concept of Obstacles in the Search for Empirical
Knowledge 266
1. Summary 271
19. Obstacles Created by the Humanness of the Observer:
Appendix on Interviewing 273
1. Observer variability 273
2. Observer bias 275
3. Cheating by interviewers 279
4. Variability among observers 281
5. Observer caused effects 281
6. Summary 290
7. Appendix: Personal interviewing and interviews 291
20. Complexities and Intractability of the Human Mind: Appendix
on Questionnaire Construction 294
1. Lack of knowledge by the subject 294
2. The fallibility of memory 296
3. Cover up 297
4. Trying to please the observer 298
5. Rationalization and repression 299
6. Deception 299
7. A brief note on behaviorism 301
8. Summary 302
9. Appendix: Questionnaire construction 302
21. Obstacles to Obtaining Adequate Subject Matter 309
1. Bias in the sample 309
2. Nonresponse: Unavailability of some part of the universe 316
3. Inability to experiment with the subject matter 320
4. Flaws in subject matter and unreliability of data 322
5. Shortage of subject matter 328
6. High individual variability in the data 330
7. Too much subject matter 332
8. Invisibility or inaccessibility of subject matter 334
9. Interference with subject matter by researcher 334
10. Summary 334
Contents xi
22. Obstacles to the Study of Changes Over Time 336
1. Summary 340
23. Obstacles to the Search for Causal Relationships 341
1. Causation by a hidden third factor 342
2. Multivariable causation 344
3. Confounding the dependent and independent variables 348
4. Feedback; interaction between dependent and
independent variables 351
5. Summary 352
24. The Master Obstacle: Cost 354
1. Procedure to produce data for study 355
2. Sampling and cost 356
3. Sample size 356
4. How many variables to investigate 357
5. Amount of tolerable bias 358
6. Managerial cost efficiency in research 358
7. Summary 360
PART FOUR: Extracting the Meaning of Data
25. Analysis of Simple Data: Association and Regression 362
1. Testing for the existence of simple relationships 363
2. Characterizing the form of an association 366
3. Regression analysis: characterizing a causal relationship 369
4. Evaluating the strength and importance of observed
differences and relationships 373
5. Summary 376
26. Searching for Relationships: Analysis of Complex Data 378
1. Searching for new relationships within the data 378
2. Reading the meanings of data 382
3. Refining observed associations into causal relationships 385
4. Generalizing and predicting 390
5. The tension between facts and theory or hypothesis 394
6. Summary 395
27. Inferential Statistics: Introduction 397
1. Types of statistics 397
2. The nature and meaning of probability 398
3. The concept of independent events 402
4. The distinction between probability theory and inferential
statistics 403
5. Translating scientific questions into probabilistic and
statistical questions 404
6. Summary 409
28. Probability and Hypothesis Testing by
the Monte Carlo Method 410
1. Introductory problems 410
2. The general procedure 416
3. Hypothesis testing 418
4. Summary 429
Contents
29. Hypothesis Testing with Measured Data 430
30. Correlation and Other Statistical Issues 437
1. Correlation and Association 437
2. Advantages and disadvantages of the Monte Carlo method 448
3. The multiplication rule 449
4. Evaluating the significance of dredged up relationships 450
5. Summary 456
31. How Big a Sample? 459
1. Samples in descriptive research 461
2. Step wise sample size determination 469
3. Summary 470
32. The Concept of Causality in Social Science, with Notes
on Prediction, Law, Explanation, and Function 472
1. Causality 472
2. The problem of definition 477
3. Generalization about the meaning of cause and effect 485
4. Postscript: time, antecedence, and causality 494
5. Summary 497
PART FIVE: Epilogue
33. The Nature, Powers, and Limits of Social Science 500
1. What makes an investigation scientific? 500
2. What can empirical research do? 502
3. The necessity of knowing the purpose of the research 505
4. The special powers and limitations of social science research 507
5. The ethics of research 510
6. The present and future of social science research 512
Bibliography 514
Index 539
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| spelling | Simon, Julian Lincoln Verfasser aut Basic research methods in social science The art of empirical investigation Julian L. Simon ; with a new introduction by James E. Katz New Brunswick, NJ Transaction Publishers 2003 xxv, 558 p. ill. maps : 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Originally published: Basic research methods in social science. 3rd ed. New York : Random House, 1985. With a new introd. - Includes bibliographical references and index Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Sciences sociales - Méthodologie Sciences sociales - Recherche Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Methodology Social sciences Research Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s DE-604 Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s 1\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013002877&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Simon, Julian Lincoln The art of empirical investigation Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Sciences sociales - Méthodologie Sciences sociales - Recherche Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Methodology Social sciences Research Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd |
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| title | The art of empirical investigation |
| title_alt | Basic research methods in social science |
| title_auth | The art of empirical investigation |
| title_exact_search | The art of empirical investigation |
| title_full | The art of empirical investigation Julian L. Simon ; with a new introduction by James E. Katz |
| title_fullStr | The art of empirical investigation Julian L. Simon ; with a new introduction by James E. Katz |
| title_full_unstemmed | The art of empirical investigation Julian L. Simon ; with a new introduction by James E. Katz |
| title_short | The art of empirical investigation |
| title_sort | the art of empirical investigation |
| topic | Onderzoeksmethoden gtt Sciences sociales - Méthodologie Sciences sociales - Recherche Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Methodology Social sciences Research Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Onderzoeksmethoden Sciences sociales - Méthodologie Sciences sociales - Recherche Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Methodology Social sciences Research Forschungsmethode Methode |
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