Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Pergamon Press
1959
|
| Schriftenreihe: | AGARDograph
31 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Enth.: Selected analytical studies on explosions, detonations, flammability limits, and ignition of gases, and on heterogeneous burning / S. S. Penner. Experimental and theoretical studies of flammability, ignitibility and explosion prevention / B. P. Mullins |
| Beschreibung: | XI, 287 S. |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | EXPLOSIONS, DETONATIONS,
FLAMMABILITY AND
IGNITION
PART I
SELECTED ANALYTICAL STUDIES ON EXPL SIONS, DETONATIONS,
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS, AND IGNITION OF GASES, AND ON
HETEROGENEOUS BURNING
by
S S PENNER
Professor of Jet Propulsion
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California
PART II
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF FLAMMABILITY,
IGNITIBILITY AND EXPLOSION PREVENTION
by
3BP MULLINS
Senior Principal Scientific Of leer
National Gas Turbine Establishment
Farnborough, Hants,
England
Published for and on behalf of
ADVISORY GROUP F R
AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
by
PERGAMON PRESS
LONDON • NEW YORK • PARIS • LOS ANGELES
CONTENTS
PART I
SELECTED ANALYTICAL STUDIES ON EXPLOSIONS,
DETONATIONS, FLAMMABILITY LIMITS, AND
IGNITION OF GASES, AND ON
HETEROGENEOUS BURNING
PACE
CHAPTER I FUNDAMENTALS OF AEROTHERMOC HEMISTRY
1 Explosions and Detonations 5
2 Homogeneous Gas Reactions in Isothermal Systems 5
A Interdependent Chemical Reactions 6
B Chain Reactions 7
3 Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions 7
A Physical Adsorption and Chemisorption 7
B Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm 8
C Surface Reactions 8
4 Conservation Equations and the Shvab-Zeldi ivich Procedure 9
A Conservation Equations 9
B Uniform Representation of the Conservai ion of Mass and Energy
Equations for One-step Chemical Reactic ins 11
C Classical Solution of Diffusion-flame Prol lems 13
y D Complete Solution for Initially Unmixed Gases with Finite
Reaction Rates 14
E Critique of Shvab-Zeldovich Procedure 14
5 Transport Coefficients 15
CHAPTER II ELEMENTARY THEORY OF EXPLOSION LIMITS FOR
PREMIXED GASES IN CLOSED VESSELS WITHOUT SUR
FACE REACTIONS
6 Thermal and Branched-chain Explosions 17
7 The Semenov Theory of Explosion Limits 17
8 Formal Description of Chain Reactions Involving a Single Chain
Carrier 18
9 Chemical Reactions Which are of Zero or Fiist Order With Respect
to the Chain Carrier 20
A Chain Carrier Concentration as a Function of Time 21
B Definitions of Various Physically Meanin^ul Parameters 22
C Induction Period 22
D Concentration of Reaction Products and Measurement of Induc
tion Period 23
E Definition of Chain Length for Non-exploding Mixtures 24
10 Comparison of the Detailed Theory with the Theory of Semenov 24
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER III THE MECHANISM OF COMPLEX CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EXPLOSION LIMITS IN CL SED REACTION VESSELS
11 A Qualitative Description of Explosion Limits in Hydrogen-Oxygen
Mixtures 26
12 Experimental Procedures , 28
13 Qualitative Description of Explosion Limit for Various Gas Mixtures 28
CHAPTER IV THE QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF CHAIN REACTIONS IN
CLOSED VESSELS
14 Introductory Remarks 31
15 Explosions in Which Only Homogeneous (las Reactions Occur 33
16 Steady-state Processes with a Single Overall Rate-controlling
Reaction 34
17 Non-steady Processes with a Single Overall Rate-controlling
Reaction 35
18 Introduction to the Study of Explosion Limits with Surface Reactions 36
19 The Mathematical Theory of Isothermal Explosion Limits 36
CHAPTER V DETONATION WAVES IN GASES
20 Steady One-dimensional Flow for Premixei I Gases with Heat Release 41
21 Characteristic Thermodynamic and Chemical Reaction Times 43
A Slow Chemical Reactions, Moderate or High Flow Velocities
(a 1, M2 ~ 1) 45
B Sjlow Chemical Reactions and Low Flow Velocities (a 1,
£/M2 ~ 1) 46
22 Steady One-dimensional Flow with Heat Addition 46
2 3 The Rankine-Hugoniot, Curve 47
24 The Chapman-Jouguet Point for Detonation 49
A Instability of Strong Detonations 49
B Weak Detonations 50
C The Brinkley-Kirkwood Stability Arguments 50
D Physical State of the Gas at the Chapman-Jouguet Point 51
E Thermodynamic Arguments 52
25 The Theoretical Calculation of Detonation Velocities 53
26 The von Neumann-Doring—Zeldovich (NDZ) Model of the Structure
of the One-dimensional Detonation Wave 56
A One-dimensional, Compressible, Inviscid Flow Neglecting
Diffusion and Heat Conduction 57
27 The Detailed Structure of a Detonation Wave 62
28 Transition from Deflagration to Detonation 63
29 Limits of Detonability; Spinning Detonat ion 64
A Limits of Detonability 64
B Spinning Detonations 65
30 Spherical and Oblique Detonation Waves 67
31 Miscellaneous Observations and Recent Contributions 68
vi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VI LIMITS OF FLAMMABILITY AND FLAME QUENCHING
32 Flame Speeds and Flammability Limits as Eigenvalue Problems 73
33 Determination of Measured Flammability Limits and Flame Quench
ing from Measured Burning Velocities 79
A Convective Heat Losses and Quenching Limits 80
B Radiative Heat Losses and Flammability Limits 82
C Concluding Remarks 83
CHAPTER VII PRINCIPLES OF IGNITION
34 Spark Ignition of Stagnant Gases 85
A An Integrated Form of the Energy Equation for One-dimensional,
Constant-pressure, Wave Propagation 85
B Critical Dimension of a Slab of Burnt Gas for Producing a One-
dimensional Combustion Wave 86
C Minimum Ignition Energies 88
D Ignition Delay and the Mechanism of Ignition Processes 91
35 Spark Ignition of Flowing Gases 91
A Ignition of Gases in Laminar Flow 92
B Ignition of Turbulent Gases 92
C Ignition Energy and Total Energy Input 93
D Correlation of Data 93
36 Ignition ^ f Stagnant Gases at Heated Surfaces 93
37 Ignition of Gases in a Laminar Mixing Zone 94
A The Boundary-layer Approximation for Steady Two-dimensional
Flow Problems 94
B Similarity Principles for Lewis Number ol Unity 96
C The Howarth Transformation 97
D Ignition of Combustible Gases by Heated Gases in a Laminar
Mixing Zone 97
E Diffusion Flames 98
F Shear-Flow 99
38 Ignition of Flowing Gases at Heated Surfaces 99
CHAPTER VIII DROPLET BURNING AND HETEROGENEOUS COM
BUSTION
39 The Theory for the Burning of Single Droplets for Lewis Number of
Unity 101
A Conventional Diffusion Flame Approximation for Le = 1 101
B A Similarity Solution for Droplet Burning 102
C Concluding Remarks 106
40 Spray Combustion 106
vii
CONTENTS
PART II
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF
FLAMMABILITY, IGNITIBILITY AND EXPLOSION
PREVENTION
CHAPTER IX FLAMMABILITY LIMITS OF HOMOGENEOUS FUEL-
OXIDANT MIXTURES
PAGE
41 The Concept of Flammability 112
A Flammability 112
B Standard Flammability Apparatus 113
C Flammability Limits 115
42 Types of Limits 117
43 Factors Affecting Limits 120
A Pressure 120
B Temperature 121
C Vessel Diameter 122
D Vessel Length 123
E Direction of Flame Propagation 123
F Turbulence 123
44 Calorific Value Correlations 124
45 Weak-limit Flame Temperatures 126
46 Special Phenomena • 127
A Carbon Monoxide 127
B Hydrogen 12 7
C Effect of Water Mist on Rich Mixturi 3 127
D (Sool Flames 127
E Two-lobe Flammability Diagrams 129
F Effect of Fine Solid Particles 129
CHAPTER X FLAMMABILITY LIMITS OF HOMOGENEOUS FUEL-
DILUENT-OXIDANT MIXTURES
47 G W Jones s Graphical Estimation of Limits 134
48 Graphical Methods of Presentation 135
49 Flame Temperatures at Limits 138
50 Combustion with Recirculation 143
51 Successive Combustion 145
52 Flammability Data 147
CHAPTER XI FLASH-POINTS
53 Flash-point Apparatus 151
54 Flash-points and Weak Flammability Limits 152
55 Flash-points and True Vapour Pressures 162
56 Flash-point Pressure Dependence 163
viii
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER XII FLAMMABILITY OF HETEROGENEOUS FUEL-AIR
MIXTURES
57 Homodisperse Mists 166
58 Heterodisperse Sprays 169
59 Foams 170
60 Dusts 171
CHAPTER XIII SPARK IGNITION
61 Types of Spark 175
62 Minimum-ignition-energy Apparatus 176
63 Factors Affecting Minimum Spark-ignition Energies 176
A Mixture Strength 176
B Electrode Spacing 177
C Electrode Material and Configuration 178
D Electrical Properties of the Spark 179
E Fuel Type 180
F Pressure 181
G Temperature 184
H Diluents 185
64 Spark Ignition of Flowing Gases 187
A Effect of Velocity 187
B Effect of Turbulence 188
C Combustion Chamber Ignition 188
CHAPTER XIV ^ SPONTANEOUS IGNITION
65 Fundamental Notions 192
66 Experimental Techniques 193
67 High Temperature Ignition Delay Data 197
68 Engine Applications 209
CHAPTER XV COMBUSTION PROCESSES
69 Chemical Principles 218
70 Combustion Fundamentals 222
71 Turbulent Combustion 224
CHAPTER XVI EXPLOSION PREVENTION BY ADDITION OF WATER
AND/OR AIR
72 Introduction 230
73 Criterion of Limiting Explosibility 231
74 Addition of Water and/or Air 231
A Calculation of Air and Water Diluent Quantities 231
B Weak Mixtures 232
C Rich Mixtures 234
D A Note on Water Vapour Addition 235
CONTENTS
PAGE
75 Calculation of Exhaust-duct Gas Temperatures 235
76 Calculation of Limiting Explosibility with Partial Burning and
Cooling by a Heat Exchanger
A Atmospheric Pressure
B Sub-atmospheric Pressures
77 Use of Water Alone
A Monodisperse Mists
B Heterodisperse Sprays
78 Estimation of Limiting Safe Fuel-Air Raiios at Various Initial
Temperatures and Pressures
CHAPTER XVII EXPLOSION PREVENTION I;Y OTHER MEANS
79 Addition of Other Substances
A Inert Gases
B Aqueous Foam
C Organic Halides
D Inert Dust
80 Use of Flame Arresters
81 Use of Explosion Vents
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX
*
c
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
THE following acknowledgements are additional to those made in the General
Introduction
For granting permission to reproduce various tables and figures, we wish to thank
the authors and publishers of the journals and books concerned, for example, the
following gentlemen: H Billett, R S Brokaw, J H Burgoyne and co-workers,
H F Calcote, J T DiPiazza, G von Elbe, J B Fenn, R P Fraser, M Gerstein,
J O Hirschfelder and co-workers, J L Jackson, 1 h von Karman, J G Kirkwood,
P Laffitte, J W Linnett, B Lewis and co-workers, P Lloyd, J P Longwell and
co-workers, R E Miller, T W Reynolds, R F Simmons, A E Spakowski, E S
Starkman, C C Swett Jr , Y Tanasawa, DTA Townend, E A Watson, H G
Wolfhard, W W Wood, M G Zabetakis; we also thank the following organiza
tions: Academic Press Inc , American Chemical Society, American Institute of
Physics, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Butterworths Scientific Publica
tions Ltd , Combustion Institute, Controller of H M Stationery Office (Figs 77 3
and 79 1-79 5), Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and Fire Offices
Committee, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Institute of Petroleum, Reinhold
Publishing Corpn , Royal Society, John Wiley amp; Sons, and Williams amp; Wilkins Co
B P M
S S P
x
|
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| physical | XI, 287 S. |
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| spelling | Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition London [u.a.] Pergamon Press 1959 XI, 287 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier AGARDograph 31 Enth.: Selected analytical studies on explosions, detonations, flammability limits, and ignition of gases, and on heterogeneous burning / S. S. Penner. Experimental and theoretical studies of flammability, ignitibility and explosion prevention / B. P. Mullins Combustion Explosions Penner, Stanford S. 1921- (DE-588)123724546 aut Selected analytical studies on explosions, detonations, flammability limits, and ignition of gases, and on heterogeneous burning Mullins, Brian Percival aut Experimental and theoretical studies of flammability, ignitibility and explosion prevention AGARDograph 31 (DE-604)BV001887794 31 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012979473&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Penner, Stanford S. 1921- Mullins, Brian Percival Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition AGARDograph Combustion Explosions |
| title | Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition |
| title_alt | Selected analytical studies on explosions, detonations, flammability limits, and ignition of gases, and on heterogeneous burning Experimental and theoretical studies of flammability, ignitibility and explosion prevention |
| title_auth | Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition |
| title_exact_search | Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition |
| title_full | Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition |
| title_fullStr | Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition |
| title_full_unstemmed | Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition |
| title_short | Explosions, detonations, flammability and ignition |
| title_sort | explosions detonations flammability and ignition |
| topic | Combustion Explosions |
| topic_facet | Combustion Explosions |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012979473&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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