Chemical pesticides: mode of action and toxicology
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2004
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 249-264) and index |
| Beschreibung: | 276 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 0748409106 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Stenersen, Jørgen |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chemical pesticides |b mode of action and toxicology |c Jørgen Stenersen |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a 276 S. |b graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 249-264) and index | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Biologische activiteit |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Landbouwchemicaliën |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Pesticide |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Pesticiden |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pesticides - Toxicologie | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Risque environnemental |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Résistance aux pesticides |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Substance toxique |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Toxicologie biochimique |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Toxicologie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Toxicologie |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 4 | |a aPesticides |a xToxicology | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Wirkungsmechanismus |0 (DE-588)4292866-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Toxizität |0 (DE-588)4078372-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804133024227393536 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction......................................................................................1
1.1 Motivation.......................................................................................................1
1.2 Pesticides and opinion..................................................................................2
1.2.1 The fly in the soup............................................................................2
1.2.2 Low-tech food production...............................................................3
1.2.3 Conclusion..........................................................................................3
1.3 A great market................................................................................................4
1.3.1 The number of chemicals used as pesticides...............................4
1.3.2 Amounts of pesticides produced....................................................4
1.3.3 Marketing...........................................................................................6
1.3.4 Dirty dozens.......................................................................................7
1.4 Nomenclature, definitions, and terminology............................................9
1.4.1 Toxicology, ecotoxicology, and environmental toxicology.........9
1.4.2 Pesticides, biocides, common names, chemical names,
and trade names..............................................................................10
1.4.3 Chemical structures are versatile.................................................12
Helpful reading.....................................................................................................13
Biochemistry and cell biology............................................................................13
General toxicology................................................................................................13
Insect biochemistry, plant physiology, and neurophysiology.......................13
Pesticides................................................................................................................14
Side effects of pesticides......................................................................................14
Chapter 2 Why is a toxicant poisonous?......................................................15
2.1 Seven routes to death..................................................................................15
2.1.1 Enzyme inhibitors...........................................................................16
2.1.2 Disturbance of the chemical signal systems...............................16
2.1.3 Toxicants that generate very reactive molecules that
destroy cellular components.........................................................17
2.1.4 Weak organic bases or acids that degrade the pH
gradients across membranes.........................................................17
2.1.5 Toxicants that dissolve in lipophilic membranes and
disturb their physical structure....................................................18
2.1.6 Toxicants that disturb the electrolytic or osmotic balance
or the pH..........................................................................................18
2.1.7 Strong electrophiles, alkalis, acids, oxidants, or reductants
that destroy tissue, DNA, or proteins.........................................18
2.2 How to measure toxicity............................................................................18
2.2.1 Endpoints..........................................................................................18
2.2.1.1 Endpoints in ecotoxicology and pest control..............19
2.2.1.2 Endpoints in human toxicology.....................................19
2.2.2 Dose and effect................................................................................20
2.2.3 Dose and response..........................................................................21
2.2.3.1 Dose-response curves for the stable fly.......................24
2.2.3.2 Scatter in dose-response data........................................25
2.2.4 LD50 and related parameters........................................................26
2.2.5 Acute and chronic toxicity.............................................................27
2.3 Interactions....................................................................................................27
2.3.1 Definitions........................................................................................28
2.3.2 Isoboles..............................................................................................29
2.3.3 Mechanisms of interactions...........................................................30
2.3.4 Examples...........................................................................................30
2.3.4.1 Piperonyl butoxide...........................................................30
2.3.4.2 Deltamethrin and fenitrothion.......................................32
2.3.4.3 Atrazine and organophosphate insecticides................32
Chapter 3 Pesticides interfering with processes important to all
organisms.........................................................................................35
3.1 Pesticides that disturb energy production...............................................35
3.1.1 Anabolic and catabolic processes.................................................35
3.1.2 Synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A and the toxic mechanism
of arsenic...........................................................................................36
3.1.3 The citric acid cycle and its inhibitors.........................................36
3.1.3.1 Fluoroacetate.....................................................................36
3.1.3.2 Inhibitors of succinic dehydrogenase...........................37
3.1.4 The electron transport chain and production of ATP...............38
3.1.4.1 Rotenone............................................................................38
3.1.4.2 Inhibitors of electron transfer from cytochrome
b to c,..................................................................................40
3.1.4.3 Inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase...................................41
3.1.4.4 Uncouplers.........................................................................41
3.1.5 Inhibition of ATP production........................................................42
3.1.5.1 Organotin compounds.....................................................43
3.1.5.2 Diafenthiuron....................................................................44
3.1.5.3 Summary............................................................................45
3.2 Herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis....................................................45
3.2.1 Weak organic acids.........................................................................49
3.2.2 Free radical generators...................................................................49
3.2.3 D, blockers........................................................................................51
3.2.3.1 Urea derivatives................................................................51
3.2.3.2 Triazines.............................................................................52
3.2.4 Inhibitors of carotene synthesis....................................................53
3.2.4.1 Amitrole.............................................................................53
3.2.4.2 Aclonifen............................................................................53
3.2.4.3 Beflubutamid.....................................................................53
3.2.5 Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors......................................54
3.3 General SH reagents and free radical generators...................................54
3.3.1 Mercury.............................................................................................54
3.3.2 Other multisite fungicides.............................................................56
3.3.2.1 Perhalogenmercaptans.....................................................56
3.3.2.2 Alkylenebis(dithiocarbamate)s and
dimethyldithiocarbamates...............................................57
3.3.2.3 Fungicides with copper...................................................58
3.4 Pesticides interfering with cell division...................................................59
3.4.1 Fungicides.........................................................................................61
3.4.1.1 Benomyl.............................................................................61
3.4.1.2 Thiofanate-methyl............................................................61
3.4.1.3 Carbendazim.....................................................................62
3.4.1.4 Thiabendazole...................................................................62
3.4.1.5 Diethofencarb....................................................................62
3.4.2 Herbicides.........................................................................................62
3.4.2.1 Trifluralin...........................................................................62
3.4.2.2 Carbetamide......................................................................63
3.5 Pesticides inhibiting enzymes in nucleic acid synthesis.......................63
3.5.1 Sporulation-inhibiting fungicides.................................................63
3.5.2 Inhibition of incorporation of uridine into RNA.......................64
Chapter 4 Bacillus thuringiensis and its toxins..........................................67
4.1 The mechanism of action of ô-endotoxins...............................................68
4.2 Biotechnology...............................................................................................70
4.3 Engineered plants........................................................................................70
4.4 Biology...........................................................................................................70
4.5 Commercial products..................................................................................71
Chapter 5 Specific enzyme inhibitors..........................................................73
5.1 Inhibitors of ergosterol synthesis..............................................................73
5.1.1 Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase...............................................74
5.1.2 Inhibition of squalene epoxidase..................................................75
5.1.3 DMI fungicides................................................................................76
5.1.4 Examples of DMI fungicides from each group..........................78
5.1.4.1 Azoles and triazoles.........................................................78
5.1.4.2 Pyridines and pyrimidines.............................................78
5.1.4.3 Piperazines.........................................................................79
5.1.4.4 Amines................................................................................79
5.1.4.5 Morpholines.......................................................................80
5.1.5 Conclusions......................................................................................81
5.2 Herbicides that inhibit synthesis of amino acids...................................81
5.2.1 The mode of action of glyphosate................................................81
5.2.2 Degradation of glyphosate............................................................83
5.2.3 Selectivity..........................................................................................84
5.2.4 Mode of action of glufosinate.......................................................84
5.2.5 Inhibitors of acetolactate synthase...............................................86
5.3 Inhibitors of chitin synthesis......................................................................88
5.3.1 Insecticides.......................................................................................88
5.3.2 Fungicides.........................................................................................90
5.4 Inhibitors of cholinesterase........................................................................90
5.4.1 Acetylcholinesterase.......................................................................90
5.4.2 Organophosphates..........................................................................95
5.4.2.1 Naturally occurring organophosphorus
insecticides.........................................................................97
5.4.3 Carbamates.......................................................................................97
5.4.3.1 Molecular structure and potency of inhibition...........98
5.4.4 Development of organophosphorus and carbamate
insecticides........................................................................................99
5.4.4.1 Parathion and similar compounds..............................103
5.4.4.2 Aliphatic organophosphates.........................................107
5.4.4.3 Examples of carbamates................................................107
5.5 Other enzymes inhibited by organophosphates and carbamates.....109
5.5.1 The butyrylcholinesterases..........................................................109
5.5.2 The neurotoxic target enzyme (NTE)........................................110
5.5.3 Carboxylesterases..........................................................................113
Chapter 6 Interference with signal transduction in the nerves............115
6.1 Potency of nerve poisons..........................................................................115
6.2 Selectivity....................................................................................................115
6.3 The nerve and the nerve cell...................................................................116
6.4 Pesticides that act on the axon................................................................117
6.4.1 Impulse transmission along the axon........................................117
6.4.2 Pesticides........................................................................................119
6.4.3 Pyrethroids.....................................................................................119
6.4.4 DDT and its analogues.................................................................124
6.5 Pesticides acting on synaptic transmission...........................................125
6.5.1 Inhibitory synapses.......................................................................126
6.5.2 Pesticides........................................................................................127
6.5.2.1 Lindane.............................................................................127
6.5.2.2 Fipronil.............................................................................130
6.5.2.3 Cyclodiene insecticides..................................................130
6.5.2.4 Avermectins.....................................................................130
6.5.3 The cholinergic synapses.............................................................131
6.5.3.1 Atropine...........................................................................133
6.5.3.2 Nicotinoids and neonicotinoids...................................134
6.5.3.3 Cartap...............................................................................136
6.5.4 Calcium channels as possible targets for insecticides............136
6.6 Summary.....................................................................................................137
Chapter 7 Pesticides that act as signal molecules....................................139
7.1 Insect hormones.........................................................................................139
7.1.1 Insect endocrinology.....................................................................139
7.1.2 Juvenile hormone..........................................................................140
7.1.2.1 American paper towels.................................................141
7.1.2.2 Juvenile hormone agonists as pesticides....................141
7.1.2.3 Antagonists......................................................................143
7.1.3 Ecdysone.........................................................................................143
7.1.3.1 Phyto-ecdysones.............................................................144
7.1.3.2 Synthetic ecdysteroids used as insecticides...............145
7.1.3.3 Azadirachtin....................................................................145
7.2 Behavior-modifying pesticides................................................................146
7.2.1 Definitions......................................................................................147
7.2.2 Pheromones....................................................................................148
7.2.3 Structure-activity relationships..................................................148
7.2.3.1 Alarm and trail pheromones........................................149
7.2.3.2 Aggregation pheromones..............................................149
7.2.4 Pheromones used as pesticides and lures.................................151
7.2.4.1 Coleoptera........................................................................151
7.2.4.2 Lepidoptera......................................................................152
7.2.4.3 Fruit flies..........................................................................153
7.2.4.4 Aphid food deterrent.....................................................154
7.2.4.5 Mosquito repellents........................................................154
7.5 Plant hormones..........................................................................................155
Chapter 8 Translocation and degradation of pesticides.........................161
8.1 The compartment model..........................................................................161
8.1.1 The bioconcentration factor.........................................................164
8.1.2 The half-life....................................................................................164
8.1.3 The area under the curve.............................................................165
8.1.4 Example..........................................................................................165
8.1.4.1 Disappearance of dieldrin in sheep.............................165
8.1.4.2 Dieldrin uptake in sheep...............................................166
8.2 Degradation of pesticides by microorganisms.....................................166
8.2.1 Degradation by adaption.............................................................166
8.2.2 Degradation by co-metabolism...................................................167
8.2.3 Kinetics of degradation................................................................167
8.2.4 Importance of chemical structure for degradation..................168
8.2.5 Examples.........................................................................................169
8.2.5.1 Co-metabolism and adaptation....................................169
8.2.5.2 Parathion and other pesticides with nitro groups.... 171
8.2.5.3 Ester hydrolysis of carbaryl..........................................171
8.2.5.4 Mineralization of dalapon.............................................172
8.2.6 The degraders................................................................................172
8.3 Soil adsorption...........................................................................................173
8.3.1 Why are chemicals adsorbed?.....................................................173
8.3.2 Examples.........................................................................................173
8.3.2.1 Measurements of adsorption........................................175
8.3.3 Desorption......................................................................................177
8.4 Evaporation.................................................................................................178
8.4.1 Example..........................................................................................179
8.5 Biotransformation in animals..................................................................180
8.5.1 Oxidation........................................................................................181
8.5.2 Epoxide hydrolase.........................................................................184
8.5.3 Glutathione transferase................................................................185
8.5.4 Hydrolases......................................................................................187
8.5.5 Glucoronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase.........................187
8.5.6 Stereospecific biotransformation.................................................188
8.6 Designing pesticides that have low mammalian toxicity...................189
8.6.1 Acephate.........................................................................................190
8.6.2 Malathion and dimethoate..........................................................191
8.6.3 Nereistoxin.....................................................................................192
Chapter 9 Resistance to pesticides..............................................................193
9.1 Définitions...................................................................................................193
9.2 Resistance is an inevitable result of evolution......................................194
9.2.1 Time for resistance development................................................194
9.2.2 Questions about resistance..........................................................196
9.2.2.1 Are resistant insects more robust than
sensitive ones?.................................................................196
9.2.2.2 Is resistance caused by one allele in one
gene locus?.......................................................................196
9.2.2.3 Do pesticides cause resistance?....................................197
9.3 Biochemical mechanisms..........................................................................197
9.3.1 Increased detoxication..................................................................199
9.3.1.1 DDT dehydrochlorinase................................................199
9.3.1.2 Hydrolases.......................................................................200
9.3.1.3 CYP enzymes in insects.................................................200
9.3.1.4 CYP enzymes in plants..................................................201
9.3.2 Insensitive target enzyme or target receptor site....................201
9.3.2.1 Acetylcholinesterase.......................................................201
9.3.2.2 kdr resistance..................................................................202
9.3.3 Resistance in fungi........................................................................203
9.3.3.1 Benzimidazole.................................................................203
9.3.3.2 Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors........................................204
9.3.4 Atrazine resistance and plants made resistant
by genetic engineering.................................................................204
9.3.5 Resistance to glyphosate..............................................................205
9.3.5.1 Summary..........................................................................207
9.3.6 Resistance to older biocides used as pesticides.......................207
9.3.7 Resistance to third- and fourth-generation pesticides............208
9.4 How to delay development of resistance..............................................208
9.4.1 Refuge strategy..............................................................................209
9.4.2 Mixing pesticides with different modes of action and
different detoxication patterns....................................................210
9.4.3 Switching life-stage target...........................................................210
9.4.4 Increased sensitivity in resistant pests......................................210
9.4.5 Inhibition of detoxication enzymes............................................210
9.5 Conclusions.................................................................................................211
Chapter 10 Pesticides as environmental hazards.....................................213
10.1 Pesticides are poisons................................................................................213
10.1.1 Pesticides are xenobiotics.............................................................215
10.1.2 Various types of bias....................................................................217
10.1.2.1 Publication bias...............................................................217
10.1.2.2 Test bias............................................................................218
10.1.2.3 Extrapolation bias...........................................................219
10.1.3 Benchmark values.........................................................................220
10.2 Required toxicological tests for official approval
of a pesticide...............................................................................................220
10.3 Analysis of residues in food and the environment..............................222
10.3.1 Definitions......................................................................................222
10.3.2 Sampling.........................................................................................223
10.3.3 Sample preparation.......................................................................223
10.3.4 Analysis...........................................................................................224
10.3.4.1 Chromatographie methods...........................................224
10.3.4.2 Biological methods.........................................................225
10.4 Pesticide residues in food.........................................................................226
10.4.1 Toxicity classification of pesticides.............................................226
10.4.1.1 Classification of carcinogenecity..................................227
10.4.2 Definitions of ADI and NOEL and tolerance limits................227
10.4.2.1 ADI....................................................................................227
10.4.2.2 NOEL................................................................................228
10.4.2.3 Residue tolerance limits................................................228
10.4.3 Comparing health hazards of pesticides with other
toxicants present in the market basket......................................229
10.5 Elixirs of death...........................................................................................230
10.5.1 Nomenclature and structure of dioxins....................................231
10.5.2 Dioxins in pesticides.....................................................................232
10.5.2.1 Vietnam............................................................................232
10.5.2.2 Presence of dioxins in pesticides in general..............233
10.5.3 Toxicology.......................................................................................234
10.5.4 The target........................................................................................234
10.5.4.1 Dioxin and metabolism of caffeine..............................236
10.5.5 Analysis...........................................................................................237
10.5.5.1 Saturday, 12:30, July 10,1976........................................238
10.5.6 Summary.........................................................................................239
10.6 Angry bird-watchers, youth criminals, and
impotent rats...............................................................................................239
10.6.1 Clear Lake.......................................................................................240
10.6.2 Peregrine falcons and other birds of prey................................242
10.6.2.1 Borlaug s warning..........................................................244
10.6.2.2 DDT and impotence?.....................................................246
10.7 Conclusions.................................................................................................246
Literature..............................................................................................................249
Index.....................................................................................................................265
|
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| author | Stenersen, Jørgen |
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| dewey-search | 615.9/02 |
| dewey-sort | 3615.9 12 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Agrarwissenschaft Umwelt Pflanzenbau Medizin |
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| id | DE-604.BV019649305 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:02:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0748409106 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004043568 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012978007 |
| oclc_num | 54487418 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | 276 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Stenersen, Jørgen Verfasser aut Chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology Jørgen Stenersen Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2004 276 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 249-264) and index Biologische activiteit gtt Landbouwchemicaliën gtt Pesticide rasuqam Pesticiden gtt Pesticides - Toxicologie Risque environnemental rasuqam Résistance aux pesticides rasuqam Substance toxique rasuqam Toxicologie biochimique rasuqam Toxicologie gtt Toxicologie rasuqam aPesticides xToxicology Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd rswk-swf Wirkungsmechanismus (DE-588)4292866-7 gnd rswk-swf Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 gnd rswk-swf Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 s Wirkungsmechanismus (DE-588)4292866-7 s DE-604 Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012978007&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stenersen, Jørgen Chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology Biologische activiteit gtt Landbouwchemicaliën gtt Pesticide rasuqam Pesticiden gtt Pesticides - Toxicologie Risque environnemental rasuqam Résistance aux pesticides rasuqam Substance toxique rasuqam Toxicologie biochimique rasuqam Toxicologie gtt Toxicologie rasuqam aPesticides xToxicology Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd Wirkungsmechanismus (DE-588)4292866-7 gnd Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137948-2 (DE-588)4292866-7 (DE-588)4078372-8 |
| title | Chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology |
| title_auth | Chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology |
| title_exact_search | Chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology |
| title_full | Chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology Jørgen Stenersen |
| title_fullStr | Chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology Jørgen Stenersen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology Jørgen Stenersen |
| title_short | Chemical pesticides |
| title_sort | chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology |
| title_sub | mode of action and toxicology |
| topic | Biologische activiteit gtt Landbouwchemicaliën gtt Pesticide rasuqam Pesticiden gtt Pesticides - Toxicologie Risque environnemental rasuqam Résistance aux pesticides rasuqam Substance toxique rasuqam Toxicologie biochimique rasuqam Toxicologie gtt Toxicologie rasuqam aPesticides xToxicology Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd Wirkungsmechanismus (DE-588)4292866-7 gnd Toxizität (DE-588)4078372-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologische activiteit Landbouwchemicaliën Pesticide Pesticiden Pesticides - Toxicologie Risque environnemental Résistance aux pesticides Substance toxique Toxicologie biochimique Toxicologie aPesticides xToxicology Pestizid Wirkungsmechanismus Toxizität |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012978007&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stenersenjørgen chemicalpesticidesmodeofactionandtoxicology |