Verfügbarkeit: Frequency standards

Frequency standards: basics and applications

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Riehle, Fritz 1951- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	German
Veröffentlicht:	Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2004
Schlagworte:	Frequency standards Frequenznormal
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	526 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3527402306

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	FRITZ RIEHLE FREQUENCY STANDARDS BASICS AND APPLICATIONS WILEY- VCH WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH CO. KGAA CONTENTS PREFACE XILL 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 FEATURES OF FREQUENCY STANDARDS AND CLOCKS ................. 1 1.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CLOCKS AND FREQUENCY STANDARDS .......... 5 1.2.1 NATURE*S CLOCKS ............................ 5 1.2.2 MAN-MADE CLOCKS AND FREQUENCY STANDARDS ............. 6 2 BASICS OF FREQUENCY STANDARDS 11 2.1 MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF OSCILLATIONS ................... 11 2.1.1 IDEAL AND REAL HARMONIC OSCILLATORS ................. 11 2.1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION ........................ 15 2.1.3 PHASE MODULATION ........................... 25 2.2 OSCILLATOR WITH FEEDBACK ........................... 31 2.3 FREQUENCY STABILISATION ............................ 34 2.3.1 MODEL OF A SERVO LOOP ........................ 34 2.3.2 GENERATION OF AN ERROR SIGNAL ..................... 35 2.4 ELECTRONIC SERVO SYSTEMS ........................... 38 2.4.1 COMPONENTS .............................. 39 2.4.2 EXAMPLE OF AN ELECTRONIC SERVO SYSTEM ............... 44 3 CHARACTERISATION OF AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY NOISE 47 3.1 TIME-DOMAIN DESCRIPTION OF FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS ............. 48 3.1.1 ALLAN VARIANCE ............................. 50 3.1.2 CORRELATED FLUCTUATIONS ........................ 54 3.2 FOURIER-DOMAIN DESCRIPTION OF FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS ............ 57 3.3 CONVERSION FROM FOURIER-FREQUENCY DOMAIN TO TIME DOMAIN ........ 60 3.4 FROM FOURIER-FREQUENCY TO CARRIER-FREQUENCY DOMAIN ............ 64 POWER SPECTRUM OF A SOURCE WITH WHITE FREQUENCY NOISE ...... 3.4.2 SPECTRUM OF A DIODE LASER ...................... 66 LOW-NOISE SPECTRUM OF A SOURCE WITH WHITE PHASE NOISE ...... 3.5 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES ........................... 69 3.5.1 HETERODYNE MEASUREMENTS OF FREQUENCY ............... 71 3.5.2 SELF-HETERODYNING ........................... 73 3.5.3 ALIASING ................................ 75 3.4.1 3.4.3 66 68 VILL CONTENTS 3.6 FREQUENCY STABILIZATION WITH A NOISY SIGNAL ................. 3.6.1 DEGRADATION OF THE FREQUENCY STABILITY DUE TO ALIASING ....... 4 MACROSCOPIC FREQUENCY REFERENCES 4.1 PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL FREQUENCY REFERENCES ................. 4.1.1 BASIC PROPERTIES OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS .............. 4.1.2 MECHANICAL RESONANCES ........................ 4.1.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT ........................... 4.1.4 STABILITY AND ACCURACY OF QUARTZ OSCILLATORS ............. 4.2 MICROWAVE CAVITY RESONATORS ......................... 4.2.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EQUATIONS . .................. 4.2.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN CYLINDRICAL WAVE GUIDES ......... 4.2.3 CYLINDRICAL CAVITY RESONATORS .................... 4.2.4 LOSSES DUE TO FINITE CONDUCTIVITY ................... 4.2.5 DIELECTRIC RESONATORS ......................... 4.3 OPTICAL RESONATORS ............................... 4.3.1 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT THE FABRY-PCROT INTERFEROMETER ... 4.3.2 RADIAL MODES ............................. 4.3.3 MICROSPHERE RESONATORS ........................ 4.4 STABILITY OF RESONATORS ............................. 5 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR FREQUENCY REFERENCES 5.1 ENERGY LEVELS OF ATOMS ............................ 5.1.1 SINGLE-ELECTRON ATOMS ........................ 5.1.2 MULTI-ELECTRON SYSTEMS ........................ 5.2 ENERGY STATES OF MOLECULES .......................... 5.2.1 RO-VIBRONIC STRUCTURE ......................... 5.2.2 OPTICAL TRANSITIONS IN MOLECULAR IODINE ............... 5.2.3 OPTICAL TRANSITIONS IN ACETYLENE ................... 5.2.4 OTHER MOLECULAR ABSORBERS ...................... INTERACTION OF SIMPLE QUANTUM SYSTEMS WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION . . 5.3.1 THE TWO-LEVEL SYSTEM ......................... 5.3.2 OPTICAL BLOCH EQUATIONS ....................... 5.3.3 THREE-LEVEL SYSTEMS .......................... 5.4 LINE SHIFTS AND LINE BROADENING ....................... 5.4.1 INTERACTION TIME BROADENING ..................... 5.4.2 DOPPLER EFFECT AND RECOIL EFFECT ................... 5.4.3 SATURATION BROADENING ........................ 5.4.4 COLLISIONAL SHIFT AND COLLISIONAL BROADENING ............. 5.4.5 INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FIELDS ...................... 5.4.6 LINE SHIFTS AND UNCERTAINTY OF A FREQUENCY STANDARD ........ 5.3 6 PREPARATION AND INTERROGATION OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 6.1 STORAGE OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN A CELL .................. 6.2 COLLIMATED ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR BEAMS .................. 76 78 81 81 81 82 85 88 89 90 92 94 97 98 99 100 105 112 113 117 118 118 122 124 125 127 130 132 132 132 138 143 146 146 149 153 156 159 164 167 168 168 CONTENTS IX 6.3 COOLING .................................... 170 6.3.1 LASER COOLING ............................. 170 6.3.2 COOLING AND DECELERATION OF MOLECULES ............... 175 6.4 TRAPPING OF ATOMS ............................... 176 6.4.1 MAGNETO-OPTICAL TRAP ......................... 179 6.4.2 OPTICAL LATTICES ............................ 182 6.4.3 CHARACTERISATION OF COLD ATOMIC SAMPLES .............. 183 6.5 DOPPLER-FREE NON-LINEAR SPECTROSCOPY .................... 186 6.5.1 SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY . ....................... 186 6.5.2 POWER-DEPENDENT SELECTION OF LOW-VELOCITY ABSORBERS ....... 189 6.5.3 TWO-PHOTON SPECTROSCOPY ....................... 190 6.6 INTERROGATION BY MULTIPLE COHERENT INTERACTIONS ............... 192 6.6.1 RAMSEY EXCITATION IN MICROWAVE FREQUENCY STANDARDS ....... 192 6.6.2 MULTIPLE COHERENT INTERACTIONS IN OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARDS ... 195 7 CAESIUM ATOMIC CLOCKS 203 CAESIUM ATOMIC BEAM CLOCKS WITH MAGNETIC STATE SELECTION . . . . . . . . 204 7.1.1 COMMERCIAL CAESIUM CLOCKS ..................... 205 7.1.2 PRIMARY LABORATORY STANDARDS .................... 207 7.1.3 FREQUENCY SHIFTS IN CAESIUM BEAM-CLOCKS ............. 208 7.2 OPTICALLY-PUMPED CAESIUM BEAM CLOCKS ................... 216 7.3 FOUNTAIN CLOCKS ................................ 217 7.3.1 SCHEMATICS OF A FOUNTAIN CLOCK ................... 218 7.3.2 UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENTS USING FOUNTAIN CLOCKS ........ 221 7.3.3 STABILITY ................................ 223 7.3.4 ALTERNATIVE CLOCKS ........................... 223 7.4 CLOCKS IN MICROGRAVITATION .......................... 226 7.1 8 MICROWAVE FREQUENCY STANDARDS 229 8.1 MASERS ..................................... 229 8.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE HYDROGEN MASER ................... 229 8.1.2 THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDROGEN MASER ........... 230 8.1.3 DESIGN OF THE HYDROGEN MASER .................... 235 8.1.4 PASSIVE HYDROGEN MASER ....................... 242 8.1.5 CRYOGENIC MASERS ........................... 243 8.1.6 APPLICATIONS .............................. 243 8.2 RUBIDIUM-CELL FREQUENCY STANDARDS ...................... 246 8.2.1 PRINCIPLE AND SET-UP .......................... 246 8.2.2 PERFORMANCE OF LAMP-PUMPED RUBIDIUM STANDARDS ......... 250 8.2.3 APPLICATIONS OF RUBIDIUM STANDARDS ................. 251 8.3 ALTERNATIVE MICROWAVE STANDARDS ....................... 251 8.3.1 LASER-BASED RUBIDIUM CELL STANDARDS ................ 251 8.3.2 ALL-OPTICAL INTERROGATION OF HYPERFINE TRANSITIONS .......... 252 X CONTENTS 9 LASER FREQUENCY STANDARDS 255 9.1 GAS LASER STANDARDS .............................. 256 9.1.1 HE-NELASER . ............................. 256 9.1.2 FREQUENCY STABILISATION TO THE GAIN PROFILE .............. 259 9.1.3 IODINE STABILISED HE-NE LASER .................... 262 9.1.4 METHANE STABILISED HE-NE LASER ................... 265 9.1.5 OSO4 STABILISED CO2 LASER ...................... 267 9.2 LASER-FREQUENCY STABILISATION TECHNIQUES ................... 268 9.2.1 METHOD OF HAENSCH AND COUILLAUD ................... 268 9.2.2 POUND-DREVER-HALL TECHNIQUE .................... 271 9.2.3 PHASE-MODULATION SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY . ............. 275 9.2.4 MODULATION TRANSFER SPECTROCOPY .................. 279 9.3 WIDELY TUNEABLE LASERS ............................ 281 9.3.1 DYE LASERS .............................. 282 9.3.2 DIODE LASERS ............................. 285 9.3.3 OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS .................... 298 9.4 OPTICAL STANDARDS BASED ON NEUTRAL ABSORBERS ................ 299 9.4.1 FREQUENCY STABILISED ND:YAG LASER ................. 299 9.4.2 MOLECULAR OVERTONE STABILISED LASERS ................ 302 9.4.3 TWO-PHOTON STABILISED RB STANDARD ................. 302 9.4.5 OPTICAL HYDROGEN STANDARD ...................... 310 9.4.4 OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARDS USING ALKALINE EARTH ATOMS ..... 304 9.4.6 OTHER CANDIDATES FOR NEUTRAL-ABSORBER OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARDS 3 12 10 ION-TRAP FREQUENCY STANDARDS 315 10.1 BASICS OF ION TRAPS .............................. 315 10.1.1 RADIO-FREQUENCY ION TRAPS ...................... 316 10.1.2 PENNING TRAP ............................. 323 10.1.3 INTERACTIONS OF TRAPPED IONS ..................... 326 10.1.4 CONFINEMENT TO THE LAMB-DICKE REGIME ............... 327 10.2 TECHNIQUES FOR THE REALISATION OF ION TRAPS .................. 328 10.2.1 LOADING THE ION TRAP ......................... 328 METHODS FOR COOLING TRAPPED IONS .................. 10.2.3 DETECTION OF TRAPPED AND EXCITED IONS ................ 333 10.2.4 OTHER TRAPPING CONFIGURATIONS .................... 10.3 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ION STANDARDS ..................... 336 OPTICAL FREQUENCY STANDARDS WITH TRAPPED IONS ........... 10.4 PRECISION MEASUREMENTS IN ION TRAPS ..................... 348 10.4.1 MASS SPECTROMETRY .......................... 348 10.4.2 PRECISION MEASUREMENTS ....................... 350 10.4.3 TESTS OF FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES .................... 350 10.2.2 329 335 10.3.1 MICROWAVE FREQUENCY STANDARDS BASED ON TRAPPED IONS ...... 337 10.3.2 342 CONTENTS XI 11 SYNTHESIS AND DIVISION OF OPTICAL FREQUENCIES 353 11.1 NON-LINEAR ELEMENTS .............................. 353 11.1.1 POINT-CONTACT DIODES ......................... 354 11.1.2 SCHOTTKY DIODES ............................ 355 11.1.3 OPTICAL SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION ................ 355 11.1.4 LASER DIODES AS NON-LINEAR ELEMENTS ................. 359 11.2 FREQUENCY SHIFTING ELEMENTS ......................... 360 11.2.1 ACOUSTO-OPTIC MODULATOR ....................... 360 11.2.2 ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATOR ........................ 361 1 1.2.3 ELECTRO-OPTIC FREQUENCY COMB GENERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 11.3 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS BY MULTIPLICATION .................... 365 11.4 OPTICAL FREQUENCY DIVISION .......................... 368 11.4.1 FREQUENCY INTERVAL DIVISION ...................... 368 11.4.2 OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS AS FREQUENCY DIVIDERS . . . . . . . . 369 11.5 ULTRA-SHORT PULSE LASERS AND FREQUENCY COMBS ................ 370 1 1.5.1 TITANIUM SAPPHIRE LASER ....................... 371 1 1.5.2 MODE LOCKING ............................. 372 1 1.5.3 PROPAGATION OF ULTRA-SHORT PULSES ................... 375 11 S.4 MODE-LOCKED TI:SAPPHIRE FEMTOSECOND LASER ............ 377 1 1 S.5 EXTENDING THE FREQUENCY COMB .................... 379 MEASUREMENT OF OPTICAL FREQUENCIES WITH FS LASERS ......... 1 1.5.6 380 12 TIME SCALES AND TIME DISSEMINATION 387 12.1 TIME SCALES AND THE UNIT OF TIME ....................... 387 12.1.1 HISTORICAL SKETCH ........................... 387 12.1.2 TIME SCALES .............................. 388 12.2 BASICS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY .......................... 391 12.3 TIME AND FREQUENCY COMPARISONS ...................... 395 12.3.1 COMPARISON BY A TRANSPORTABLE CLOCK ................ 396 TIME TRANSFER BY ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS .............. 397 12.4 RADIO CONTROLLED CLOCKS ............................ 399 12.5 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS ..................... 403 12.5.1 CONCEPT OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION .................... 403 12.5.2 THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) ................ 404 12.5.3 TIME AND FREQUENCY TRANSFER BY OPTICAL MEANS ........... 412 12.6 CLOCKS AND ASTRONOMY ............................ 413 12.6.1 VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY .................. 413 PULSARS AND FREQUENCY STANDARDS ................... 12.3.2 12.6.2 415 421 13.1 LENGTH AND LENGTH-RELATED QUANTITIES ..................... 421 13.1.1 HISTORICAL REVIEW AND DEFINITION OF THE LENGTH UNIT ......... 421 13.1.2 LENGTH MEASUREMENT BY THE TIME-OF-FLIGHT METHOD ......... 423 13.1.3 INTERFEROMETRIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS ............... 424 13.1.4 MISE EN PRATIQUE OF THE DEFINITION OF THE METRE ........... 429 13 TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS CONTENTS XI1 13.2 VOLTAGE STANDARDS ............................... 432 13.3 MEASUREMENT OF CURRENTS ........................... 433 13.3.1 ELECTRONS IN A STORAGE RING ...................... 433 13.3.2 SINGLE ELECTRON DEVICES ........................ 434 13.4 MEASUREMENTS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ....................... 436 13.4.1 SQUID MAGNETOMETER ........................ 436 13.4.2 ALKALI MAGNETOMETERS ......................... 437 13.4.3 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ..................... 437 13.6 MEASUREMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS ................... 439 13.6.1 RYDBERG CONSTANT ........................... 440 13.6.2 DETERMINATIONS OF THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT ............ 441 13.6.3 ATOMIC CLOCKS AND THE CONSTANCY OF FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS .... 442 13.5 LINKS TO OTHER UNITS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS .......... 439 14 TO THE LIMITS AND BEYOND 445 14.1 APPROACHING THE QUANTUM LIMITS ....................... 445 14.1.1 UNCERTAINTY RELATIONS ......................... 446 14.1.2 QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ......... 447 14.1.3 POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS OF THE QUANTUM ABSORBERS ......... 452 14.2 NOVEL CONCEPTS ................................ 459 14.2.1 ION OPTICAL CLOCKS USING AN AUXILIARY READOUT ION ......... 459 14.2.2 NEUTRAL-ATOM LATTICE CLOCKS ..................... 461 14.2.3 ON THE USE OF NUCLEAR TRANSITIONS .................. 462 14.3 ULTIMATE LIMITATIONS DUE TO THE ENVIRONMENT ................ 462 BIBLIOGRAPHY 465 INDEX 521
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spellingShingle	Riehle, Fritz 1951- Frequency standards basics and applications Frequency standards Frequenznormal (DE-588)4216129-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4216129-0
title	Frequency standards basics and applications
title_auth	Frequency standards basics and applications
title_exact_search	Frequency standards basics and applications
title_full	Frequency standards basics and applications Fritz Riehle
title_fullStr	Frequency standards basics and applications Fritz Riehle
title_full_unstemmed	Frequency standards basics and applications Fritz Riehle
title_short	Frequency standards
title_sort	frequency standards basics and applications
title_sub	basics and applications
topic	Frequency standards Frequenznormal (DE-588)4216129-0 gnd
topic_facet	Frequency standards Frequenznormal
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012952397&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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