Asking about life:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Forth Worth [u.a.]
Saunders College Publ. [u.a.]
1998
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes index. |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 003072046x |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Tobin, Allan J. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Asking about life |c Allan J. Tobin ; Jennie Dusheck |
| 264 | 1 | |a Forth Worth [u.a.] |b Saunders College Publ. [u.a.] |c 1998 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zählung |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes index. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a biologija - slike - pestrost življenja - biološka pestrost | |
| 650 | 4 | |a rastlinstvo | |
| 650 | 4 | |a živalstvo | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dusheck, Jennie |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012929292&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804132953905692672 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Allan J Tobin Jennie Dusheck
University of California , Santa Cruz, California
Los Angeles
Saunders College Publishing
Harcourt Brace College Publishers
Fort Worth Philadelphia San Diego New York Orlando Austin
San Antonio Toronto Montreal London Sydney Tokyo
CONTENTSOVERVIEW
1 The Unity and Diversity of Life 1
I Chemistry and Cell Biology 23
2 The Chemical Foundations of Life 24
3 Biological Molecules Small and Large 50
4 Why Are All Organisms Made of Cells? 80
5 Directions and Rates of Biochemical Processes 114
6 How Do Organisms Supply Themselves
with Energy? 132
7 Photosynthesis: How Do Organisms Get Energy
from the Sun? 156
II Genetics: The Continuity of Life 179
8 Cell Reproduction 180
9 From Meiosis to Mendel 202
10 The Structure, Replication, and Repair of DNA 234
11 How Are Genes Expressed? 264
12 Jumping Genes and Other Unconventional
Genetic Systems 290
13 Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA 308
14 Human Genetics 330
III Evolution 355
15 What Is the Evidence for Evolution? 356
16 Microevolution: How Does a Population Evolve? 386
17 Macroevolution: How Do Species Evolve? 410
18 How Did the First Organisms Evolve? 446
IV Diversity 465
19 Classification: What s in a Name? 466
20 Prokaryotes: How Does the Other Half Live? 482
21 Classifying the Protists and Multicellular Fungi 498
22 How Did Plants Adapt to Dry Land? 522
23 Protostome Animals: Most Animals Form
Mouth First 540
24 Deuterostome Animals: Echinoderms and
Chordates 568
V Ecology 589
25 Ecosystems 590
26 Communities: How Do Species Interact? 608
27 Biomes and Aquatic Communities 624
28 Populations and the Human Place in
the Biosphere 644
29 The Ecology of Animal Behavior 664
VI Structural and Physiological Adaptations
of Flowering Plants 683
30 Structural and Chemical Adaptations of Plants 684
31 What Drives Water Up and Sugars Down? 702
32 Growth and Development of Flowering Plants 718
33 How Do Plant Hormones Regulate Growth
and Development? 736
VII Structural and Physiological
Adaptations of Animals 751
34 Form and Function in Animals 752
35 How Do Animals Obtain Nourishment
from Food? 770
36 How Do Animals Coordinate Cells and Organs? 790
37 Blood, Circulation, and the Heart 804
38 How Do Animals Obtain and Distribute Oxygen? 822
39 How Do Animals Manage Water, Salts,
and Wastes? 842
40 Defense: Inflammation and Immunity 860
41 The Cells of the Nervous System 878
42 The Nervous System and the Sense Organs 896
43 Sexual Reproduction 918
44 How Do Organisms Become Complex? 940
CONTENTS
1 THE UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE 1
Bacteria: Enough To Give You an Ulcer 1
HOW DO BIOLOGISTS ASK QUESTIONS? 3
Do Scientists Use the Scientific Method? 3
BOX 1-1 Reductionism 6
What Is a Theory? 9
Biologists Ask Many Different Kinds of Questions 9
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT LIFE? 9
How Are Organisms Different from One Another? 9
BOX 1-2 Homeostasis and negative feedback 11
How Are Organisms Alike? 12
How Can We Tell If Something Is Alive? 12
How Do Organisms Become Different from One Another? i 7
Study Outline with Key Terms 21
Review and Thought Questions 21
Selected Readings 22 Runk/Schoenberger from Grant Heilman
I Chemistry and Cell Biology 23
2 THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS
OF LIFE 24
Alchemy and Chemistry 24
WHAT IS MATTER? 26
What Is Chemistry? 28
WHAT DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES
OF AN ATOM? 28
What Are Atoms Made Of? 28
What Is the Internal Structure of an Atom? 29
Where Are the Electrons in an Atom? 31
WHAT HOLDS MOLECULES TOGETHER? 33
Covalent and Ionic Bonds Are the Strong
Interactions Among Atoms 33
BOX 2-1 How are radioisotopes useful? 35
Weak Interactions Also Hold Atoms Together 38
HOW IS WATER ESPECIALLY WELL-SUITED
FOR ITS ROLE IN LIFE? 39
Water Is Denser as a Liquid Than as a Solid 39
Water Absorbs More Heat Than Most Substances 41
Water Molecules Cling to One Another 41
Water Molecules Cling to Many Other Substances 41
Water Is a Powerful Solvent 43
Water Participates in Many Biochemical Reactions 44
Water Molecules Continually Split into Hydrogen Ions
and Hydroxide Ions 45
BOX 2-2 Life at low pH 47
Why Is pH Important to Organisms? 47
Buffers: How Do Organisms Resist Changes in pH? 48
Study Outline with Key Terms 48
Review and Thought Questions 49
Selected Readings 49
3 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES SMALL
AND LARGE 50
Linus Pauling and the Alpha Helix 50
HOW DO ORGANISMS USE BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES TO BUILD? 53
How Big Are Biological Molecules? 53
Why Are Biological Structures Made from So
Few Building Blocks? 56
What Determines the Biological Properties of
an Organic Molecule? 56
Cells Build Complex Molecules from Four Types
of Building Blocks 59
SMALL BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES ARE THE BUILDING
BLOCKS OF LIFE 59
XV
xvi CONTENTS
Lipids Include a Variety of Nonpolar Compounds 59
BOX 3-1 The biochemistry of cholesterol 60
Most of the Fatty Acids in Organisms Are Chemically Combined
with a Molecule Called Glycerol 62
Sugars Contain Many Hydroxyl Groups 64
A Nucleotide Has Three Parts, Each with
Different Functional Groups 65
Amino Acids Contain Both Carboxyl and Amino Groups 67
HOW DO SMALL MOLECULES LINK TOGETHER TO
FORM MACROMOLECULES? 68
What Holds Building Blocks Together in a Macromolecule? 68
How Are Sugars Held Together To Form Polysaccharides? 69
How Are Nucleotides Held Together To Form
Nucleic Acids? 70
How Are Amino Acids Held Together To Form Proteins? 70
The Structure of a Polypeptide Determines Its Function 73
What Determines the Three-Dimensional Structure
of a Protein? 73
BOX 3-2 Molecules with similar shapes can mimic
one another 74
BOX 3-3 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 77
Study Outline with Key Terms 78
Review and Thought Questions 79
Selected Readings 79
4 WHY ARE ALL ORGANISMS MADE
OF CELLS? 80
Very Little Animalcules 80
BOX 4-1 How do microscopes help biologists
study cells? 82
WHY ARE ALL ORGANISMS MADE OF CELLS? 84
All Organisms Are Made of Cells 84—
Every Cell Consists of a Boundary, a Set of Genes,
and a Cell Body 85
What Are the Advantages of Cellular Organization? 86
BOX 4-2 Caulerpa, the world s largest
single-celled organism? 88
WHAT S IN A CELL? 89
What Role Does the Nucleus Play in the Life of a Cell? 92
The Cytosol Is the Cytoplasm That Lies Outside
the Organelles 93
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a Folded Membrane 93
The Golgi Complex Directs the Flow of Newly
Made Proteins 94
The Lysosomes Function as Digestion Vats 95
The Peroxisomes Produce Peroxide and Metabolize Small
Organic Molecules 96
The Mitochondria Capture the Energy from Small Organic
Molecules in the Form of ATP 97
A Plant Cell s Chloroplast Is Just One Kind of Plastid 98
What Does the Cytoskeleton Do? 99
BOX 4-3 The 9+2 structure of flagella 101
WHAT ENCLOSES A CELL AND
ITS COMPARTMENTS? 101
What Kinds of Molecules Do Membranes Contain? 101
M I Walker/Photo Researchers
The Fluid Mosaic Model Summarizes Current Understanding of
the Workings of Biological Membranes 103
HOW DO MEMBRANES REGULATE THE SPACES
THEY ENCLOSE? 104
Why Does Water Move Across Membranes? 104
What Determines the Movement of Molecules Through a
Selectively Permeable Membrane? 106
HOW DO MEMBRANES INTERACT WITH THE
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT? 108
Membrane Fusion Allows the Uptake of Macromolecules
and Particles 109
How Do Cells in Multicellular Organisms Communicate? 110
Study Outline with Key Terms J12
Review and Thought Questions 113
Selected Readings 113
5 DIRECTIONS AND RATES OF
BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 114
Ludwig Boltzmann: A Man Left Behind or a Man
Ahead of His Time? 114
WHAT DETERMINES WHICH WAY A
REACTION PROCEEDS? 116
How May Work Be Converted to Kinetic or
Potential Energy? 117
How Does Thermodynamics Predict the Direction
of a Reaction? 118
Free Energy Changes Predict the Direction of a Reaction 118
CONTENTS xvii
Where Does the Free Energy Released or Consumed During a
Reaction Come From? 120
How Can One Process Provide the Energy ior Another? 122
Disorder (Entropy) Always Increases in
Spontaneous Processes 122
How Does the Concentration of a Substance Affect
Its Free Energy? 122
WHAT DETERMINES THE RATE OF
A CHEMICAL REACTION? 124
How Does Molecular Motion Help Explain Reaction Rates? 124
What Slops a Chemical Reaction? 124
What Starts a Chemical Reaction? J 25
HOW DO ENZYMES WORK? 126
How Does an Enzyme Bind to a Reactant? 126
How Does an Enzyme Lower the Activation Energy of a
Chemical Reaction? J 26
How Do Environmental Conditions Affect the Rates of
Enzymatic Reactions? 128
HOW DOES A CELL OR ORGANISM REGULATE
ITS OWN METABOLISM? 128
Enzymatic Reactions Often Occur in Small Steps 128
What Inhibits an Enzyme? 129
How Does a Cell Regulate Enzyme Function? 129
Study Outline with Key Terms 130
Review and Thought Questions 130
Selected Readings 131
6 HOW DO ORGANISMS SUPPLY
THEMSELVES WITH ENERGY? 132
Louis Pasteur and Vitalism 132
HOW DO ORGANISMS SUPPLY THEMSELVES
WITH ENERGY? 134
What Is the Common Currency of Energy for Organisms? 134
How Do Heterotrophs Extract Energy
from Macromolecules? 135
What Are the Four Stages of Cellular Respiration? 135
ELECTRON TRANSPORT: HOW DOES THE ENERGY IN
GLUCOSE REACH ATP? 137
What Is Oxidation? 137
How Does the Flow of Electrons from Electron Donors to
Oxygen Release Energy to the Phosphate
Bonds in ATP? 137
Which Molecules Serve as Electron Carriers? 138
How Do Cells Harvest the Energy of Electron Transport? 138
How Do Mitochondria Generate a Proton Gradient? 140
What Pumps Protons Out of the Mitochondrial Matrix? 141
How Does the Flow of Protons Back into the Matrix Cause the
Synthesis of ATP? 141
Are Proton Pumping and ATP Synthesis Really Separate
Processes? 142
HOW DO CELLS EXTRACT ENERGY
FROM GLUCOSE? 144
Glycolysis: How Do Cells Capture Energy in
ATP and NADH? 145
BOX 6-1 Sprints, dives, and marathons 148
The Formation of Acetyl-CoA Is the Second Stage in the
Extraction of Energy from Glucose 149
How Does a Cell Generate ATP from Acetyl-CoA? 149
BOX 6-2 The metabolism of alcohol 153
How Much Usable Energy Can a Cell Harvest from a Molecule
of Glucose? 153
Study Outline with Key Terms 154
Review and Thought Questions 155
Selected Readings 155
7 PHOTOSYNTHESIS: HOW DO ORGANISMS
GET ENERGY FROM THE SUN? 156
The Chemical Evangelist 156
HOW DO WE KNOW HOW PLANTS OBTAIN
CARBON AND OXYGEN? 158
What Do Plants and Air Do for Each Other? 158
Where Do the Atoms Go in Photosynthesis? 159
HOW DO PLANTS COLLECT ENERGY
FROM THE SUN? 160
What Is Light? 161
How Much Energy Does a Photon Contain? 164
The Effectiveness of Different Wavelengths Can Reveal
Which Molecules Are Responsible for a
Light-Dependent Process 164
Light Excites Electrons in Two Types of Reaction Centers 166
The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Transform Light Energy into the Chemical
Bonds of NADPH and ATP 171
HOW DO PLANTS MAKE GLUCOSE? 171
What Happens to Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis? 172
How Much ATP and NADPH Is Required To
Make a Molecule of Glucose? 175
WHAT DETERMINES THE PRODUCTIVITY
OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS? 175
BOX 7-1 How do some herbicides kill plants? 176
Study Outline with Key Terms 177
Review and Thought Questions 178
Selected Readings 178
Zig Leszczynski/Animals Animals
xviii CONTENTS
II Genetics: The Continuity
of Life 179
8 CELL REPRODUCTION 180
The Unfortunate Henrietta Lacks 180
BOX 8-1 Cervical cancer and the Pap smear 182
CELL DIVISION 183
How Do Cells Divide? 183
What Did Early Biologists Discover About Chromosomes? 184
How Did Biologists Discover the Function
of the Chromosomes? 185
HOW DOES A DIVIDING CELL ENSURE THAT EACH
DAUGHTER CELL RECEIVES AN EXACT COPY OF THE
PARENT CELLS DNA? 186
How Do Prokaryotic Cells Divide? 187
How Do Eukaryotic Cells Divide? 189
HOW DOES MITOSIS DISTRIBUTE ONE COPY OF EACH
CHROMOSOME TO EACH DAUGHTER CELL? 192
Mitosis Is a Continuous Process, But Biologists
Distinguish Four Phases 193
What Propels the Chromosomes During Mitosis? 193
HOW DOES A CELL FIT ALL ITS
DNA INTO A NUCLEUS? 195
How Does the DNA Fold Up? 195
How Do DNA, Histones, and Other Proteins Form Such
Compact Structures? 195
HOW DOES A CELL DIVIDE ITS CYTOPLASM? 196
HOW DOES A CELL REGULATE PASSAGE THROUGH
• THE CELL CYCLE? 196
How Do Normal Cells Determine When
To Stop Dividing? 197
How Do Normal Cells Determine When It Is
Time To Divide? 198
What Triggers the Main Events of Mitosis? 199
Study Outline with Key Terms 200
Review and Thought Questions 200
Selected Readings 201
9 FROM MEIOSIS TO MENDEL 202
Why Is the Yellow Dog Yellow? 202
WHY WAS THE CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF
INHERITANCE SO HARD TO ACCEPT? 204
Blending Inheritance: A Wrong Turn 204
Chromosomes Are Individually Unique and Exist Continuously
from Generation to Generation 205
HOW DO ORGANISMS PASS GENETIC INFORMATION
TO THEIR OFFSPRING? 206
What Is Phenotype? 206
The Same Laws of Inheritance Apply to All Sexually
Reproducing Organisms 207
HOW DO SEXUALLY REPRODUCING ORGANISMS KEEP
THE SAME NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES FROM
GENERATION TO GENERATION? 207
The First Cell of the New Generation Has Two Sets
of Chromosomes 208
How Does Meiosis Distribute Chromosomes to
the Gametes? 210
Disjunction and Nondisjunction 214
BOX 9-1 What happens when meiosis
goes wrong? 215
WHY SEX? 215
Of What Value Is Genetic Variation? 216
What Are Sex Chromosomes? 216
THE INHERITANCE OF GENES PARALLELS THE
INHERITANCE OF CHROMOSOMES 217
A Diploid Cell Has Two Copies of Ever) Gene 217
What Are the Genotypes and Phenotypes of the
F2 Generation? 218
GREGOR MENDEL ESTABLISHED THE
PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS 218
Mendel Chose Trails and Plant Stocks Carefully 219
Mendel s Insights Came from Careful Counting 221
SUPPORT FOR THE CHROMOSOMAL
THEORY OF INHERITANCE 223
How Did Thomas Hunt Morgan Bolster the Theory of
Chromosomal Inheritance? 224
Genes on the X Chromosome Are Inherited Differently
in Males and Females 225
BOX 9-2 Sex linkage in humans 226
Genes Lie on the Chromosomes 228
Genetic Recombination Can Arise from Independent Assortment
or from Crossing Over 231
The Frequency of Crossing Over Between Two Genes Reflects the
Physical Distance Between Them 231
Study Outline with Key Terms 232
Review and Thought Questions 233
Selected Readings 233
NOD a « m I
Parasfcevas Photography
10 THE STRUCTURE, REPLICATION, AND
REPAIR OF DNA 234
Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix 234
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF DNA? 237
How Much Did Franklin Discover on Her Own? 238
The Double Helix Explains Chargaff s Rules 241
Franklin Comes Within Two Steps of the Correct Model 242
Modern Science Is a Social Endeavor 243
WHAT IS A GENE? 243
How Do Genes Affect Biochemical Processes? 244
One Gene—One Enzyme 245
One Gene—One Polypeptide 247
HOW DID BIOLOGISTS LEARN WHAT GENES
ARE MADE OF? 248
Extracts of Bacteria Can Change the Genetic Properties
of Other Bacteria 248
What Is the Transforming Factor? 249
What Is a Virus? 249
Bacterial Viruses Provided More Evidence That Genes
Are Made of DNA 250
Why Was Hershey and Chase s Experiment More
Persuasive Than Avery s? 252
HOW DOES ONE DNA STRAND DIRECT THE
SYNTHESIS OF ANOTHER? 252
During DNA Replication, Each Strand of DNA Remains Intact as
It Directs the Synthesis of a Complementary Strand 252
DNA Polymerase Catalyzes the Ordered Addition of Nucleotides
to Each DNA Strand 253
How Does a Cell Copy Both Strands of
DNA Simultaneously? 254
How Does DNA Replicate in the 3 to 5 Direction? 254
How Does DNA Synthesis Begin? 256
MUTATIONS ARE THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF
GENETIC DIVERSITY 257
What Causes Mutations? 257
How Often Do Mutations Occur? 257
BOX 10-1 Determining the sequence of
nucleotides in DNA 258
What Kinds of Mutations Are There? 260
HOW DO CELLS HANDLE MISTAKES IN THE
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF DNA? 260
Study Outline with Key Terms 261
Review and Thought Questions 262
Selected Readings 263
11 HOW ARE GENES EXPRESSED? 264
How Was the Genetic Code Discovered? 264
What Is the Genetic Code Like? 268
GENETIC INFORMATION FLOWS FROM DNA TO RNA
TO POLYPEPTIDES 268
BOX 11-1 How do we know that a codon is three
nucleotides long? 269
BOX 11-2 Which strand of the DNA is
transcribed? 271
CONTENTSxix
© 1990 Peter Menzel/Stock Boston
RNA POLYMERASE TRANSCRIBES DNA INTO RNA 271
How Does RNA Polymerase Begin Transcription? 271
How Does the Cell Alter the mRNA Transcribed
from the DNA? 273
One Gene—Heaven Only Knows How Many Polypeptides 274
HOW DOES A CELL TRANSLATE mRNA
INTO A POLYPEPTIDE? 275
What Do Ribosomes Do? 275
How Do tRNAs Serve as Adapters Between mRNAs
and Amino Acids? 275
BOX 11-3 How do the ribosomes read different
kinds of mutations? 276
How Do tRNAs Recognize the Right Amino Acid? 278
How Do Ribosomes Begin Translation? 278
BOX 11-4 Antibiotics and protein synthesis 279
How Do Ribosomes Make Peptide Bonds? 281
Several Ribosomes Can Read a Single Strand of
mRNA Simultaneously 282
How Does Polypeptide Synthesis Stop? 282
How Do Cells Direct Newly Made Proteins
to Different Destinations? 282
HOW DO CELLS REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION? 283
How Do Prokaryotes Regulate Gene Expression? 284
How Do Eukaryotes Regulate Gene Expression? 287
Study Outline with Key Terms 288
Review and Thought Questions 289
Selected Readings 289
12 JUMPING GENES AND OTHER
UNCONVENTIONAL GENETIC
SYSTEMS 290
Jumping Genes and Indian Corn 290
WHAT IS A VIRUS? 292
BOX 12-1 Can viruses make you well? 294
XX CONTENTS
Runk/Schoenberger from Grant Hef/man
What Is the Form of a Virus? 294
How Do Viruses Make More Viruses? 296
HOW DO VIRUSES AND OTHER MOBILE GENES
REPLICATE THEIR GENES? 297
How Do Plasmids Replicate Autonomously? 298
Many Mobile Genes Can Replicate Only When Integrated into a
Host Cell s DNA 299
Episomes Can Replicate Both Autonomously
and Through Integration 301
How Do RNA Viruses Reproduce and Express Their Genes?
HOW DO MOBILE GENES EVOLVE? 303
Although Viruses Are Not Alive, They Are Still Subject to
Natural Selection 303
How May Viruses Have Evolved? 303
BOX 12-2 How can researchers design drugs that will
combat AIDS? 304
MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS CONTAIN
THEIR OWN DNA 305
Studies of the DNA and RNA of Energy Organelles Support the
Theory That They Derive from Ancient Prokaryotes 306
Study Outline with Key Terms 306
Review and Thought Questions 307
Selected Readings 307
13 GENETIC ENGINEERING AND
RECOMBINANT DNA 308
The Maverick 308
WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING? 312
The Origin of Genetic Engineering 312
Genetic Engineering Makes Use of Both Natural
and Induced Variation 313
Knowing Biochemical Pathways Helps Molecular Biologists
Design Useful Organisms 313
WHAT IS RECOMBINANT DNA AND
HOW IS IT USEFUL? 314
How Do Molecular Biologists Use Recombinant DNA? 3J4
How Do Restriction Enzymes Cut Up a Genome? 315
How Do Molecular Biologists Join Restriction
Fragments Together? 315
How Do Molecular Biologists Express Recombinant
DNA in Bacteria and Other Hosts? 317
How Do Researchers Make Multiple Copies
of Recombinant DNA? 319
How Do Biologists Find the Right DNA Sequence
in a Recombinant DNA Library? 329
BOX 13-1 Can biologists clone dinosaurs? 320
RECOMBINANT DNA CAN REPROGRAM CELLS TO
MAKE NEW PRODUCTS 322
Genetically Engineered Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells Can Make
Useful Proteins 322
Recombinant DNA Technology Allows the
Production of Novel Proteins 323
Gene Therapy: Products of Recombinant DNAs Can Be Released
Directly into the Body from Engineered Somatic Cells 323
RECOMBINANT DNA CAN GENETICALLY ALTER
ANIMALS AND PLANTS 324
How Do Researchers Produce a Transgenic Mammal? 324
The Genetic Engineering of Plants Is Easier
Than That of Animals 326
What Are the Environmental Risks of Recombinant DNA? 327
The Application of Recombinant DNA Technology Poses Moral
Questions for Society 327
Study Outline with Key Terms 328
Review and Thought Questions 328
Selected Readings 329
14 HUMAN GENETICS 330
To Map the Genome or Hunt the
Huntington s Gene? 330
GENETIC DIVERSITY IN HUMAN BEINGS 333
How Reliable Is DNA Fingerprinting? 334
BOX 14-1 Southern, northern, and western blotting 336
How Much Do Individuals Vary? 337
What Are Human Races? 337
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND
PHENOTYPE IS COMPLEX 340
Genes Are Expressed to Different Degrees 340
A Single Gene Can Affect Many Traits 341
A Single Trait Can Be Influenced by Many Genes 341
A Single Gene May Have Multiple Alleles 343
Are Recessive Alleles Rare? 344
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT 344
What Is the Human Genome Project? 344
How Do Researchers Locate Genes for Specific Diseases? 345
Of What Use Is a Sequenced Gene? 346
Can Human Genes Be Patented? 347
BOX 14-2 Human cloning 348
BOX 14-3 CAG repeats in huntingtin 349
PREVENTING GENETIC DISEASE 349
Genetic Counseling: How Can Parents Decide? 349
Prenatal Testing: Can Parents Tell Before? 350
Gene Therapy: Can We Fix It Later? 352
Study Outline with Key Terms 353
Review and Thought Questions 354
Selected Readings 354
CONTENTS xxi
III Evolution 355
15 WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION? 356
The Scopes Trial 356
WHAT IS EVOLUTION? 359
Four Revolutionary Ideas 359
Evolution Before Darwin 360
Darwin Develops an Unassailable Theory of Evolution 365
WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION? 367
The Fossil Record 367
BOX 15-1 Radioactive dating 369
Biogeography 372
Taxonomy 373
Comparative Anatomy 373
BOX 15-2 Continental drift 376
Comparative Embryology 379
Comparative Molecular Biology 379
The Evidence for Evolution: Summary 382
NATURAL SELECTION: DARWIN S MECHANISM -
FOR EVOLUTION 382
Artificial Selection 382
Darwin s Argument for Natural Selection 382
Natural Selection Analyzed 383
Study Outline with Key Terms 384
Review and Thought Questions 385
Selected Readings 385
16 MICROEVOLUTION: HOW DOES A
POPULATION EVOLVE? 386
A Fatal Disagreement 386
HOW ARE VARIANTS CREATED
AND MAINTAINED? 388
Why Did Charles Darwin Accept Blending Inheritance? 388
How Did an Engineer Influence Biology? 389
How Did Biologists Come To Reject the Theory of Acquired
Characteristics? 390
How Did Weismann Explain Variation in Individuals? 391
How Did the Rediscover) of Mendel s Work Transform
Biology? 391
The Modern Synthesis 392
WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF THE VARIATION
THAT FUELS EVOLUTION? 392
A Review of Genetics 392
What Is Genetic Variation? 392
Most Trails Are Polygenic 393
What Determines the Genetic Variability of a Population? 394
How Much Genetic Variation Is There? 394
Why Is Genetic Variation Essential to Evolution? 396
How Do Populations Maintain Genetic Equilibrium? 396
BOX 16-1 Does selection act on preexisting
variants? 397
WHAT CAUSES GENE FREQUENCIES TO
CHANGE? 398
Daniel J Cox/Natural Selection
Nonrandom Mating 398
Random Drift 399
Mutation 401
Gene Flow: Breeding Between Populations 401
Natural Selection 401
What Kinds of Selection Occur in Nature? 403
HOW CAN NATURAL SELECTION PROMOTE
GENETIC VARIATION? 407
Study Outline with Key Terms 408
Review and Thought Questions 409
Selected Readings 409
17 MACROEVOLUTION: HOW DO
SPECIES EVOLVE? 410
What Darwin Saw at the Galapagos Islands 410
WHAT IS A SPECIES? 413
How Many Species? 413
Why Is It So Hard To Define a Species? 413
HOW DO SPECIES FORM? 417
What Barriers Reproductively Isolate Populations
and Species? 417
Speciation as a Function of Geography and Gene Flow 419
Patterns of Descent 420
Patterns of Diversification 421
THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION 425
EXTINCTION AND THE RATE OF EVOLUTION 427
The Mass Extinctions 428
BOX 17-1 Did it come from outer space? 430
The Pace of Evolution 430
BOX 17-2 Modern tropical rain forests: mass extinction,
or not? 434
THE EVOLUTION OF HUMANS 434
The Classification of the Apes 435
xxii CONTENTS
Why Did Australopithecus Stand Up? 438
Who Were the Earliest Known Hominids? 440
Out of Africa 442
BOX 17-3 What is the nature of anthropological
evidence? 443
Study Outline with Key Terms 444
Review and Thought Questions 445
Selected Readings 445
18 HOW DID THE FIRST
ORGANISMS EVOLVE? 446
Can Organisms Arise Spontaneously
from Nonliving Matter? 446
WHERE DOES LIFE COME FROM? 450
If Spontaneous Generation Is Impossible,
How Did Life Originate? 450
When and Where Did Life First Appear? 450
BOX 18-1 Is there life elsewhere
in the universe? 452
PREBIOTIC EVOLUTION: HOW COULD COMPLEX
MOLECULES EVOLVE? 453
What Was the Earth Like When It Was Young? 454
Is Prebiotic Synthesis Plausible? 455
Was Prebiotic Synthesis Necessary? 456
How Can Biological Building Blocks Assemble
Outside of Cells? 456
How Can Prebiotic Cells Form? 457
EARLY BIOTIC EVOLUTION: HOW DID THE
/ GENETIC SYSTEM EVOLVE? 458
Could RNA Have Served as the Original Genetic Material? 458
How Did Translation Evolve? 459
How Did Ribosomes Evolve? 459
How Did tRNAs Evolve? 459 • ~ ~ -
How Did the First Cells Use Genetic Information? 460
HOW DID MODERN CELLS EVOLVE? 460
How Did Early Life Affect the Environment? 460
How Did Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Arise? 461
Study Outline with Key Terms 463
Res iew and Thought Questions 464
Selected Readings 464
IV Diversity 465
19 CLASSIFICATION:
WHAT S IN A NAME? 466
Is the Red Wolf a Species? 466
WHY IS IT HARD TO NAME AND
CLASSIFY ORGANISMS? 469
Why Do We Name Things? 469
What Did Linnaeus s System of Classification Accomplish? 470
BOX 19-1 Foucalt s Chinese encyclopedia 472
Who Names a Species? 472
How Do We Recognize Species? 472
HOW DO BIOLOGISTS GROUP SPECIES? 473
BOX 19-2 Are guinea pigs rodents? 474
Classical Evolutionary Taxonomy 475
How Do Pheneticists Attempt To Produce an
Objective Classification? 476
How Do Cladists Attempt To Produce an
Evolutionary Classification? 477
How Does the Classification of Reptiles Illustrate the Conflict
Between Cladistics and Traditional Taxonomy? 478
Do DNA and Protein Sequences Provide Objective
Criteria for Classification? 478
Why Do Cladists, PheneLicists, and Classical
Taxonomists Disagree? 480
HOW MANY KINGDOMS OF
ORGANISMS ARE THERE? 480
Study Outline with Key Terms 481
Review and Thought Questions 481
Selected Readings 481
20 PROKARYOTES: HOW DOES THE
OTHER HALF LIVE? 482
Tracking Down a Killer 482
PROKARYOTES AND PEOPLE 485
How Do Bacteria Make Us 111? 485
How Do Bacteria Acquire Resistance to Antibiotics? 486
HOW DO WE KNOW THAT AN ORGANISM
IS A PROKARYOTE? 488
Most Prokaryotes Have Complex Cell Walls 489
How Do Prokaryotes Move? 49J
How Do Prokaryotes Grow So Rapidly? 491
Prokaryotes Are Metabolically Diverse 49]
HOW DO BIOLOGISTS CLASSIFY PROKARYOTES? 491
How Do Biologists Classify the Archaea? 493
BOX 20-1 Carl Woese and the archaea 494
How Do Biologists Classify the Eubacteria? 495
Study Outline with Key Terms 496
Review and Thought Questions 497
Selected Readings 497
Meckes/Ottawa/Photo Researchers
CONTENTS
21 CLASSIFYING THE PROTISTS AND
MULTICELLULAR FUNGI 498
The Fungus Fighters 498
WHAT ARE PROTISTS? 501
Why Are Protists So Diverse? 501
How Do Protists Reproduce? 503
ALGAE ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC
(PLANTLIKE) PROTISTS 504
Dinoflagellates 504
Chrysophytes (Golden Algae and Diatoms) 505
Euglenophytes 505
Phaeophytes (Brown Algae) 505
Rhodophytes (Red Algae) 506
Chlorophytes (Green Algae) 506
PROTOZOA ARE HETEROTROPHIC
(ANIMAL-LIKE) PROTISTS 507
Rhizopoda (Amebas) 508
Foraminifera 508
Sporozoans 508
Ciliophora (Ciliates) 508
Zoomastigina (Flagellates) 509
FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS 510
Acrasiomycota (Cellular Slime Molds) 510
Myxomycota (Plasmodial Slime Molds) 510
Oomycota 510
HOW DO TRUE FUNGI DIFFER FROM
OTHER ORGANISMS? 511
How Can We Characterize the Fungi? 511
BOX 21-1 Fungal infections today 512
How Do Mycologists Classify Fungi? 513
Zygomycetes (Conjugation Fungi) 514
Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi) 514
BOX 21-2 Ergotism- 516
Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi) 5T6
Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi) 517
WHAT IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL ROLES
DO FUNGI PLAY? 518
What Role Do Fungi Play in Lichens? 518
What Role Do Mycorrhizae Play in the Lives of Plants? 519
Where Did the Fungi Come From? 519
Study Outline with Key Terms 520
Review and Thought Questions 520
Selected Readings 521
22 HOW DID PLANTS ADAPT
TO DRY LAND? 522
The Loves of Plants 522
HOW DID PLANTS ADAPT TO LIFE ON LAND? 524
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages
of Life on Land? 524
What Is Alteration of Generations? 525
How Are Vascular Plants Different from
Nonvascular Plants? 525
How Do We Know About the Evolution of Plants? 526
What Does the Fossil Record Tell Us About the
Evolution of Plants? 527
How Did Angiosperms Evolve? 529
THE NONVASCULAR PLANTS, OR BRYOPHYTES,
INCLUDE MOSSES, LIVERWORTS, AND
HORNWORTS 529
How Do Bryophytes Absorb Water? 529
How Do Bryophytes Reproduce? 530
THE VASCULAR PLANTS, OR TRACHEOPHYTES,
INCLUDE SEED PLANTS AND SEEDLESS PLANTS 531
Of What Advantage Is a Transport System to a Plant? 531
How Do Vascular Plants Reproduce and Disperse? 531
Four Divisions of Tracheophytes Lack Seeds 532
How Do Seed Plants Reproduce? 533
Gymnosperms: Four Divisions of Seed Plants
Without Flowers 534
THE ANGIOSPERMS ARE SEED PLANTS WITH
FLOWERS AND FRUIT 536
Of What Use Are Flowers? 536
Of What Use Are Fruits? 537
How Do Angiosperms Reproduce? 537
What Are the Parts of a Flower? 537
Study Outline with Key Terms 538
Review and Thought Questions 539
Selected Readings 539
23 PROTOSTOME ANIMALS: MOST ANIMALS
FORM MOUTH FIRST 540
Progress, Controversy, and the Burgess Shale 540
WHAT IS AN ANIMAL? 543
What Features Characterize the Animals? 543
How Do Zoologists Classify the Animals? 544
THE PARAZOA HAVE NO ORGANS 548
RADIALLY SYMMETRICAL ACOELOMATES 549
Cnidarians 549
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies) 551
BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL ACOELOMATES 551
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) 551
Nemertea (Ribbon Worms) 553
S E Georgia/Animals Animals
xxiv CONTENTS
BOX 23-1 The origin of feces 554
ASCHELMINTHS 554
Nematodes (Roundworms) 555
PROTOSTOME COELOMATES 555
How Do Proiostomes Differ from Deuterostomes? 556
Mollusks Share a Common Body Plan 556
What Do All Annelids Have in Common? 559
Why Are Arthropods So Successful? 562
How Do Biologists Classify Arthropods? 563
Study Outline with Key Terms 566
Review and Thought Questions 567
Selected Reading? 567
24 DEUTEROSTOME ANIMALS:
ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES 568
Are We Upside Down? 568
DEUTEROSTOME COELOMATES 571
Echinoderms 572
Arrow Worms and Acorn Worms 573
What Traits Characterize the Chordates? 573
What Have We in Common with Tunicates? 574
What Have We in Common with Cephalochordates? 574
What Distinguishes the Vertebrates from Other Chordates? 575
Agnatha Have No Jaws 576
Placoderms, Now Extinct, Were Armored Fish with Jaws 576
Chondrichthyes Are Fish with Cartilaginous Skeletons 576
Osteichthyes Are Fish with Bony Skeletons 577
VERTEBRATES NEED SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS
FOR LIFE ON LAND 577
Amphibians Are Terrestrial Animals Thai Begin
Their Lives in Water 579
BOX 24-1- Why are amphibians disappearing? 581
Reptiles Can Live Their Entire Lives,on Land 582
How Do Terrestrial Vertebrates Regulate Body
Temperature? 584
What Distinguishes the Birds from the Reptiles? 584
What Distinguishes the Mammals? 585
Study Outline with Key Terms 587
Review and Thought Questions 588
Selected Readings 588
V Ecology 589
25 ECOSYSTEMS 590
Gaia: Is the Biosphere an Organic Entity? 590
WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM? 593
HOW DOES ENERGY FLOW THROUGH
ECOSYSTEMS? 594
What Are Trophic Levels? 595
Describing an Ecosystem 595
BOX 25-1 Measuring photosynthesis in a pond 597
Energy Is Continually Dissipated in an Ecosystem 597
NASA
HOW DO ECOSYSTEMS RECYCLE MATERIALS? 600
What Drives the Water Cycle? 600
Carbon Cycles Through Earth, Air, Organisms, and Oceans 601
Why Is Nitrogen Both Common and in Short Supply? 603
Why Do Organisms Cling to Phosphorus Atoms? 604
Study Outline with Key Terms 606
Review and Thought Questions 606
Selected Readings 607
26 COMMUNITIES: HOW DO
SPECIES INTERACT? 608
Volcano: An Ecosystem Is Destroyed 608
ARE COMMUNITIES REAL? 609
HOW DO SPECIES IN A COMMUNITY
INTERACT? 612
Who Eats Whom? 612
How Do Plants and Animals Defend Themselves? 6J2
Symbiosis: How Do Organisms Live Together? 614
Do Organisms Coevolve? 615
How Does Competition Affect Organisms? 615
What Determines How Many Species an Ecosystem
Can Sustain? 618
SUCCESSION: COMMUNITIES UNDERGO CHANGES
OVER TIME 619
What Is Succession? 619
BOX 26-1 Succession on a corpse 620
|
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| id | DE-604.BV019592589 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:01:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 003072046x |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2003115773 |
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| physical | Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Tobin, Allan J. Verfasser aut Asking about life Allan J. Tobin ; Jennie Dusheck Forth Worth [u.a.] Saunders College Publ. [u.a.] 1998 Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes index. biologija - slike - pestrost življenja - biološka pestrost rastlinstvo živalstvo Dusheck, Jennie Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012929292&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Tobin, Allan J. Dusheck, Jennie Asking about life biologija - slike - pestrost življenja - biološka pestrost rastlinstvo živalstvo |
| title | Asking about life |
| title_auth | Asking about life |
| title_exact_search | Asking about life |
| title_full | Asking about life Allan J. Tobin ; Jennie Dusheck |
| title_fullStr | Asking about life Allan J. Tobin ; Jennie Dusheck |
| title_full_unstemmed | Asking about life Allan J. Tobin ; Jennie Dusheck |
| title_short | Asking about life |
| title_sort | asking about life |
| topic | biologija - slike - pestrost življenja - biološka pestrost rastlinstvo živalstvo |
| topic_facet | biologija - slike - pestrost življenja - biološka pestrost rastlinstvo živalstvo |
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