Pharmaceuticals in the environment: sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2004
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXI, 527 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 3540213422 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pharmaceuticals in the environment |b sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables |c Klaus Kümmerer (ed.) |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XXXI, 527 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Drugs |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltbelastung |0 (DE-588)4061619-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Umweltbelastung |0 (DE-588)4061619-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kümmerer, Klaus |d 1959- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)118066382 |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012848084&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804132831158337536 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Part I Introduction .............................................................. 1
1 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment -
Scope of the Book and Introduction....................................... 3
1.1 Pharmaceuticals - A Highly Diverse Group of Chemicals
with Special Properties....................................................... 3
1.2 Use and Input into the Environment ......................................... 4
1.3 Occurrence and Fate in the Environment .................................... 6
1.4 Effects ....................................................................... 7
1.5 Resistance.................................................................... 8
1.6 Risk and Risk Management .................................................. 8
1.7 Conclusion................................................................... 9
References .................................................................. 10
2 Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals
Related to Environmental Fate............................................ 13
2.1 Introduction ................................................................ 13
2.2 Solid State Chemistry of Pharmaceuticals................................... 13
2.3 Metabolism ................................................................. 14
2.4 Molecular Structure......................................................... 16
2.5 Ionisation ................................................................... 18
2.6 Dissociation Constant....................................................... 18
2.7 Octanol/Water Distribution Coefficient ..................................... 19
2.8 Sludge Sorption/Desorption (Kbiomass or Kp) ................................ 20
References .................................................................. 23
Part II Use and Occurence of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment.......... 25
3 Emissions from Medical Care Units ....................................... 27
3.1 Introduction ................................................................ 27
3.2 Cytostatic Agents ........................................................... 27
3.3 Antibiotics .................................................................. 29
3.4 Disinfectants ................................................................ 31
3.5 Anaesthetics ................................................................ 32
3.6 AOX (Adsorbable Organic Halogen Compounds) ........................... 33
3.7 Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media ............................................ 35
XIV Contents
3.8 Emissions from Clinical Chemical Laboratories ............................ 37
3.9 Heavy Metals................................................................ 38
3.9.1 Platinum ............................................................. 38
3.9.2 Mercury .............................................................. 39
3.9.3 Gadolinium .......................................................... 40
References .................................................................. 41
4 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Changes in the Presence
and Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use in Italy ........ 45
4.1 Introduction ................................................................ 45
4.2 Materials and Methods...................................................... 45
4.2.1 Method of Analysis................................................... 47
4.3 Results and Discussion...................................................... 50
References .................................................................. 53
5 Environmental Exposure of Antibiotics in
Wastewaters, Sewage Sludges and Surface Waters in Switzerland ..... 55
5.1 Introduction ................................................................ 55
5.2 Fluoroquinolones ........................................................... 57
5.3 Macrolides .................................................................. 61
5.4 On-going and Future Research.............................................. 64
Acknowledgements ......................................................... 65
References .................................................................. 65
6 Pharmaceuticals in the Canadian Environment.......................... 67
6.1 Overview.................................................................... 67
6.2 Pharmaceuticals Investigated in the Canadian Environment................ 68
6.2.1 Therapeutic Uses..................................................... 68
6.2.2 Therapeutic Pharmaceutical Sales in Canada ........................ 71
6.3 Sources of PhACs ........................................................... 72
6.4 Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in the Canadian Environment.............. 73
6.4.1 Sewage ............................................................... 73
6.4.2 Surface Water ........................................................ 76
6.4.3 Drinking Water....................................................... 82
6.5 Regulatory Framework...................................................... 85
6.6 Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................ 86
Acknowledgements ......................................................... 87
References .................................................................. 87
7 Occurrence of Human Pharmaceuticals in
Water Resources of the United States: A Review ......................... 91
7.1 Introduction ................................................................ 91
7.2 Environmental Contaminant Monitoring in
Water Resources of the United States........................................ 92
7.3 Environmental Occurrence Studies of Pharmaceuticals in
Water Resources of the United States................................ 94
Contents XV
7.3.1 Local Studies ......................................................... 94
7.3.2 Regional and National Studies ....................................... 99
7.4 Summary .................................................................. 102
References ................................................................. 102
8 Strategies for Selecting Pharmaceuticals to Assess Attenuation
During Indirect Potable Water Reuse .................................... 107
8.1 Introduction ............................................................... 107
8.2 Quantification of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Effluent ................. 108
8.3 Predicting Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Effluent..... 112
8.4 Attenuation of Pharmaceuticals of Interest ................................ 113
8.4.1 Surface Waters....................................................... 114
8.4.2 Groundwater ........................................................ 115
8.5 Other Pharmaceuticals and Wastewater-Derived Contaminants ........... 116
8.6 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research .................. 116
References ................................................................. 118
9 Residues of Clofibric Acid, Ibuprofen and Diclofenac in the
Aquatic Environment and their Elimination in Sewage Treatment
and Drinking Water Production.......................................... 121
9.1 Introduction ............................................................... 121
9.2 Clofibric Acid, Ibuprofen and Diclofenac in Sewage Water Treatment ...... 124
9.3 Clofibric Acid, Ibuprofen and Diclofenac in Drinking Water Treatment ___ 128
9.4 Future Research Needs ..................................................... 130
References ................................................................. 130
10 Drugs in Municipal Landfills and Landfill Leachates ................... 133
10.1 Introduction ............................................................... 133
10.2 Drugs in Landfill Leachates ................................................ 133
10.3 Analysis of Drugs in Landfill Leachate ..................................... 134
10.3.1 Analysis of Propyphenazone, Aminopyrine and Antipyrine
(Ahel and felicic 2001) .............................................. 134
10.3.2 Procedure of Breidenich (Breidenich 2003) ......................... 135
10.3.3 Procedure of Schneider et al. (2001) ................................. 135
10.4 Discussion ................................................................. 136
References ................................................................. 136
11 Antibiotics in Soil: Routes of Entry, Environmental Concentrations,
Fate and Possible Effects ................................................. 139
11.1 Introduction ............................................................... 139
11.2 Routes of Entry for Antibiotics into Soil ................................... 139
11.3 Environmental Concentrations ............................................ 141
11.3.1 Antibiotics in Sediments ............................................ 141
11.3.2 Antibiotics in Soil ................................................... 141
11.4 Fate of Antibiotics in Soil .................................................. 143
11.5 Possible Effects of Antibiotics in Soil....................................... 144
XVI Contents
11.6 Summary and Outlook..................................................... 145
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 146
References ................................................................. 146
12 Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the United States................ 149
12.1 Introduction ............................................................... 149
12.2 Regulation ................................................................. 149
12.3 Veterinary Drugs and Food Additives Use in Food Animals................ 151
12.3.1 Poultry .............................................................. 152
12.3.2 Beef Production ..................................................... 152
12.3.3 Dairy Cattle ......................................................... 153
12.3.4 Swine................................................................ 153
12.3.5 Aquaculture (Fish and Shellfish) .................................... 154
12.4 Conclusions ................................................................ 154
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 154
References ................................................................. 154
13 Use and Environmental Occurrence of
Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in United States Agriculture .............. 155
13.1 Introduction ............................................................... 155
13.2 Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals ......................................... 155
13.3 Environmental Occurrence of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals ................ 156
13.3.1 Occurrence of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in
Animal Feeding Operations ......................................... 157
13.3.2 Degradation of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Manure and Soil .... 158
13.3.3 Occurrence of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in
Surface Water and Groundwater..................................... 158
13.4 Effects of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals...................................... 159
13.5 Conclusions ................................................................ 160
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 161
References ................................................................. 161
14 Fate of Veterinary Medicines Applied to Soils .......................... 165
14.1 Introduction ............................................................... 165
14.2 Releases to the Environment ............................................... 166
14.2.1 Persistence in Manure and Slurry ................................... 166
14.3 Fate in Soil ................................................................. 167
14.3.1 Sorption in Soil ..................................................... 167
14.3.2 Persistence in Soil ................................................... 169
14.3.3 Dissipation in Field ................................................. 171
14.4 Transport from Soils to Water Bodies ...................................... 172
14.4.1 Overland Flow....................................................... 172
14.4.2 Drainflow .......................................................... 173
14.4.3 Leaching ............................................................ 173
14.5 Fate in Surface Waters........................................ 174
14.6 Summary and Recommendations .......................................... 176
Contents XVII
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 178
References ................................................................. 178
Part III Fate and Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment ........... 181
15 Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants:
Modelling Distribution and Fate......................................... 183
15.1 Introduction ............................................................... 183
15.2 Data Evaluation ............................................................ 183
15.3 Generic Model ............................................................. 185
15.4 Regional Model ............................................................ 189
15.5 Site Specific Models ........................................................ 193
15.6 Discussion and Conclusions ............................................... 193
References ................................................................. 194
16 Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Invertebrates -
The Example of Carbamazepine and Clofibric Acid ..................... 195
16.1 Introduction ............................................................... 195
16.2 Materials and Methods..................................................... 197
16.3 Results and Discussion..................................................... 199
16.3.1 Acute Tests .......................................................... 199
16.3.2 Life-Cycle-Test and Reproduction Tests ............................. 200
16.3.3 Sediments in Further Research on Pharmaceuticals ................. 206
References ................................................................. 207
17 What Do We Know about Antibiotics in the Environment? ............. 209
17.1 Introduction ............................................................... 209
17.2 Use, Emission and Occurrence of Antibiotics in the Environment ......... 209
17.2.1 Wastewater, Surface Water and Groundwater ........................ 210
17.2.2 Sewage Sludge, Soil and Sediment ................................... 211
17.3 Fate of Antibiotics in the Environment..................................... 212
17.3.1 Elimination ......................................................... 212
17.4 Effects on the Environment ................................................ 214
17.4.1 Wastewater and Sewage System ..................................... 214
17.4.2 Surface Water ....................................................... 215
17.4.3 Soil and Sediments .................................................. 217
17.5 Conclusion ................................................................. 218
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 218
References ................................................................. 218
18 Resistance in the Environment .......................................... 223
18.1 Antibiotics, Bacteria and Resistance ....................................... 223
18.2 Sources for Antibiotics and Resistance in the Environment ................ 226
18.3 Input of Resistant Bacteria into the Environment .......................... 228
18.4 Conclusion ................................................................. 230
References ................................................................. 230
XVIII Contents
19 Effects of Ethinyloestradiol and Methyltestosterone in
Prosobranch Snails ....................................................... 233
19.1 Introduction ............................................................... 233
19.2 Materials and Methods..................................................... 234
19.3 Results and Discussion..................................................... 235
19.3-1 Effects on Females at Concentrations from 0.1 to 1 ug T1 ............ 235
19.3.2 Effects on Males at Concentrations from 0.1 to 1 ug 1 .............. 240
19.3.3 Effects of EE2 at Concentrations from 1 to 100 ng 1 ................. 240
19.3.4 Synopsis of Effects Data for EE2 and MT in Marisa cornuarietis..... 245
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 246
References ................................................................. 246
Part IV Risk Assessment and Risk Management ............................. 249
20 Risk Assessment of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment .......... 251
20.1 Introduction ............................................................... 251
20.2 Definitions ................................................................. 251
20.3 Global Approach ........................................................... 255
20.3.1 Assessment Endpoints .............................................. 255
20.3.2 Determination of Exposures and Effects ............................ 256
20.3.3 Determination of Acceptable Level in Environment -
Example of an Application: Determination of Safe Levels
for PAHs in Urban Sewage Sludges .................................. 258
20.4 Specific Approach .......................................................... 263
20.5 Conclusion: Application to Pharmaceuticals ............................... 266
References ................................................................. 267
21 Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for
Human Use: Aspects of Its Regulations in the European Union,
Canada and United States................................................ 269
21.1 Introduction ............................................................... 269
21.2 Regulations in the United States ........................................... 271
21.2.1 Categorical Exclusion (CE) .......................................... 272
21.2.2 Environmental Assessment (EA) .................................... 273
21.2.3 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) ............................. 273
21.2.4 The Retrospective Review of Ecotoxicological Data by the
United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
and the Final Rule ................................................... 273
21.3 Regulations in the European Union ........................................ 275
21.3.1 The Notes for Guidance ............................................. 275
21.3.2 General Principles for Environmental Risk Assessment of
Medicinal Products in the European Union ......................... 276
21.4 Canada..................................................................... 277
21.5 The Action Limits .......................................................... 278
21.5.1 United States ........................................................ 278
21.5.2 The European Union ............................................... 279
Contents XIX
21.6 The Format and Reporting of Marketing Applications and
Suggested Safety Measures in the European Union......................... 281
21.6.1 The Environmental Risk Assessment Report ........................ 281
21.6.2 Suggested Safety Measures in the European Union .................. 281
21.7 Substances Used in Medicinal Products which Destroy the Ozone Layer:
The Perspectives in the European Union ................................... 282
21.7.1 Solvents ............................................................. 282
21.7.2 Development of CFC Replacements ................................. 283
21.7.3 European Strategy for Phase-Out of CFC in MDIs ................... 284
21.7.4 Criteria for Determining When Sufficient Alternatives
Are Available ........................................................ 286
21.7.5 Education Programme and Post-Marketing Surveillance ............ 286
21.7.6 Final Remarks on CFCs ............................................. 287
References ................................................................. 287
22 Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the EU -
A Regulatory Perspective ................................................ 289
22.1 Human and Veterinary Medicinal Products ................................ 289
22.2 The EU Guidance Document on the Environmental Risk Assessment of
Medicinal Products for Human Use ........................................ 290
22.2.1 Scope and Structure of the
Draft Guidance Document CPMP/SWP/4447/00 .................... 291
22.2.2 PECinitiai and the Market Penetration Factor......................... 292
22.2.3 Base Data Set ........................................................ 293
22.2.4 Decision Criteria .................................................... 294
22.2.5 Risk Characterisation ............................................... 295
22.2.6 Hazard Identification and Subsequent Risk Characterisation ....... 296
22.2.7 PEC Refinement ..................................................... 297
22.2.8 Outcome ............................................................ 298
22.3 Veterinary Medicinal Products............................................. 299
22.3.1 Phase I of the Environmental Risk Assessment for
Veterinary Medicinal Products ...................................... 300
22.3.2 Phase II of the Environmental Risk Assessment for
Veterinary Medicinal Products ...................................... 302
22.4 Feed Additives ............................................................. 307
22.5 Immunological Products for Veterinary Use ............................... 308
22.6 Medicinal Products Containing or Consisting of
Genetically Modified Organisms ........................................... 308
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 309
References ................................................................. 309
23 The ECO-SHADOW Concept -
A New Way of Following Environmental Impacts of Antimicrobials ... 311
23.1 General Introduction ...................................................... 311
23.2 The ECO-SHADOW Concept .............................................. 312
23.3 Influences of Antibiotics on Environmental Ecosystems ................... 313
XX Contents
23.4 Future Tasks ............................................................... 315
References ................................................................. 315
24 A Data-based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of
Human Pharmaceuticals I - Collation of Available Ecotoxicity Data ... 317
24.1 Introduction ............................................................... 317
24.2 Methods ................................................................... 317
24.3 Results ..................................................................... 317
24.3.1 Acute Ecotoxicity Data .............................................. 317
24.3.2 Chronic Ecotoxicity Data............................................ 333
24.4 Discussion ................................................................. 335
24.5 Conclusions ................................................................ 340
References ................................................................. 340
Appendix .................................................................. 343
25 A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of
Human Pharmaceuticals II - Aquatic Risk Characterisation ............ 345
25a Introduction ............................................................... 345
25.2 Methodology............................................................... 347
25.3 Results ..................................................................... 348
25.4 Discussion ................................................................. 354
25.5 Conclusions ................................................................ 358
References ................................................................. 359
26 A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of
Human Pharmaceuticals III - Indirect Human Exposure................ 363
26.1 Introduction ............................................................... 363
26.2 Methodology............................................................... 363
26.3 Results ..................................................................... 364
26.4 Discussion ................................................................. 364
26.5 Conclusions................................................................ 370
References ................................................................. 370
27 Plasma Concentrations of Human Pharmaceuticals as
Predictors of Pharmacological Responses in Fish....................... 373
27.1 Introduction ............................................................... 373
27.2 Experimental .............................................................. 374
27.2a Model Description .................................................. 374
27.2.2 Experimental Validation of Uptake .................................. 375
27.2.3 Analytical Methodology............................................. 375
27.3 Result and Discussion...................................................... 376
27.3.1 Model Analysis ...................................................... 376
27.3.2 Experimental Validation............................................. 379
27.3.3 Tier Testing Strategy ................................................ 381
27.3.4 Mixtures ............................................................ 382
27.4 Conclusions ................................................................ 383
References ................................................................. 385
Contents XXI
28 Using (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationships in
Pharmaceutical Risk Assessment ........................................ 387
28.1 Introduction ............................................................... 387
28.2 Types of SAR............................................................... 387
28.3 Use of (Q)SAR ............................................................. 388
28.4 Conclusion ................................................................. 389
References ................................................................. 389
29 Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from
Contaminated Raw Water Sources by Membrane Filtration ............ 391
29.1 Introduction ............................................................... 391
29.2 Mobile Drinking Water Purification Units (MDWPUs) ..................... 392
29.3 Experimental Details....................................................... 393
29.3.1 Specifications of the Tested MDWPUs ............................... 393
29.3.2 Description of the First Field Site at the Teltowkanal ................ 397
29.3.3 Description of the Second Field Site and Experimental Design...... 399
29.3.4 Sample Storage and Analysis ........................................ 400
29.4 Results and Discussion..................................................... 400
29.4.1 Results from the First Field-Trial at the
Teltowkanal in Berlin, Germany ..................................... 400
29.4.2 Results from the Second Field-Trial at the
Sewage Treatment Plant in Ruhleben (Berlin, Germany) ............ 401
29.5 Conclusions and Future Applications of MDWPUs......................... 407
29.6 Summary and Outlook..................................................... 407
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 408
References ................................................................. 409
30 Potential Environmental Risks by Cleaning Hair and Skin
Eco-Label - A Possibility to Reduce Exposure to Personal Care Products ......... 411
30.1 Introduction ............................................................... 411
30.1.1 Availability of Data .................................................. 411
30.1.2 Definitions .......................................................... 411
30.1.3 Shampoos, Shower Gels and Foam Baths (SSBs) .................... 412
30.1.4 Legislation .......................................................... 413
30.2 Formulations of SSBs ...................................................... 413
30.2.1 Functions of Ingredients ............................................ 413
30.2.2 Cosmetic Frame Formulations ...................................... 415
30.2.3 Step-Wise Approach for Selection of Ingredients of SSBs for
Further Consideration .............................................. 415
30.2.4 Lists of Ingredients on the Product Container ....................... 416
30.2.5 Characterisation of Ingredients ..................................... 417
30.2.6 Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Ingredients .......................... 418
30.2.7 Preliminary Risk Assessment of Ingredients ........................ 421
30.3 Eco-Labelling .............................................................. 422
30.3.1 General Considerations ............................................. 422
30.3.2 Eco-Labelling for SSBs .............................................. 425
30.4 Summary and Outlook..................................................... 426
XXII Contents
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 427
References ................................................................. 427
Part V Need for Further Research............................................. 429
31 Risks Related to the Discharge of Pharmaceuticals
in the Environment: Further Research Is Needed .......................431
31.1 Introduction ...............................................................431
31.2 Drugs in the Environment ................................................. 432
31.3 Assessment of Environmental Risk ........................................ 432
31.3.1 Predicted Environmental Concentrations ........................... 432
31.3.2 Predicted No-Effect Concentrations ................................. 433
31.3.3 PEC/PNEC Comparison ............................................. 433
31.4 Need for Further Research ................................................. 433
31.4.1 Uncertainty in Refining PEC
(Need to Assess the Environmental Fate of the Pharmaceuticals) ... 433
31.4.2 Uncertainty in Refining PNEC
(Need for Standard Toxicity Tests on Environmental Organisms) ... 435
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 437
References ................................................................. 437
32 Methodological Aspects Concerning the Environmental
Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products - Research Challenges.......439
32.1 Introduction ............................................................... 439
32.2 Protection Goals ........................................................... 440
32.3 Research Challenges ....................................................... 442
32.3.1 Veterinary Medicines: Protection Goals and Risk Models ...........444
32.3.2 Human Medicines: Protection Goals and Risk Models ..............447
32.4 Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water:
A Comparison of Human and Environmental Risk Assessment ............448
32.5 Discussion ................................................................. 455
Acknowledgements ........................................................ 456
References ................................................................. 456
33 PPCPs in the Environment:
Future Research - Beginning with the End Always in Mind ............463
33.1 Introduction and Background ............................................. 463
33.2 PPCPs as Emerging Pollutants?........................................... 464
33.3 Drivers and Outcomes -
A Perspective from a Regulatory Agency (US EPA)......................... 465
33.4 The Logic Model - Beginning with the End Always in Mind ............... 465
33.5 Drivers, Gaps, Needs, and Outcomes ....................................... 466
33.6 Science Drivers ............................................................ 467
33.7 Research and Development ................................................ 467
33.8 Supporting Data ........................................................... 468
33.9 Outcomes .................................................................. 468
Contents XXIII
33.10 Overarching Issues and Generalisations................................... 471
33.11 Summary of Specific Research/Knowledge Needs, Gaps,
Uncertainties, Questions, and Issues ...................................... 474
33.12 Needs and Gaps ........................................................... 475
33.12.1 Research Coordination ........................................... 475
33.12.2 Sources/Origins .................................................. 476
33.12.3 Occurrence ....................................................... 478
33.12.4 Fate and Transport ............................................... 479
33.12.5 Hydrology ........................................................ 480
33.12.6 Toxicology ........................................................ 482
33.12.7 Analytical Chemistry ............................................. 485
33.12.8 Monitoring ....................................................... 485
33.12.9 Environmental Stewardship ...................................... 487
33.12.10 Engineering ...................................................... 488
33.12.11 Risk Assessment/Regulation ...................................... 489
33.12.12 Communication of Risk .......................................... 490
33.12.13 Public Outreach .................................................. 491
33.12.14 Fostering New Research and Research Planning .................. 491
33.12.15 Summary - and the Future ....................................... 492
33.12.16 Notice ............................................................ 493
References................................................................. 493
Part VI Conclusion ............................................................. 497
34 Conclusion ............................................................... 499
34.1 General Remarks .......................................................... 499
34.2 Use Patterns ............................................................... 499
34.3 Analytical Data............................................................ 500
34-4 Fate and Effects ........................................................... 500
34.5 Risk Assessment and Risk Management ................................... 502
34.6 Summary.................................................................. 503
Subject Index .................................................................. 505
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)118066382 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019385162 |
| classification_rvk | VN 9280 WK 8700 |
| classification_tum | UMW 188f UMW 175f UMW 160f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)231991454 (DE-599)BVBBV019385162 |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Biologie Umwelt |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1999 Freiburg im Breisgau gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 1999 Freiburg im Breisgau |
| id | DE-604.BV019385162 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:59:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540213422 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012848084 |
| oclc_num | 231991454 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-210 DE-29 DE-Er8 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-210 DE-29 DE-Er8 |
| physical | XXXI, 527 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pharmaceuticals in the environment sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables Klaus Kümmerer (ed.) 2. ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2004 XXXI, 527 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umwelt Drugs Environmental aspects Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd rswk-swf Arzneimittel (DE-588)4003115-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1999 Freiburg im Breisgau gnd-content Arzneimittel (DE-588)4003115-9 s Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 s DE-604 Kümmerer, Klaus 1959- Sonstige (DE-588)118066382 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012848084&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pharmaceuticals in the environment sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables Umwelt Drugs Environmental aspects Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd Arzneimittel (DE-588)4003115-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061619-8 (DE-588)4003115-9 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Pharmaceuticals in the environment sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables |
| title_auth | Pharmaceuticals in the environment sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables |
| title_exact_search | Pharmaceuticals in the environment sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables |
| title_full | Pharmaceuticals in the environment sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables Klaus Kümmerer (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Pharmaceuticals in the environment sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables Klaus Kümmerer (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pharmaceuticals in the environment sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables Klaus Kümmerer (ed.) |
| title_short | Pharmaceuticals in the environment |
| title_sort | pharmaceuticals in the environment sources fate effects and risks with 77 tables |
| title_sub | sources, fate, effects and risks ; with 77 tables |
| topic | Umwelt Drugs Environmental aspects Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd Arzneimittel (DE-588)4003115-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelt Drugs Environmental aspects Umweltbelastung Arzneimittel Konferenzschrift 1999 Freiburg im Breisgau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012848084&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kummererklaus pharmaceuticalsintheenvironmentsourcesfateeffectsandriskswith77tables |