An introduction to physical geography and the environment:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Harlow ; Munich [u.a.]
Pearson Prentice Hall
2005
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 664 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0131217615 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to physical geography and the environment |c ed. by Joseph Holden |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Physical geography |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Physical geography and the environment |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Harlow ; Munich [u.a.] |b Pearson Prentice Hall |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 664 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Fysische geografie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Géographie physique | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Milieugeologie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Physical geography | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Holden, Joseph |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012825963&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804132797063888896 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Preface xii
List of contributors xviii
Acknowledgements xix
Publisher s acknowledgements xx
Part I The role of physical
geography 1
1 Approaching physical geography 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Historical development of physical geography 4
1.2.1 Physical geography before 1800 4
1.2.2 Physical geography between 1800 and
1950 5
1.2.3 Physical geography since 1950 8
1.3 The scientific method 10
1.3.1 The positivist method 10
1.3.2 Critique of the positivist method 11
1.3.3 Realism as an alternative positivist
approach 12
1.3.4 Moving away from a single method in
physical geography? 12
1.4 The field, the model and the laboratory 13
1.4.1 Approaching fieldwork 13
1.4.2 Approaching numerical modelling 15
1.4.3 Approaching laboratory work 18
1.5 Using physical geography for managing the
environment 19
1.6 Summary 22
Further reading 23
Web resources 23
Part II Ciimrir • • ....! ; ;, ~t ¦ i ¦¦ ¦. .¦¦, 25
2 Atmospheric processes 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 The basics of climate 28
2.3 Radiative and energy systems 30
2.3.1 The nature of energy 30
2.3.2 Distinguishing between temperature and
heat 31
2.3.3 Radiation 31
2.3.4 The atmospheric energy balance 37
2.4 Moisture circulation systems 37
2.4.1 Moisture in the atmosphere and the
hydrological cycle 37
2.4.2 Global distribution of precipitation and
evaporation 38
2.4.3 The influence of vegetation on
evaporation 38
2.5 Motion in the atmosphere 40
2.5.1 Convective overturning 40
2.5.2 The Earth s rotation and the winds 42
2.5.3 Rossby waves 42
2.5.4 Jet streams 44
2.6 The influence of oceans and ice on atmospheric
processes 46
2.7 Inter annual climate variability 46
2.7.1 El Nino Southern Oscillation 47
2.7.2 North Atlantic Oscillation 48
2.8 Interactions between radiation, atmospheric trace
gases and clouds 49
2.8.1 The greenhouse effect 49
2.8.2 A simple climate model of the enhanced
greenhouse effect 51
2.8.3 Radiative interactions with clouds and
sulphate aerosols 51
2.9 Summary 53
Further reading 54
Web resources 54 V
Contents
3 Global climates 56
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 General controls of global climates 57
3.3 The tropics and subtropics 61
3.3.1 Equatorial regions 61
3.3.2 The Sahel and desert margins 69
3.3.3 Subtropical deserts 69
3.3.4 Humid subtropics 70
3.4 Mid and high latitude climates 72
3.4.1 Mid latitude western continental
margins 75
3.4.2 Mid latitude east continental margins and
continental interiors 75
3.5 Polar climates 77
3.6 Summary 78
Further reading 79
Web resources 79
4 Regional and local climates 80
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 Altitude and topography 81
4.2.1 Pressure 83
4.2.2 Temperature 83
4.2.3 Wind 85
4.2.4 Precipitation 86
4.2.5 Frost hollows 90
4.3 Influence of water bodies 90
4.4 Human influences 92
4.4.1 Shelter belts 92
4.4.2 Urban climates 93
4.5 Summary 95
Further reading 96
Web resources 96
5 Plate tectonics 97
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 The Earth s structure 98
5.2.1 The interior of the Earth 98
5.2.2 The outer layers of the Earth 98
5.3 History of plate tectonics 99
5.3.1 Early ideas of global tectonics 99
5.3.2 Evidence which led directly to plate tectonic
theory 100
5.4 The theory of plate tectonics 103
5.4.1 Lithospheric plates 103
5.4.2 Rates of plate movement 104
5.5 Structural features related directly to motion of the
plates 104
5.5.1 Divergent plate boundaries 104
5.5.2 Transform faults 107
5.5.3 Convergent plate boundaries 107
5.5.4 Hot spots 112
5.6 The history of the continents 114
5.7 Summary 115
Further reading 116
Web resources 116
6 Oceans 118
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 The ocean basins 119
6.2.1 The scale of the oceans 119
6.2.2 Geological structure of the ocean
basins 119
6.2.3 The depth and shape of the ocean
basins 120
6.3 Physical properties of the ocean 121
6.3.1 Salinity 121
6.3.2 Temperature structure of the oceans 122
6.4 Ocean circulation 123
6.4.1 Surface currents 123
6.4.2 The deep currents of the oceans 124
6.4.3 The weather of the ocean 125
6.5 Sediments in the ocean 126
6.6 Biological productivity 128
6.6.1 Photosynthesis in the ocean 128
6.6.2 Importance of nutrient supply to primary
productivity 129
6.6.3 Animals of the sea 132
6.6.4 Pollution 136
6.7 Summary 138
Further reading 139
Web resources 139
Part III Soils, biogeography and
ecology 141
7 Soil and the environment 143
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 The components of soil 144
7.2.1 Mineral particles 144
7.2.2 Soil organic matter 144
7.2.3 Soil water 145
7 2.4 Soil air 146
7.3 Soil profile 147
7.4 Soil formation processes 149
7.4.1 Pedogenesis 149
7.4.2 Factors affecting soil formation 151
7.5 Physical properties of soil 157
7.5.1 Soil colour 157
7.5.2 Soil texture 157
7.5.3 Soil structure 160
7.6 Chemical properties of soil 161
7.6.1 Clay minerals and cation exchange 161
7.6.2 Soil acidity 163
7.7 Impact of human activities on soils and soil
processes 165
7.7.1 Soil erosion 166
7.7.2 Soil acidification 167
7.7.3 Soil pollution 169
7.7.4 Other threats 170
7.7.5 Policy and legislation 171
7.8 Summary 172
Further reading 173
Web resources 174
8 The biosphere 175
8.1 Introduction 175
8.2 Functions and processes within the biosphere 176
8.2.1 Characteristics 177
8.2.2 Major factors producing regions within the
biosphere 177
8.2.3 The major biogeographical realms 178
8.3 The tropical biomes 179
8.3.1 Equatorial and tropical forests 179
8.3.2 Savanna 185
8.3.3 Hot deserts 187
8.4 The temperate biomes 189
8.4.1 The Mediterranean/chaparral biome 189
8.4.2 Temperate grasslands 192
8.4.3 Temperate deciduous forest 193
8.4.4 Southern hemisphere, evergreen temperate
forest 194
8.5 The cold biomes 194
8.5.1 Taiga 194
8.5.2 Tundra 196
8.6 Mountain biomes 200
8.7 Changing biomes 200
8.8 Summary 201
Further reading 202
Web resources 202
9 Biogeographical concepts 204
9.1 Introduction 204
9.2 Succession 205
9.2.1 The development of succession theory 206
Contents
9.3 Spatial patterns and processes 209
9.3.1 Global scale patterns 209
9.3.2 Small scale patterns 211
9.3.3 Landscape ecology 212
9.4 Temporal patterns and distributions 214
9.4.1 Geological time 214
9.4.2 Post glacial change 215
9.4.3 Migratory patterns 216
9.4.4 Alien introductions 216
9.5 Biogeographical modelling 218
9.5.1 Island biogeography 218
9.5.2 Species distribution modelling 219
9.6 Biogeography and environmental
management 220
9.7 Summary 223
Further reading 224
Web resources 224
10 Ecological processes 225
10.1 Introduction 225
10.2 The functions and characteristics of ecology 226
10.2.1 The ecosystem 226
10.2.2 The habitat 227
10.2.3 Populations 227
10.2.4 Ecological communities 228
10.2.5 Ecological functions 228
10.3 Ecological processes 229
10.3.1 Energy and nutrient flows 229
10.3.2 Bioaccumulation 231
10.4 Spatial patterns and distributions in ecology 232
10.4.1 The ecological niche 232
10.4.2 Competition 233
10.4.3 Life strategies 233
10.4.4 Biodiversity: patterns of species
richness 233
10.5 Temporal change in ecological patterns and
distributions 235
10.5.1 Succession 235
10.5.2 Human influence 237
10.5.3 Ecosystem fragility 239
10.6 Ecological processes and environmental
management 240
10.6.1 Conservation and sustainability 240
10.6.2 Climate change 243
10.6.3 Biosecurity 244
10.7 Summary 244
Further reading 245
Web resources 245
VII
P;:i:t I V Gec i nor pnci T . ;•. ¦•¦
(v ¦;. ;¦; . :.y 247
11 Hillslope processes and landscape
evolution 249
11.1 Introduction 249
11.2 Slope profiles 250
11.2.1 Slope length 250
11.2.2 Slope steepness 250
11.2.3 Slope convexity 252
11.3 Hillslope processes 252
11.3.1 Weathering processes 253
11.3.2 Transport processes 254
11.3.3 Chemical transport processes
(solution) 254
11.3.4 Physical transport processes 255
11.3.5 Biological mixing 261
11.3.6 Particle movements 262
11.3.7 The balance between erosion
processes 267
11.4 Evolution of hillslope profiles 268
11.4.1 Concepts 269
11.4.2 Models 272
11.4.3 Interpreting landscape form 275
11.5 Summary 277
Further reading 277
Web resources 277
12 Sediments and sedimentation 278
12.1 Introduction 278
12.2 Clastic sediments 279
12.2.1 Classification of clastic sediments 279
12.2.2 Clastic sediment grain shape and
texture 280
12.2.3 Sediment transport and
sedimentation 280
12.2.4 Products of sedimentation bedforms
284
12.3 Biological sediments 286
12.4 Chemical sediments 287
12.5 Sedimentation in Earth surface environments 288
12.5.1 Continental environments 289
12.5.2 Coastal and marine environments 290
12.6 Rates of sedimentation 292
12.7 Response of sedimentation to environmental
change 293
12.7.1 Dams 293
12.7.2 Mining 296
12.7.3 Urbanization 296
12.8 Summary 298
Further reading 298
Web resources 299
13 Catchment hydrology 300
13.1 Introduction 300
13.2 Measuring the main components of catchment
hydrology 301
13.2.1 Precipitation 301
13.2.2 River flow 305
13.2.3 Evapotranspiration 306
13.2.4 Soil water 306
13.2.5 Groundwater 307
13.3 Hillslope runoff pathways how water reaches
rivers and lakes 308
13.3.1 Infiltration excess overland flow 308
13.3.2 Saturation excess overland flow 310
13.3.3 Throughflow 310
13.4 River discharge, hydrographs and runoff
production processes 315
13.4.1 Stormflow 315
13.4.2 Flow frequency 317
13.4.3 River flow in drylands and glacial
regions 321
13.5 Impacts of environmental change on runoff
production 321
13.5.1 Case study: land drainage, hydrological
processes and river flow 323
13.6 Summary 325
Further reading 325
Web resources 326
14 Fluvial geomorphology and river
management 327
14.1 Introduction 327
14.2 Catchment processes: energy and materials for
rivers 328
14.2.1 Runoff, river regimes and floods 328
14.2.2 Sediment sources and delivery 329
14.3 River channel morphology: measuring rivers 330
14.3.1 Channel networks and slope 330
14.3.2 Channel cross section: width, depth 331
14.3.3 Channel planform 331
14.3.4 Channel boundary materials 333
14.4 River channel processes: understanding water and
sediment movement 333
14.4.1 Water flow and flow hydraulics 333
14.4.2 Sediment movement 334
14.5 River channels: linking channel processes and
morphology 336
14.5.1 Long profile 338
14.5.2 River channel cross sections 338
14.5.3 Channel planform 339
14.5.4 Channel bed morphology 340
14.6 River channel changes: rates and types of channel
adjustment 344
14.6.1 Cross sectional change 345
14.6.2 Planform change 346
14.6.3 Human induced change 348
14.7 Fluvial geomorphology and environmentally
sound river management: living and working with
nature 350
14.7.1 River management and the engineering
tradition 350
14.7.2 Living with rivers 351
14.7.3 River maintenance 352
14.7.4 Building new river channels 352
14.7.5 River restoration 353
14.8 Summary 353
Further reading 354
Web resources 355
15 Solutes 356
15.1 Introduction 356
15.2 Solute chemistry: some key points 357
15.2.1 Solute form 357
15.2.2 pH and redox potential 357
15.2.3 Temperature and pressure 357
15.2.4 The role of particulates 358
15.2.5 Solute fluxes 358
15.3 Solutes within the catchment hydrological
system 359
15.3.1 Precipitation 360
15.3.2 Evapotranspiration and evaporation 361
15.3.3 Interception 362
15.3.4 Soil 362
15.3.5 Groundwater 364
15.3.6 Rivers 364
15.3.7 Lakes and reservoirs 365
15.4 The role of hydrological pathways in solute
processes 366
15.5 Temporal patterns of solutes 368
15.5.1 Patterns of solutes in storm events: short
term changes 368
15.5.2 Annual patterns of solute
concentrations 370
15.5.3 Long term patterns of solute
concentrations 371
15.6 Spatial patterns of solutes 374
15.6.1 Global patterns of solutes 374
15.6.2 Regional patterns of solutes 374
15.7 Modelling solutes 378
15.7.1 Modelling solutes in catchments 378
15.7.2 Modelling solutes in watercourses 379
15.8 Summary 381
Further reading 381
Web resources 382
16 Dryland processes and
environments 383
16.1 Introduction 383
16.2 Aridity 384
16.2.1 Drylands 384
16.2.2 Causes of aridity 385
16.3 Dryland soil and vegetation systems 387
16.3.1 Dryland soils 387
16.3.2 Dryland vegetation 388
16.4 Geomorphological processes in drylands 389
16.4.1 Dryland landscapes 389
16.4.2 Rock weathering in drylands 390
16.4.3 Hillslope and channel processes 392
16.4.4 Aeolian processes and forms 394
16.5 Environmental change in drylands 399
16.6 Summary 403
Further reading 404
Web resources 404
17 Coasts 405
17.1 Introduction 405
17.2 The coastal zone 406
17.3 Coastal processes 407
17.3.1 Waves 407
17.3.2 Currents 414
17.4 Coastal landforms 415
17.4.1 Wave dominated coasts 415
17.4.2 Tide dominated coasts 423
17.4.3 River dominated coasts 425
17.5 Sea level change 428
17.6 Coastal management 429
17.6.1 Hard engineering 429
17.6.2 Soft approaches 433
17.7 Summary 434
Further reading 434
Web resources 435
IX
18 Glaciers and ice sheets 436
18.1 Introduction 436
18.2 Glaciology 437
18.2.1 Types of ice mass 437
18.2.2 Where do glaciers occur? 438
18.2.3 Glacier mass balance 438
18.2.4 Transformation of snow into ice 439
18.2.5 Glacier thermal regime 440
18.2.6 Glacier water systems 440
18.2.7 Glacier dynamics 446
18.3 Glacial geological processes and glacial
sediments 453
18.3.1 Processes of glacial erosion 453
18.3.2 Entrainment and transport 454
18.3.3 Deposition 456
18.4 The record of glacial change 459
18.4.1 Ice sheet reconstruction 459
18.5 Summary 465
Further reading 466
Web resources 466
19 Permafrost and periglaciation 468
19.1 Introduction 468
19.2 Permafrost processes 469
19.2.1 The distribution of permafrost 469
19.2.2 Ground temperatures and permafrost
thickness 473
19.2.3 Reconstructing climate change from
permafrost temperatures 473
19.2.4 Gas hydrates 475
19.2.5 Hydrology in permafrost regions 476
19.3 Periglacial geomorphology 478
19.3.1 Ground ice features 478
19.3.2 Slope processes 484
19.3.3 Loess and aeolian activity 485
19.4 Summary 486
Further reading 486
Web resources 487
20 Quaternary environmental change 491
20.1 Introduction 491
20.2 Long term cycles, astronomical forcing and
feedback mechanisms 493
20.2.1 Orbital forcing theory 493
20.2.2 Evidence that orbital forcing causes
climate change 494
20.2.3 Problems with orbital forcing theory 498
20.2.4 Internal feedback mechanisms 498
20.3 Short term cycles 502
20.3.1 Glacial instability 502
20.3.2 Interglacial instability 503
20.3.3 The Younger Dryas 504
20.4 Further evidence for environmental change 504
20.4.1 Landforms 504
20.4.2 Plants 509
20.4.3 Insects 513
20.4.4 Other animal remains 513
20.5 Dating methods 513
20.5.1 Age estimation techniques 514
20.5.2 Age equivalent labels 514
20.5.3 Relative chronology 516
20.6 Quaternary stratigraphy and correlation 516
20.7 Palaeoclimate modelling 519
20.8 Humans and Quaternary environmental
change 522
20.9 Summary 523
Further reading 524
Web resources 524
21 Humans and environmental change 526
21.1 Introduction 526
21.2 Land use, population and the supply of
food 527
21.3 Climate change 531
21.3.1 Long term change 531
21.3.2 Recent and future change, feedbacks and
greenhouse gases 532
21.4 Nutrient cycles 537
21.4.1 The carbon cycle 537
21.4.2 The nitrogen cycle 538
21.5 Destruction of the ozone layer by
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 540
21.6 Loss of biodiversity 541
21.7 The future 543
21.8 Summary 547
Further reading 548
Web resources 548
22 Remote sensing of environmental
change 549
22.1 Introduction 549
22.2 Image characteristics 551
22.2.1 Types of image 551
22.2.2 Image orientation, scale and
resolution 552
22.2.3 Characteristics of image content 553
22.3 Foundations of remote sensing 553
22.3.1 Electromagnetic energy 553
22.3.2 Electromagnetic spectrum 555
22.3.3 Atmospheric and terrestrial
interactions 555
22.4 Photographic and digital cameras 559
22.4.1 Photographic cameras 559
22.4.2 Digital cameras 560
22.4.3 Photogrammetry 560
22.5 Electro optical scanners 561
22.5.1 Across track and along track sensors 561
22.5.2 Multispectral, thermal and hyperspectral
instruments 562
22.5.3 Spaceborne instruments 563
22.6 Microwave and ranging sensors 567
22.6.1 Microwave sensors 567
22.6.2 Sonar 569
22.6.3 Lidar 570
22.7 Digital image processing 573
22.7.1 Digital images 574
22.7.2 Image rectification 574
22.7.3 Image enhancement 576
22.7.4 Image classification 580
22.8 Summary 582
Further reading 583
Web resources 583
23 Managing environmental change 585
23.1 Introduction 585
23.2 Understanding environmental change 587
23.2.1 Characteristics of change 587
23.2.2 Rate of change 588
23.2.3 Environmental tolerance 589
23.2.4 The duty and need to manage
change 590
23.2.5 Types of change to be managed 592
23.3 Tools for management 593
23.3.1 Hazard assessment 593
23.3.2 Impact assessment 596
23.3.3 Life costing 601
23.4 Implementation 601
23.4.1 Stakeholder involvement 601
23.4.2 Project management 604
23.5 Summary 609
Further reading 609
Web resources 610
Glossary 611
Bibliography 637
Index 653
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019362267 |
| callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
| callnumber-label | GB54 |
| callnumber-raw | GB54.5 |
| callnumber-search | GB54.5 |
| callnumber-sort | GB 254.5 |
| callnumber-subject | GB - Physical Geography |
| classification_rvk | RB 10180 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)54821998 (DE-599)BVBBV019362267 |
| dewey-full | 910/.02 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 910 - Geography and travel |
| dewey-raw | 910/.02 |
| dewey-search | 910/.02 |
| dewey-sort | 3910 12 |
| dewey-tens | 910 - Geography and travel |
| discipline | Geographie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV019362267 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:58:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0131217615 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004044544 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012825963 |
| oclc_num | 54821998 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 |
| physical | XXVI, 664 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Pearson Prentice Hall |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | An introduction to physical geography and the environment ed. by Joseph Holden Physical geography Physical geography and the environment 1. publ. Harlow ; Munich [u.a.] Pearson Prentice Hall 2005 XXVI, 664 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fysische geografie gtt Géographie physique Milieugeologie gtt Physische Geografie (DE-588)4174629-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Physische Geografie (DE-588)4174629-6 s b DE-604 Holden, Joseph Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012825963&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | An introduction to physical geography and the environment Fysische geografie gtt Géographie physique Milieugeologie gtt Physical geography Physische Geografie (DE-588)4174629-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4174629-6 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | An introduction to physical geography and the environment |
| title_alt | Physical geography Physical geography and the environment |
| title_auth | An introduction to physical geography and the environment |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to physical geography and the environment |
| title_full | An introduction to physical geography and the environment ed. by Joseph Holden |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to physical geography and the environment ed. by Joseph Holden |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to physical geography and the environment ed. by Joseph Holden |
| title_short | An introduction to physical geography and the environment |
| title_sort | an introduction to physical geography and the environment |
| topic | Fysische geografie gtt Géographie physique Milieugeologie gtt Physical geography Physische Geografie (DE-588)4174629-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fysische geografie Géographie physique Milieugeologie Physical geography Physische Geografie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012825963&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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