Environmental science: a global concern
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
2004
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| Ausgabe: | 8. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 600 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0072439564 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804132796330934272 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | EIGHTHEDITION
, #*9 K* Sf
Science
A GLOBAL CONCERN
William P Cunningham
University of Minnesota
Mary Ann Cunningham
Vassar College
Barbara Woodworth Saigo
St Cloud State University
Saiwood Biology Resources
Saiwood Publications
Higher Education
Boston Burr Ridge, IL- Dubuque, JA Madison, Wl New York San Francisco St Louis
Bangkok Bogota Caracas 1- Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
PART ONE
PRINCIPLES FOR UNDERSTANDING
OUR ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 1 Understanding Our Environment 15
Chapter 2 Environmental Philosophy, Ethics, and Science 33
Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, and Life 48
Chapter 4 Biological Communities and
Species Interactions 71
Chapter 5 Biomes: Global Patterns of Life 93
Chapter 6 Population Biology 110
PART TWO
PEOPLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 7 Human Populations 124
Chapter 8 Environmental Health and Toxicology 146
Chapter 9 Food and Agriculture 169
Chapter 10 Pest Control 195
PART THREE
UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING
LIVING SYSTEMS
Chapter 11 Biodiversity 216
Chapter 12 Land Use: Forests and Grasslands 238
Chapter 13 Preserving and Restoring Nature 263
PART FOUR
PHYSICAL RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
Chapter 14 Geology and Earth Resources 288
Chapter 15 Air, Weather, and Climate 306
Chapter 16 Air Pollution 328
Chapter 17 Water Use and Management 353
Chapter 18 Water Pollution 377
PART FIVE
ISSUES AND POLICY
Chapter 19 Conventional Energy 405
Chapter 20 Sustainable Energy 428
Chapter 21 Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste 455
Chapter 22 Urbanization and Sustainable Cities 477
Chapter 23 Ecological Economics 497
Chapter 24 Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning
Chapter 25 What Then Shall We Do? 543
Preface XIV
Introduction Learning to Learn 1
Objectives 1
Learning Online 1
Why Study Environmental Science? 2
How Can I Get an A in this Class? 3
Develop Good Study Habits 3
Recognize and Hone Your Learning Styles 4
Use This Textbook Effectively 5
Will This Be on the Test? 6
Thinking About Thinking 7
Approaches to Truth and Knowledge 8
What Do I Need to Think Critically? 8
Applying Critical Thinking 9
Some Clues for Unpacking an Argument 9
Avoiding Logical Errors and Fallacies 9
Using Critical Thinking in Environmental Science
Modem Environmentalism
Global Concerns 20
Concept Maps 10
How Do I Create a Concept Map?
What do you think?
Don t Believe Everything
You See on the Internet 11
PART ONE
PRINCIPLES FOR UNDERSTANDING
OUR ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 1 Understanding Our Environment 15
Objectives 15
Learning Online 15
Measuring Sustainability and Ecological Footprints 16
What Is Environmental Science? 16
A Brief History of Conservation
and Environmentalism 17
Historic Roots of Nature Protection 17
Pragmatic Resource Conservation 17
Moral and Aesthetic Nature Preservation 18
Current Conditions 20
A Marvelous Planet 20
Environmental Dilemmas 21
Exploring Science What s Happening to Frogs? 22
Signs of Hope 23
Rich/Poor: A Divided World 24
Human Development 25
A Fair Share of Resources? 26
Economic Progress 27
Sustainable Development 27
Can Development Be Truly Sustainable? 28
The 20:20 Compact for Human Development 29
Indigenous People 29
Chapter 2 Environmental Philosophy, Ethics,
and Science 33
Learning Online 33
Objectives 33
Sharkless Seas? 34
Environmental Ethics and Philosophy 34
Are There Universal Ethical Principles? 35
Values, Rights, and Obligations 35
Religious and Cultural Perspectives 37
Buddhism, Shamanism and Nature-Based Religions
Christianity, Judaism, and Islam 38
Ecofeminism 38
Environmental Justice 39
Environmental Racism 40
Dumping Across Borders 40
Science as a Way of Knowing 40
Cooperation and Insight in Science 41
Scientific Design 41
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 42
Hypotheses and Theories 43
Modeling and Natural Experiments 43
Statistics and Probability 44
Intuition and Inspiration 44
Paradigms and Scientific Consensus 45
Pseudoscience and Baloney Detection 45
VI
i
Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, and Life 48
Objectives 48
Learning Online 48
Measuring Energy Flows in Cedar Bog Lake 49
Elements of Life 49
Matter, Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds 50
Chemical Bonds 50
Ions, Acids, and Bases 51
Organic Compounds 51
Case Study A Water Planet 52
Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life 53
Energy 54
Energy Types and Qualities 54
Thermodynamics and Energy Transfers 54
Energy for Life 55
Solar Energy: Warmth and Light 55
How Does Photosynthesis Capture Energy? 56
From Species to Ecosystems 57
Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems 57
Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels 58
Ecological Pyramids 59
Material Cycles and Life Processes 60
The Hydrologic Cycle 61
The Carbon Cycle 62
The Nitrogen Cycle 63
Exploring Science Remote Sensing, Photosynthesis,
and Material Cycles 64
The Phosphorus Cycle 66
The Sulfur Cycle 67
Chapter 4 Biological Communities
and Species Interactions 71
Objectives 71
Learning Online 71
Why Trees Need Salmon 72 -
Who Lives Where, and Why? 72
Critical Factors and Tolerance Limits 72
Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Evolution 74
The Ecological Niche 75
Species Interactions 77
Exploitation Predation and Parasitism 77
Keystone Species 78
Competition 79
Symbiosis 79
What do you think? Understanding Competition 80
Defensive Mechanisms 81
Community Properties 82
Productivity 82
Abundance and Diversity 83
Complexity and Connectedness 84
Resilience and Stability 84
Edges and Boundaries 84
Communities in Transition 86
Ecological Succession 86
Case Study Where Have All the Songbirds Gone? 87
Introduced Species and Community Change 89
What can you do? Working Locally for Ecological Diversity 89
Chapter 5 Biomes: Global Patterns of Life 93
Objectives 93
Learning Online 93
Integrity, Stability, and Beauty of the Land 94
Terrestrial Biomes 94
Deserts 95
Grasslands: Prairies and Savannas 95
Tundra 95
Conifer Forests 97
Broad-Leaved Deciduous Forests 98
Mediterranean/Chaparral/Thom Scrub 99
Tropical Moist Forests 99
Tropical Seasonal Forests 100
Marine Ecosystems 100
The Open Ocean 101
Shallow Coasts: Coral Reefs and Mangroves 101
Tidal Environments and Barrier Islands 102
Freshwater Ecosystems 103
Lakes 103
Wetlands 104
Human Disturbance 105
Chapter 6 Population Biology 110
Objectives 110
Learning Online 110
How Many Fish in the Sea? Ill
Dynamics of Population Growth 111
Exponential Growth and Doubling Times 112
Biotic Potential and Carry Capacity 112
Population Oscillations and Irruptive Growth 112
What do you think? Too Many Deer? 113
Growth to a Stable Population 114
Strategies of Population Growth 114
Factors That Increase or Decrease Populations 115
Natality, Fecundity, and Fertility 116
Immigration 116
Mortality and Survivorship 116
Emigration 117
Factors That Regulate Population Growth 117
Density-Independent Factors 118
Density-Dependent Factors 118
Conservation Biology 120
Island Biogeography 120
Conservation Genetics 120
Population Viability Analysis 121
Metapopulations 121
PART TWO
PEOPLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 7 Human Populations 124
Objectives 124
Learning Online 124
A Billion People and Growing 125
Population Growth 125
Human Population History 126
Limits to Growth: Some Opposing Views 127
Malthusian Checks on Population 127
What do you think? Looking for Bias in Graphs 128
Malthus and Marx Today 129
Can Technology Make the World More Habitable? 129
Can More People Be Beneficial? 129
Human Demography 130
How Many of Us Are There? 130
Fertility and Birth Rates 131
Mortality and Death Rates 132
Population Growth Rates 133
Life Span and Life Expectancy 133
Living Longer: Demographic Implications 134
Emigration and Immigration 135
Population Growth: Opposing Factors 136
Pronatalist Pressures 136
Birth Reduction Pressures 137
Birth Dearth? 137
Demographic Transition 138
Development and Population 138
An Optimistic View 138
A Pessimistic View 139
A Social Justice View 139
An Ecojustice View 140
Women s Rights and Fertility 140
Family Planning and Fertility Control 140
Traditional Fertility Control 141
Current Birth Control Methods 141
New Developments in Birth Control 141
The Future of Human Populations 142
What can you do? The 34 Million Friends of the UNFPA 143
Chapter 8 Environmental Health and Toxicology 146
Objectives 146
Learning Online 146
The Cough Heard Round the World 147
Environmental Health 147
Global Disease Burden 147
Emergent and Infectious Diseases 149
Funding Health Care 151
Ecological Diseases 151
Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance 153
Toxicology 153
What can you do? Tips for Staying Healthy 154
Diet 156
Movement, Distribution, and Fate of Toxins
Solubility and Mobility 157
Exposure and Susceptibility 157
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification 158
Persistence 158
What do you think? Children s Health 160
Chemical Interactions 161
Mechanisms for Minimizing Toxic Effects
Metabolic Degradation and Excretion 161
Repair Mechanisms 161
Measuring Toxicity 161
Animal Testing 162
Toxicity Ratings 162
Acute versus Chronic Doses and Effects 162
Detection Limits 163
Risk Assessment and Acceptance 164
Understanding Risks 164
Accepting Risks 164
Establishing Public Policy 165
Chapter 9 Food and Agriculture 169
Objectives 169
Learning Online 169
Food and Nutrition 170
Blue Revolution 170
Chronic Hunger and Food Security
Acute Food Shortages 172
Malnutrition and Obesity 173
Eating a Balanced Diet 174
Key Food Sources 174
Major Crops 174
Meat and Dairy 174
Seafood 176
Farm Policy 177
Soil: A Renewable Resource 177
Soil Composition 178
Soil Organisms 179
Soil Profiles 180
Soil Types 180
Ways We Use and Abuse Soil 180
Land Resources 181
Land Degradation 181
Erosion: The Nature of the Problem
Mechanisms of Erosion 183
Erosion Hotspots 183
Other Agricultural Resources 184
Water 184
Fertilizer 185
Energy 185
New Crops and Genetic Engineering
Green Revolution 186
Genetic Engineering 187
Pest Resistance and Weed Control 188
Is Genetic Engineering Safe? 188
VIII
Case Study Shade-Grown Coffee and Cocoa 189
Sustainable Agriculture 190
Soil Conservation 190
Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture 192
Chapter 10 Pest Control 195
Objectives 195
Learning Online 195
The Promise and Perils of DDT 196
Pests and Pesticides 196
Early Pest Controls 197
Current Pesticide Use 197
Pesticide Types 198
Pesticide Benefits 199
Disease Control 200
Crop Protection 200
Pesticide Problems 201
Effects on Nontarget Species 201
Pesticide Resistance and Pest Resurgence 201
Exploring Science Endocrine Disrupters 202
Creation of New Pests 203
Persistence and Mobility in the Environment 203
Human Health Problems 204
Alternatives to Current Pesticide Uses 206
Behavioral Changes 206
What can you do? Controlling Pests 206
Biological Controls 207
Integrated Pest Management 208
Reducing Pesticide Exposure 209
Regulating Pesticides 209
Case Study Organic Farming in Cuba 210
Is Organic the Answer? 212
A Personal Plan 213
PART THREE
UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING
LIVING SYSTEMS
Chapter 1 1 Biodiversity 216
Objectives 216
Learning Online 216
Saving Seahorses 217
Biodiversity and the Species Concept 217
What Is Biodiversity? 217
What Are Species? 218
How Many Species Are There? 218
Biodiversity Hot Spots 218
How Do We Benefit From Biodiversity? 219
Food 220
Drugs and Medicines 220
Ecological Benefits 221
Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits 221
Exploring Science Diversity and Ecological Stability 222
What Threatens Biodiversity? 223
Natural Causes of Extinction 223
Human-Caused Reductions in Biodiversity 223
What can you do? Don t Buy Endangered Species Products 229
Predator and Pest Control 230
Endangered Species Management
and Biodiversity Protection 230
Hunting and Fishing Laws 230
The Endangered Species Act 230
Recovery Plans 231
Private Land and Critical Habitat 233
Reauthorizing the Endangered Species Act 233
Habitat Protection 234
International Wildlife Treaties 234
Captive Breeding and Species Survival Plans
Saving Rare Species in the Wild 235
Chapter 12 Land Use: Forests and Grasslands 238
Objectives 238
Learning Online 238
Saving an African Eden 239
World Land Uses 240
World Forests 240
How Much Forest Is There? 240
Forest Products 241
Non-Timber Forest Benefits 243
Forest Management 243
Case Study Forestry for the Seventh Generation 244
Tropical Forests 245
Diminishing Forests 245
Swidden Agriculture 246
Logging and Land Invasions 247
Forest Protection 247
Debt-for-Nature Swaps 248
Temperate Forests 249
Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest 249
Wilderness and Wildlife Protection 249
Harvest Methods 250
U S Forest Management 251
What do you think? Regulations and Property Rights 251
Fire Management 252
Forest Policy and the Bush Administration 252
Sustainable Forestry and Non-Timber Forest Products 254
What can you do? Lowering Our Forest Impacts 254
Grasslands 255
Range Management 255
Overgrazing and Land Degradation 255
Forage Conversion by Domestic Animals 256
Harvesting Wild Animals 256
Rangelands in the United States 257
Rotational Grazing 258
Landownership and Land Reform
Who Owns How Much? 258
Land Reform 259
Indigenous Lands 259
IX
Chapter 13 Preserving and Restoring Nature 263
Objectives 263
Learning Online 263
The World s Biggest Restoration Project 264
Parks and Nature Preserves 264
Park Origins and History 264
Trouble in Our Parks and Monuments 266
New Parks and Monuments 267
Wildlife in Parks 267
Wilderness Areas and Wildlife Refuges 267
Wilderness Areas 268
What do you think? Reintroducing Wolves to Yellowstone 268
Wildlife Refuges 269
Refuge Management 270
World Parks and Preserves 270
Paper Parks? 271
Indigenous Communities and Biosphere Reserves 272
International Wildlife Preserves 273
Transboundary Peace Parks 273
Case Study Ecotourism on the Roof of the World 274
Preserving Functional Ecosystems and Landscapes 275
Patchiness and Heterogeneity 275
Landscape Dynamics 276
Exploring Science GIS and Landscape Ecology 276
Size and Design of Nature Preserves 277
Restoration Ecology 277
Defining Some Terms 278
Tools of Restoration 280
Letting Nature Heal Itself 280
Back to What? 281
Creating Artificial Ecosystems 281
Preserving Ecosystem Services:
Wetlands and Floodplains 281
• Wetland Conservation and Mitigation 282
Floodplains and Flood Control 283~~~
Ecosystem Management 283
A Brief History of Ecosystem Management 283
Principles and Goals of Ecosystem
Management 284
Conflicting Views of Restoration
and Ecosystem Management 285
PART FOUR
PHYSICAL RESOURCES
AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
Chapter 14 Geology and Earth Resources 288
Objectives 288
Learning Online 288
Conflict Diamonds 289
A Dynamic Planet 289
A Layered Sphere 289
Tectonic Processes and Shifting Continents
Rocks and Minerals 290
Rock Types and How They Are Formed 292
Economic Geology and Mineralogy 294
Metals 294
Nonmetal Mineral Resources 294
What do you think? Should We Revise Mining Laws? 295
Environmental Effects of Resource Extraction 296
Mining 297
Processing 298
Conserving Geologic Resources 298
Recycling 299
Steel and Iron Recycling: Minimills 300
Substituting New Materials for Old 300
Geologic Hazards 300
Earthquakes 300
Volcanoes 301
Case Study Radioactive Waste Disposal at Yucca Mountain 302
Mass Wasting 303
Chapter 15 Air, Weather, and Climate 306
Objectives 306
Learning Online 306
Is Antarctica Melting? 307
The Atmosphere and Climate 307
Energy and the Greenhouse Effect 309
Convection and Atmospheric Pressure 310
Why Does It Rain? 310
The Coriolis Effect and Jet Streams 311
Ocean Currents 311
Seasonal Winds and Monsoons 312
Frontal Weather 312
Cyclonic Slbrms 313
Weather Modification 316
Climate 316
Climatic Catastrophes 317
Driving Forces and Patterns in Climatic Changes
El Nino/Southern Oscillations 318
Human-Caused Global Climate Change 319
Climate Skeptics 319
320 Exploring Science Uncertainty in Climate Change
Sources of Greenhouse Gases 321
Current Evidence of Climate Change 321
Winners and Losers 322
International Climate Negotiations
Controlling Greenhouse Emissions
What can you do? Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Chapter 16 Air Pollution 328
Objectives 328
Learning Online 328
Killer Smog 329
The Air Around Us 329
Natural Sources of Air Pollution 329
X
Human-Caused Air Pollution 330
Primary and Secondary Pollutants 331
Conventional or Criteria Pollutants 331
Unconventional Pollutants 336
Indoor Air Pollution 336
Climate, Topograph) , and Atmospheric Processes 337
Inversions 337
Dust Domes and Heat Islands 338
Case Study Indoor Air 338
Long-Range Transport 339
Stratospheric Ozone 340
Effects of Air Pollution 341
Human Health 341
Plant Pathology 342
Acid Deposition 344
Air Pollution Control 346
Reducing Production 346
What can you do? Saving Energy and Reducing Pollution 346
Clean Air Legislation 347
Clear Skies 348
Current Conditions and Future Prospects 349
Air Pollution in Developing Countries 349
Signs of Hope 350
Chapter 17 Water Use and Management 353
Objectives 353
Learning Online 353
China s South-to-North Water Diversion Project 354
Water Resources 354
The Hydrologic Cycle 354
Balancing the Water Budget 355
Regions of Plenty and Regions of Deficit 355
Major Water Compartments 356
Oceans 356
Glaciers, Ice, and Snow 357
Groundwater 358 - - __
Rivers and Streams 360 - -
Lakes, Ponds, and Wetlands 360
The Atmosphere 360
Water Availability and Use 361
Water-Rich and Water-Poor Countries 361
Types of Water Use 362
Quantities of Water Used 362
Agricultural Water Use 363
Domestic and Industrial Water Use 364
Case Study Water Wars on the Klamath 365
Freshwater Shortages 366
A Precious Resource 366
Depleting Groundwater 367
Increasing Water Supplies 368
Seeding Clouds and Towing Icebergs 368
Desalination 369
Dams, Reservoirs, Canals, and Aqueducts 369
Environmental Costs 369
What do you think? Should We Remove Dams? 370
Water Management and Conservation 372
Watershed Management 372
Domestic Conservation 372
Recycling and Water Conservation 373
Price Mechanisms and Water Policy 373
What can you do? Saving Water and Preventing Pollution
Chapter 18 Water Pollution 377
Objectives 377
Learning Online 377
A Flood of Pigs 378
Water Pollution 378
What Is Water Pollution? 379
Types and Effects of Water Pollution 379
Infectious Agents 380
Oxygen-Demanding Wastes 381
Plant Nutrients and Cultural Eutrophication 381
Toxic Tides 383
Inorganic Pollutants 383
Organic Chemicals 384
Case Study Arsenic in Drinking Water 385
Sediment 386
Thermal Pollution and Thermal Shocks 386
Water Quality Today 387
Surface Waters in the United States and Canada 387
Surface Waters in Other Countries 389
Groundwater and Drinking Water Supplies 391
Ocean Pollution 393
Water Pollution Control 394
Source Reduction 394
Nonpoint Sources and Land Management 394
Watershed Protection in the Catskills 395
Human Waste Disposal 396
Water Remediation 399
Water Legislation 400
The Clean Water Act 400
Clean Water Act Reauthorization 401
Other Important Water Legislation 402
What can you do?
Steps You Can Take
to Improve Water Quality 402
PART FIVE
ISSUES AND POLICY
Chapter 19 Conventional Energy 405
Objectives 405
Learning Online 405
What a Tangled Web We Weave 406
What Is Energy and Where Do We Get It? 406
A Brief Energy History 407
Current Energy Sources 407
Per Capita Consumption 408
How Energy Is Used 408
Coal 409
Coal Resources and Reserves 409
Mining 410
Air Pollution 410
Oil 411
Oil Resources and Reserves 412
Oil Imports and Domestic Supplies 412
Oil Shales and Tar Sands 413
Natural Gas 414
Natural Gas Resources and Reserves 414
What do you think? Coal-Bed Methane 415
Unconventional Gas Sources 416
Nuclear Power 416
How Do Nuclear Reactors Work? 417
Kinds of Reactors in Use 418
Alternative Reactor Designs 419
Breeder Reactors 420
Radioactive Waste Management 421
Ocean Dumping of Radioactive Wastes 421
Land Disposal of Nuclear Waste 421
Decommissioning Old Nuclear Plants 422
Changing Fortunes of Nuclear Power 423
Nuclear Fusion 424
U S Energy Policy 424
Chapter 20 Sustainable Energy 428
Objectives 428
Learning Online 428
Sea Power 429
Conservation 429 ~
Utilization Efficiencies 429
Energy Conversion Efficiencies 431
Transportation 431
What do you think? Hybrid Automobile Engines 433
Negawatt Programs 434
What can you do? Some Things You Can Do to Save Energy 434
Cogeneration 435
Tapping Solar Energy 435
A Vast Resource 435
Passive Solar Heat 435
Active Solar Heat 435
High-Temperature Solar Energy 437
Solar Cookers 437
Promoting Renewable Energy 438
Photovoltaic Solar Energy 438
Storing Electrical Energy 439
Fuel Cells 440
Fuel Cell Types 441
Energy From Biomass 442
Burning Biomass 442
Fuelwood Crisis in Less-Developed Countries 443
Dung and Methane as Fuels 444
Alcohol from Biomass 445
Crop Residues, Energy Crops, and Peat 445
Energy From The Earth s Forces 446
Hydropower 446
Wind Energy 448
Geothermal Energy 449
Tidal and Wave Energy 450
Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion 451
What s Our Energy Future? 452
Chapter 21 Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste 455
Objectives 455
Learning Online 455
South Africa s National Flower? 456
Solid Waste 456
The Waste Stream 456
Waste Disposal Methods 457
Open Dumps 457
Ocean Dumping 458
Landfills 459
Exporting Waste 459
Incineration and Resource Recovery 460
Shrinking the Waste Stream 461
Recycling 461
Composting 464
Energy from Waste 464
Demanufacturing 464
Reuse 465
Producing Less Waste 465
What do you think? Environmental Justice 466
Hazardous and Toxic Wastes 467
What Is Hazardous Waste? 467
Hazardous Waste Disposal 467
What can you do? Reducing Waste 467
Superfund Sites 468
Exploring Science Cleaning Up Toxic Waste with Plants 470
Options for Hazardous Waste Management 472
What can you do? Alternatives to Hazardous
Household Chemicals 473
Chapter 22 Urbanization and Sustainable Cities 477
Objectives 477
Learning Online 477
Chattanooga, A Model Sustainable City 478
Urbanization 478
What Is a City? 479
World Urbanization 480
Causes of Urban Growth 482
Immigration Push Factors 482
Immigration Pull Factors 482
Government Policies 482
Current Urban Problems 482
The Developing World 482
The Developed World 485
Garden Cities and New Towns 488
XII
What do you think? People for Community Recovery 489
New Urbanist Movement 490
Designing for Open Space 492
Sustainable Development in the Third World 493
Case Study Curitiba: An Environmental Showcase 494
Chapter 23 Ecological Economics 497
Objectives 497
Learning Online 497
Creating Another Earth 498
Economic WorldViews 498
Classical Economics 499
Neoclassical Economics 500
Ecological Economics 500
Resources, Capital, and Reserves 501
Resource Types 501
Economic Resource Categories 503
Communal Property Resources 503
Population, Technology, and Scarcity 504
Market Efficiencies and Technological Development 504
Increasing Environmental Carrying Capacity 505
Economic Models 506
Why Not Conserve Resources? 506
Natural Resource Accounting 507
Gross National Product 507
Measuring Real Progress 507
Measuring Nonmarket Values 508
Cost-Benefit Analysis 509
Market-Based Mechanisms for Environmental Protection 510
Intergenerational Justice and Discount Rates 511
Internal and External Costs 511
Trade, Development, and Jobs 511
International Trade 511
International Development 512
Green Business 513
Design for the Environment 514
Case Study Eco-Efficient Carpeting from-lnterface, Inc 515
Green Consumerism 516
Jobs and the Environment 516
What can you do? Personally Responsible Consumerism 516
Chapter 24 Environmental Policy, Law,
and Planning 520
Learning Online 520
Objectives 520
Is NEPA an Impediment? 521
Environmental Policy 521
Political Decision Making 522
The Policy Cycle 522
Environmental Rights 523
Environmental Law 523
A Brief Environmental History 524
Statutory Law: The Legislative Branch 525
Case Law: The Judicial Branch 527
Administrative Law: The Executive Branch 530
What do you think? Restoring Balance or Promoting Radical
Ideology? 532
International Treaties And Conventions 533
Globalization and Environmental Governance 535
Dispute Resolution And Planning 535
Wicked Problems and Adaptive Management 536
Resilience in Ecosystem and Institutions 536
The Precautionary Principle 537
Arbitration and Mediation 538
Collaborative Approaches to Community-Based Planning 539
Green Plans 540
Chapter 25 What Then Shall We Do? 543
Objectives 543
Learning Online 543
Citizen Science and the Christmas Bird Count 544
Living in an Uncertain World 544
Environmental Education 545
Environmental Literacy 545
Citizen Science 546
Environmental Careers 546
Individual Accountability 547
How Much Is Enough? 547
Lohas and Cultural Creatives 548
Green Washing and Confusing Choices 549
What can you do? Reducing Your Impact 549
Blue Angels and Green Seals 550
Limits of Green Consumerism 550
Collective Actions 551
Student Environmental Groups 551
Mainline Environmental Organizations 553
Broadening the Environmental Agenda 555
Deep or Shallow Environmentalism? 555
Cooperation and Compromise 555
Radical Environmental Groups 556
Wise Use Movement 557
What do you think? Evaluating Extremist Claims 557
Sustainability 558
International Nongovernmental Organizations 560
Green Politics 561
What Can Individuals Do? 561
The Earth Charter 562
Glossary 566
Index 580
XIII
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Cunningham, William P. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019361740 |
| callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
| callnumber-label | GE105 |
| callnumber-raw | GE105 |
| callnumber-search | GE105 |
| callnumber-sort | GE 3105 |
| callnumber-subject | GE - Environmental Sciences |
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| dewey-full | 363.7 |
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| dewey-ones | 363 - Other social problems and services |
| dewey-raw | 363.7 |
| dewey-search | 363.7 |
| dewey-sort | 3363.7 |
| dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations |
| discipline | Soziologie Umwelt |
| edition | 8. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:58:31Z |
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| isbn | 0072439564 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Cunningham, William P. Verfasser aut Environmental science a global concern William G. Cunningham ; Mary Ann Cunningham ; Barbara Woodworth Saigo 8. ed. Boston [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 2004 XXIV, 600 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental sciences Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 gnd rswk-swf Erde (DE-588)1135962553 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 s DE-604 Erde (DE-588)1135962553 g Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s 1\p DE-604 Cunningham, Mary Ann Sonstige oth Saigo, Barbara Woodworth Sonstige oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0411/2003025301.html Table of contents HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012825452&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Cunningham, William P. Environmental science a global concern Environmental sciences Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4137364-9 (DE-588)1135962553 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Environmental science a global concern |
| title_auth | Environmental science a global concern |
| title_exact_search | Environmental science a global concern |
| title_full | Environmental science a global concern William G. Cunningham ; Mary Ann Cunningham ; Barbara Woodworth Saigo |
| title_fullStr | Environmental science a global concern William G. Cunningham ; Mary Ann Cunningham ; Barbara Woodworth Saigo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental science a global concern William G. Cunningham ; Mary Ann Cunningham ; Barbara Woodworth Saigo |
| title_short | Environmental science |
| title_sort | environmental science a global concern |
| title_sub | a global concern |
| topic | Environmental sciences Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Environmental sciences Ökosystem Umweltwissenschaften Erde Einführung |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0411/2003025301.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012825452&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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