Low dose exposures in the environment: dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2004
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Wissenschaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung
23 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 470 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540210830 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Low dose exposures in the environment
Autor: Streffer, Christian
Jahr: 2004
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 The problem 2
1.3 Example - the acrylamidc case 3
1.4 Preliminaries 4
1.5 References 9
2 Ethical Aspects of Risk 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.1.1 Risk II
2.2 Rational decision making 12
2.2.1 Decisionmakers 15
2.2.2 Alternatives 15
2.2.3 Probabilities of consequences. The precautionary principle 16
2.2.4 Utilitarianism and consequentialism 18
2.2.5 Values 20
2.2.6 Time 20
2.2.7 Life 21
2.2.8 Health 22
2.2.9 Environmental values 22
2.2.10 Known individuals or anonymous ones 23
2.2.11 Free choice 24
2.2.12 Consent 24
2.2.13 Distribution 25
2.2.14 Compensation 26
2.2.15 Background exposure 27
2.2.16 Value of actions 27
2.2.17 Comparison of values. Ultimate justification 29
2.3 Implementation: ethics, law and economics 31
Xii Low-Dose Exposures in the Environment
32
2.4 Summing up ^
24 1 Questions to ask
32
2.5 Conclusion
34
2.6 References
3 Effects of Ionising Radiation in the Low-Dose Range -
Radiobiological Basis
37
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What is a low dose? 43
3.2.1 Microdosimetric considerations 44
3.2.2 Biological considerations 48
3.3 DNA damage and repair 49
3.4 Cellular damages 55
3.4.1 Chromosomal aberrations 56
3.4.2 Cell transformation 59
3.4.3 Gene mutations in somatic cells 60
3.4.4 Modifying phenomena 61
3.5 Animal experiments 68
3.5.1 Carcinogenesis and life shortening 68
3.5.2 Hereditary diseases 73
3.6 Conclusions 76
3.7 References 78
4 Toxicology of Chemical Carcinogens 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 General concepts of chemical carcinogenesis and dose-response
relationships 83
4.3 Modifiers of dose-response of the curve 84
4.4 Endogenous chemical carcinogens 89
4.5 Examples of carcinogens and modifiers leading to different
dose-response types 90
4.5.1 Vinyl chloride 90
4.5.1.1 General background of carcinogenicity of
vinyl chloride 9
4.5.1.2 Toxicokinetics and metabolism 91
4.5.1.3 Selection of the type of low-dose extrapolation. . 92
Table of Contents XIII
4.5.1.4 Available carcinogenic risk evaluations ofVC
(low-dose linear extrapolation) 95
4.5.1.5 Risk estimates based on experimental data
(low-dose linear extrapolation) 95
4.5.2 AflatoxinBl 97
4.5.3 N,N-Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) 99
4.5.4 NNK (4-[N-methyl-N-nitrosoamino]-l-[3-pyridyl]-
1-butanone) 102
4.5.5 2-Acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) 102
4.5.6 Arsenic 104
4.5.6.1 Experimental studies 104
4.5.6.2 Epidemiology 105
4.5.6.3 Discussion of dose-response 106
4.5.7 4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) 107
4.5.8 Formaldehyde 107
4.5.8.1 Mutagenicity 109
4.5.8.2 Carcinogenicity 109
4.5.8.3 Formaldehyde-DNA interaction 110
4.5.8.4 Conclusions on risk extrapolation Ill
4.5.9 Vinyl acetate 112
4.5.9.1 Carcinogenicity in rats and mice 113
4.5.9.2 Epidemiological studies of vinyl acetate
carcinogenicity 114
4.5.9.3 Metabolism and genotoxicity of vinyl acetate ... 114
4.5.9.4 Mechanistic data support a practical threshold
for vinyl acetate 115
4.5.9.5 Practical thresholds in relation to human vinyl
acetate exposure 119
4.5.10 Non DNA-reactive genotoxins 120
4.5.10.1 Topoisomerase poisons 121
4.5.10.2 Motor protein inhibitors 125
4.5.10.3 Examples: lead and mercury 127
4.5.10.4 Acrylamide 128
4.5.11 Non-genotoxic carcinogens 129
4.5.11.1 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). . . 130
4.5.11.2 Hormones 133
4.6 Interspecies extrapolation 134
4.6.1 Introduction 134
4.6.2 The classical example: contraceptive hormones and
the Beagle dog dilemma 135
4.6.3 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and
related compounds 136
Low-Dose Exposures in the Environment
4.6.4 Aflatoxin 142
4.6.5 Heterocyclic amines in foods 148
4.7 Interindividual variations of toxicological response in the
human population 152
4.7.1 Age (children) 153
4.7.2 Relevance of polymorphisms for low-dose exposures 154
4.7.2.1 Introduction and definitions 154
4.7.2.2 Frequency of polymorphisms in the human
genome 155
4.7.2.3 Polymorphisms relevant for cancer risk 156
4.7.2.4 Practical consequences 158
4.8 Conclusion 160
4.9 References 163
5 Epidemiological Perspectives on Low-Dose Exposure to
Human Carcinogens 181
5.1 Introduction ^
5.1.1 Epidemiological considerations 181
5.1.2 Epidemiological methods 185
5.1.3 Relative and absolute risk estimates 187
5.1.4 Biostatistical considerations 187
5.2 Ionising radiation 188
5.2.1 Introduction 188
5.2.2 Contributions from epidemiology 188
5.2.2.1 Atomic bomb survivors 188
5.2.2.2 The Chernobyl accident 191
5.2.2.3 Occupational exposure 191
5.2.2.4 Natural background radiation 191
5.2.3 Environmental exposure to ionising radiation 192
5.2.3.1 Radon 193
5.2.4 Medical exposure 194
5.2.4.1 Nuclear medicine 194
5.2.4.2 Diagnostic X-ray examinations 194
5.3 Non-ionising radiation 196
5.3.1 UV-light 196
5.3.2 Mobile phones 197
5.3.3 Other clectro-magnetic fields 197
5.4 Smoking 198
5.4.1 Active smoking 198
5.4.2 Passive smoking 198
Table of Contents XV
5.5 Other potential carcinogenic compounds 201
5.5.1 Insecticides 201
5.5.2 Industrial chemicals 202
5.5.3 Industrial waste and emissions 202
5.5.4 Asbestos 204
5.6 Summary 206
5.7 Conclusion 207
5.8 References 207
6 Mathematical Models of Carcinogenesis 213
6.1 Introduction 213
6.1.1 Models of carcinogenesis 213
6.1.2 Hazard and excess risk 214
6.2 Models without clonal expansion 216
6.2.1 A model in which the sequence of cellular transitions
is inconsequential 216
6.2.2 The Armitage-Doll model 218
6.3 Models with clonal expansion 219
6.3.1 The two-step clonal expansion model 219
6.3.1.1 The baseline hazard H0(a) 220
6.3.1.2 Induced changes of parameters 222
6.3.2 Multistep models with clonal expansion 223
6.4 Ionising radiation 225
6.4.1 Effects of inhaled radon progeny 226
6.4.1.1 Animal experiments 226
6.4.1.2 Uranium miners 231
6.4.2 Effects of external exposures 234
6.4.2.1 Atomic bomb survivors 234
6.4.2.2 Threshold considerations 238
6.4.3 Low-dose radiobiological effects and low-dose risk
estimation 239
6.5 Carcinogenic substances 243
6.5.1 Replication and apoptosis of intermediate cells
in hepatocarcinogenesis 243
6.5.2 Combined effects of an initiating and a promoting agent
on hepatocarcinogenesis 245
6.5.3 Lung cancer due to coke oven emissions 247
6.6 Ionising radiation and carcinogenic substances 248
6.6.1 Radon, smoking and arsenic 248
Low-Dose Exposures in the Environment
6.6.2 Low-dose risk after exposure to an initiating and a
promoting agent 250
6.7 Conclusions 251
6.8 References 252
6.9 Appendix 256
6.9.1 Likelihood, model fits and deviance 256
7 Comparing Summary of Action of Ionising Radiation and
Chemicals in Carcinogenesis 257
7.1 References
263
8 Hypothesis Testing and the Choice of the Dose-Response
Model 265
8.1 Introduction ^65
8.2 Uncertainties in dose-response modelling 265
8.2.1 Extrapolation 266
8.2.1.1 Extrapolation from data obtained from one
subpopulation or species (experimental or
epidemiological) to an extended population
or different species 266
8.2.1.2 Extrapolation from an observed biological end-
point to the specific disease or effect of interest . 267
8.2.1.3 Extrapolation from knowledge on mechanisms
to specific health risks 267
8.2.1.4 Extrapolation from studies having differences
in exposure characteristics 267
8.2.1.5 Conversion from concentration measurements to
dose calculation 269
8.2.2 Thresholds 270
8.2.2.1 Absolute threshold 270
8.2.2.2 Practical threshold 270
8.2.2.3 Apparent threshold 271
8.3 Theories of science 271
8.3.1 The hypothetico-deductive method 272
8.3.2 Laws, hypotheses, theories and models: differences
between biology and physics 274
8.3.3 Choosing between alternative hypotheses 276
8.3.4 Poppcrian falsification 276
8.3.5 Safety, strength and simplicity 277
8.3.6 Ad hoc hypothesis 279
Table of Contents XVII
8.4 Scientific plausibility and standards of proof. 280
8.4.1 Degrees or weight of evidence 280
8.4.2 Standards of proof 283
8.4.3 The standard of proof in criminal law 284
8.4.4 Burden of proof and consequences of errors 285
8.5 Choice of hypothesis in science and choice of hypothesis for
policy 287
8.5.1 Paradigm shifts and societal influences 288
8.6 Conclusions 289
8.7 References 289
9 Risk Evaluation and Communication 295
9.1 Introduction 295
9.2 Risk analysis 296
9.2.1 Definitions of risk 297
9.2.2 Risk assessment 297
9.2.2.1 Quantitative risk assessment 298
9.2.2.2 Probabilistic risk assessment 299
9.2.3 Risk characterisation 299
9.2.4 Uncertainty, the precautionary principle and governance . 301
9.2.5 Risk management 303
9.2.6 Comparative aspects of interpreting risks 306
9.3 Communication of information on risk 308
9.3.1 Who (risk communicator) 309
9.3.1.1 Credibility 309
9.3.1.2 Communication skills 311
9.3.2 To whom (Audience) 312
9.3.2.1 Information processing 314
9.3.2.2 Intuitive risk perception 314
9.3.3 What in which channel (risk message) 318
9.3.3.1 Types of risk information 318
9.3.3.2 The importance of frames 319
9.3.4 With what effects? 322
9.3.5 References 323
10 Low Doses in Health-Related Environmental Law 325
10.1 Introduction: the legal framework 325
10.1.1 Protective Obligations 325
10.1.2 Degrees of risk 327
XVIII Low-Dose Exposures in the Environment
10.2 Risk Assessment, low doses and environmental law 330
10.2.1 Risk assessment and risk management 330
10.2.2 The notion of harm to human health 332
10.2.3 Individual versus collective protection 333
10.2.4 Criteria for the determination of risk 338
10.3 Risk assessment: science and law 338
10.3.1 Requirements as to the scientific foundation of
determining Risk 338
10.3.2 Requirements as to the kind of scientific evidence:
the legal status of scientific models in risk assessment... 341
10.4 The decision on the tolerability of exposure to low doses and
measures to prevent or reduce risks 346
10.4.1 Health-related criteria 346
10.4.2 Balancing advantages and disadvantages 350
10.4.3 The role of soft balancing factors 354
10.4.4 The role of cost/benefit analysis 358
10.4.5 The role of extrapolation and safety factors in the risk
management process 360
10.4.6 Problems of quantification 361
10.4.7 Health-related standards for low doses 363
10.4.8 Measures for risk reduction 367
10.5 Organisation of the decision-making process 368
10.5.1 The problem 368
10.5.2 Current practice and new proposals 368
10.5.3 Key issues 370
10.6 References 372
11 Summary 379
11.1 Introduction „ 379
11.2 Ethical aspects of risk 379
11.3 Effects of ionising radiation in the low-dose range -
radiobiological basis 381
11.4 Toxicology of chemical carcinogens 383
11.5 Mathematical models of carcinogenesis 385
11.6 Epidemiological perspectives on low-dose exposure to human
carcinogens 3g7
11.7 Carcinogenesis of ionising radiation and chemicals: similarities
and differences ^gg
Table of Contents XIX
11.8 Hypothesis testing and the choice of dose-response 389
11.9 Risk evaluation and communication 391
11.10 Low doses in health-related environmental law 392
12 Zusammenfassung 395
12.1 Einleitung 395
12.2 Ethische Uberlegungen 396
12.3 Wirkungen ionisierender Strahlung im niedrigen Dosisbereich -
Strahlenbiologische Grundlagcn 397
12.4 Toxikologie chemischer Karzinogene 400
12.5 Mathematische Modelle der Krebsentstchung 402
12.6 Epidemiologische Aspekte dcrNiedrigdosisexposition
menschlicher Karzinogene 405
12.7 Karzinogenese durch ionisierende Strahlung und Chemikalien.
Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede 406
12.8 Uber das Tcsten von Hypothesen und die Wahl von Dosis-
Wirkungs-Modellen 408
12.9 Risikobewertung und-kommunikation 410
12.10 Niedrige Dosen im gesundheitsbezogenen Umweltrecht 411
13 Recommendations for Environmental Risks to Human Health:
Evaluation and Regulatory Processes 415
14 Glossary 423
15 Abbreviations 461
16 List of Authors 467
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| id | DE-604.BV019324894 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:57:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540210830 |
| language | English |
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| physical | 470 S. graph. Darst. |
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| series | Wissenschaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung |
| series2 | Wissenschaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung |
| spelling | Low dose exposures in the environment dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables C. Streffer ... Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2004 470 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wissenschaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung 23 Schwellenwert (DE-588)4180487-9 gnd rswk-swf Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd rswk-swf Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd rswk-swf Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung (DE-588)4130752-5 gnd rswk-swf Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd rswk-swf Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 s Schwellenwert (DE-588)4180487-9 s Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung (DE-588)4130752-5 s Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 s Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 s DE-604 Streffer, C. Sonstige oth Wissenschaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung 23 (DE-604)BV012274214 23 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012792030&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Low dose exposures in the environment dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables Wissenschaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung Schwellenwert (DE-588)4180487-9 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung (DE-588)4130752-5 gnd Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4180487-9 (DE-588)4117281-4 (DE-588)4114528-8 (DE-588)4130752-5 (DE-588)4137042-9 |
| title | Low dose exposures in the environment dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables |
| title_auth | Low dose exposures in the environment dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables |
| title_exact_search | Low dose exposures in the environment dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables |
| title_full | Low dose exposures in the environment dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables C. Streffer ... |
| title_fullStr | Low dose exposures in the environment dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables C. Streffer ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Low dose exposures in the environment dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables C. Streffer ... |
| title_short | Low dose exposures in the environment |
| title_sort | low dose exposures in the environment dose effect relations and risk evaluation with 28 tables |
| title_sub | dose-effect relations and risk evaluation ; with 28 tables |
| topic | Schwellenwert (DE-588)4180487-9 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung (DE-588)4130752-5 gnd Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schwellenwert Umweltchemikalie Mathematisches Modell Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung Risikoanalyse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012792030&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012274214 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT strefferc lowdoseexposuresintheenvironmentdoseeffectrelationsandriskevaluationwith28tables |