Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Rome
2003
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Plant production and protection series
31 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 331 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9251049777 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia |c ed. by J. M. Suttie ... Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| 264 | 1 | |a Rome |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 331 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804132712571731968 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia
Autor: Suttie, James M.
Jahr: 2003
CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Acronyms xvii
List of contributors xv
Acknowledgements xvi
Executive summary xix
Chapter I - Introduction 1
Chapter II - Cold, semi-arid Asia 9
Summary 9
Introduction 9
Buryatia 11
People s Republic of China 14
Kyrgyzstan 16
Mongolia 19
Risk in herding 27
Strategies for cold semi-arid grazing land 28
Chapter III - Mongolia case study i: Studies on long-distance
TRANSHUMANT GRAZING SYSTEMS IN UvS AND K.HUVSGUL AIMAGS
of Mongolia, 1999—2000 B. Erdenebaatar 31
Summary 31
Selection criteria 33
Study sites and sample households 33
Ecological and natural conditions of the study sites 34
Land-forms and altitude range 37
Soils 37
Climate 38
Vegetation forms and species composition 38
Pasture condition 40
Human population 46
Current management 48
Timing and pattern of herd movement and household 49
Seasonal availability of other resources (water, natural salt licks, etc.) 50
Community decision-making 52
Movement patterns 52
Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia
Turgen sum 56
Rinchinlkumbe sum 58
Exceptional 1999 summer and 2000 winter-spring movements in Turgen 59
Trees 61
Community and households 61
Work outside the household 62
Production estimates 63
Fodder balance 63
Community participation 65
Discussion 67
Chapter IV - Mongolia case study 2: Haymaking from natural pasture
in Arkhangai, Mongolia V.I. Lkhagvajaw and B. Erdenebaatar 69
Summary 69
Introduction 69
Experimental treatments and techniques 71
The experimental sites 71
Results 74
Effect of ice irrigation 74
Effects on total phytomass 75
Burgast (Site 2) 76
Khusluurt (Site 3) 77
Cart design 78
Conclusions 78
Chapter V - China s pasture resources Zizhi Hu and Degang Zhang 81
Summary 81
Introduction 82
Soils 83
Vegetation 84
Climate 85
The East Monsoon Zone 85
The western arid and semi-arid area 85
Features of Agricultural Zones 85
The northeast 86
Inner Mongolia and along the Great Wall 86
Yellow River, Huai River and Hai River 86
Loess Plateau g6
Middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River 86
The southwest 86
South China 86
Gansu and Xinjiang 87
Qinghai-Tibet 87
Ruminant livestock production systems 87
Farm type and size 87
Livestock species and breeds 89
Cattle 89
Yak (Bos grunniens) 89
Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) 90
Sheep (Ovis aries) 90
Goats (Capra hircus) 91
Horse (Equus caballus) 91
Camel (Camelus bactrianus) 91
Swine (Sus scrofa domestica) 91
Feeding systems 91
Extensive grazing system 91
Tethering 92
Uncontrolled grazing 92
Integration of livestock into farming systems 92
Beef production with maize stover 93
Sheep production with ammoniated straw 93
Socio-economic conditions 93
Legislation 93
Extension and veterinary services 93
Market constraints 94
Pasture and forage resources 94
Area and distribution of grassland 94
Grassland classification 94
The Vegetation-habitat Classification System 94
The Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System 95
Grassland types 96
Index of grass yield 96
Grassland protection 96
Grassland nature reserves 97
Dominant plants of the main grassland zones 97
Dominant plants of the Temperate Steppe 98
Dominant plants of the Alpine Steppe 98
Dominant plants of the Temperate Desert 98
Dominant plants of the Alpine Desert 98
Dominant plants of the Warm Shrubby Tussock 98
Dominant plants of the Tropical Shrubby Tussock 98
Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia
Dominant plants of the Temperate Meadow 98
Dominant plants of the Alpine Meadow 98
Dominant plants of Marshes 99
Opportunities for pasture improvement 99
Grassland use 99
Grassland deterioration and control strategies 99
Grassland improvement 100
Closure 100
Reseeding 100
Surface tillage 100
Burning 101
Forage grasses and artificial grassland 101
Forage cereals 101
Grain legumes as forage 102
Root tuber, stem tuber and melon forages 103
Other cultivated forages 103
Aquatic forage crops 103
Cultivars and seed production 104
Seed production 105
Defining economic zones of grassland agro-ecosystems 105
Grassland zones 105
Current grassland situation and proposed strategy for each zone 106
Inner Mongolia-Ningxia Arid Grassland Zone 106
The Northwest Desert-shrubland 109
Qinghai-Tibet Alpine Shrublands Zone 110
Northeast Forests Zone 111
Loess Plateau and Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Zone 111
Southwest Karst Shrubland Zone 112
Southeast Evergreen Broadleaf Forest-shrubland Zone 113
Research and Education 113
Chapter VI - China case study i: Studies on traditional transhumance and
A SYSTEM WHERE HERDERS RETURN TO SETTLED WINTER BASES IN BURJIN COUNTY,
Altai prefecture, Xinjiang, China Wan Lin Wang 115
Summary 115
Introduction 115
Fodder production and Project 2817 117
Livestock 119
The Kazakh horse 120
Kazakh cattle 120
Kazakh sheep 120
Others 120
Natural pasture management 120
The groups studied 121
The Treatment Group 121
The Control Group 121
Studies on the treatment group (Project households) 121
Crop production by the Treatment Group 122
Animal production by the Treatment Group. 125
Seasonal pasture and livestock movement 127
Winter pasture 128
Spring and autumn pastures 129
Summer pasture 131
Studies on the control group (Nomadic households) 133
The population of the Control Group 133
The pastures of the Control Group 133
The basic transhumance pattern of the Control Group 135
Livestock production of the Control Group 137
Livestock production of the two groups 137
Agricultural income and expenditure 138
Differences in economic status 140
Project achievements 140
Chapter VII - China case study i: Cold-resistant lucerne
(Medicago sativa) for northern Xinjiang Jichun Min 143
Summary 143
Introduction 143
Testing sites 144
Development of Xinmu no. 3 lucerne 144
Studies on other cultivars 148
Seed multiplication 148
Discussion 150
Chapter VIII - China case study y. Pastoral systems, change and
THE FUTURE OF THE GRAZING LANDS IN TlBET Tasbi Nyima 151
Summary 151
Introduction 151
Tibet Autonomous Region 152
Livestock and livestock production 153
Biophysical environment 154
Soil, vegetation and major types of grazing land 155
Alpine meadow soil 155
Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia
Subalpine meadow soil 156
Alpine steppe soil 156
Subalpine steppe soils 156
Mountain shrubby-meadow soil 157
Alpine desert soil 157
Subalpine desert soil 157
Meadow soil and marshland soils 157
Taupe soil and Brown soil 157
Nutrient and mineral contents of major soil types 157
Major pasture types 158
Agro-ecological zones 159
Livestock production systems 161
Crop-based livestock production system 162
Agropastoral production system 164
Pure pastoral production system 164
Agrosilvipastoral mixed production 166
Livestock production potential 167
Pasture carrying capacity 167
Potential of crop residues as animal feed 169
Feed-production potential 170
Potential for livestock breed improvement 171
Changing trends of pastoral systems and livestock production in Tibet 172
The number of livestock: quantitative increase towards qualitative
improvement 172
Pasture management: towards a responsibility system 173
Grazing land development: towards intensified management 174
Meat production: hope from increasing the offtake rate of livestock 175
Milk: increasing market demand but stagnant production levels 176
Meat and milk production: the driving forces of their growth 178
Meat and milk production: where are they going? 180
Future grazing land (rangeland) needs for feeding the increasing population 182
Recommendations 184
Using the niches of the unique grazing lands and their biodiversity 184
Accelerating the development of livestock production in the crop-based
systems I86
Promoting integrated stable development of livestock production in the
pastoral system 187
Speeding up development of urban and peri-urban intensified livestock
production 1°
Chapter IX - The western Himalaya 189
Summary 189
Introduction 189
Afghanistan 191
India 195
Pakistan 198
Chapter X - Migratory goat and sheep rearing in Himachal
Pradesh, India Misri Bimal 203
Summary 203
Introduction 203
The people and their migration routes 204
Migration, management and land tenure 205
Grazing land 208
Botanical composition 209
Forage production 210
Fodder trees 212
Livestock 213
Wool 213
Meat 214
Herders opinions 215
Conclusions 215
Chapter XI - Pakistan case study i: Agropastoral production systems
OF HIGH ALTITUDE PASTURES OF THE UPPER K.AGHAN VALLEY, NORTH WEST
Frontier Province, Pakistan Muhammad Rafique Sardar 217
Summary 217
Introduction 217
The Kaghan Valley 217
The graziers 220
Production systems 223
Grazing lands 223
Saif-ul-Maluk 223
Upper Kaghan Valley 223
Vegetation zones 225
Botanical composition 226
Forage utilization 228
Home and household 230
Grazing rights and fees 231
Winter grazing areas 231
Botanical composition 232
Transbumant grazing systems in temperate Asia
Grazing rights and fees 232
Livestock 232
Livestock products 234
Livestock health 234
Wild herbivores 234
Fodder and feed supply 234
Constraints of the system 235
Conclusions 236
Pastoralists perceptions of problems and needs 236
Potential of the systems 237
Prospects for improving management 237
Chapter XII - Pakistan case study 2: High altitude pastoral systems in
Malakand Division, Pakistan Khan Sanaullah and Ahmed Mukhtar 239
Summary 239
Introduction 239
Objectives of the study 240
General trends in hillside development 241
Land ownership and settlement 241
Plantation 242
Impact of hillside development on nomadic graziers 243
Nomadic graziers perception of problems 246
Conclusions 247
Recommendations 248
Chapter XIII - The eastern Himalaya 251
Summary 251
Introduction 251
Bhutan 252
Nepal 253
Chapter XIV - Bhutan case study i: Transhumant cattle raising
in western Bhutan Tsering Gyaltsen and B.N. Bhattarai 255
Summary 255
Study area 255
The nothoue arrangement 256
Feed and fodder resources 257
Pastures at Thombu 260
The reasons for transhumance 262
Transect walk 264
General recommendations 264
Traditional transhumance benefits farmers and has advantages 264
Disadvantages of the system 264
Strategies suitable for immediate implementation 265
Chapter XV - Bhutan case ctudy 2: Yak herders in Soe Yaksa,
Chentok Geog, Bhutan, in 1999-2000
Tsering Gyaltsen and B.N. Bhattarai 267
Summary 267
Background 267
Grazing lands 268
Improved pasture and sown fodder 273
Collection of wild plants 274
Traditional culture 274
Conditions governing the keeping of Monastery yaks 275
Constraints perceived by herders 275
Suggestions for intervention 275
Chapter XVI - Nepal case study: High altitude pastoral systems of
Sailung and Thodung regions, Ramechap District, Nepal
S.M. Pradhan, D. Pariyar, K.K. Shrestha andJ.R. Adhikary 177
Summary 277
Background 278
The Sailung system 280
The herding system 281
The Thodung system 284
Constraints and suggestions 289
Chapter XVII - Future directions 291
Summary 291
Introduction 291
The pastures 292
Major problems and constraints 293
Legal and land tenure problems 293
Impact of political and social change 293
Changes due to decollectivization 294
Technical constraints 294
Poor pasture condition 294
Other technical constraints 295
Socio-economic constraints 296
Marketing 296
xiv Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia
Conclusions by zone 297
Conclusions from the Himalayan studies 297
Pasture condition in the Hindu-Kush-Himalaya 298
Conclusions from the Cold Semi-Arid studies 299
Possibilities for pasture improvement - feasibility 299
Interventions on grazing lands in the light of constraints involved 300
In the Himalaya 300
For cold semi-arid areas 301
Need for more information on vegetation and trends 302
Environmental impact 302
The future of herding as a lifestyle 304
Possible interventions for settled or agropastoral stock owners 305
Possibilities for improving feed supply 305
References cited and other sources used 307
Glossary 315
Index 319
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| spelling | Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia ed. by J. M. Suttie ... Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome 2003 XX, 331 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Plant production and protection series 31 Weidewirtschaft (DE-588)4135837-5 gnd rswk-swf Gemäßigte Zone (DE-588)4130032-4 gnd rswk-swf Asien (DE-588)4003217-6 gnd rswk-swf Asien (DE-588)4003217-6 g Gemäßigte Zone (DE-588)4130032-4 g Weidewirtschaft (DE-588)4135837-5 s DE-188 Suttie, James M. Sonstige oth Plant production and protection series 31 (DE-604)BV036822936 31 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012771434&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135837-5 (DE-588)4130032-4 (DE-588)4003217-6 |
| title | Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia |
| title_auth | Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia |
| title_exact_search | Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia |
| title_full | Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia ed. by J. M. Suttie ... Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| title_fullStr | Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia ed. by J. M. Suttie ... Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia ed. by J. M. Suttie ... Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| title_short | Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia |
| title_sort | transhumant grazing systems in temperate asia |
| topic | Weidewirtschaft (DE-588)4135837-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Weidewirtschaft Gemäßigte Zone Asien |
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