Mushrooms: cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Pr.
2004
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Früher u.d.T.: Chang, Shu-ting: Edible mushrooms and their cultivation |
| Beschreibung: | 451 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0849310431 |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Écologie |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Landwirtschaft | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804132710898204672 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Mushrooms
Autor: Chang, Shu-Ting
Jahr: 2004
Contents
Chapter 1 Overview.......................................................................................................................1
I. Introduction...............................................................................................................................1
II. What Are Mushrooms?............................................................................................................1
A. Definition..........................................................................................................................2
B. Characteristics of Mushrooms..........................................................................................3
C. Categories of Mushrooms.................................................................................................4
D. Poisonous Mushrooms......................................................................................................5
1. Amanita-Type Poisoning..........................................................................................5
2. Muscarine-Type Poisoning......................................................................................5
3. Psychotropic or Hallucinogenic Poisoning.............................................................6
4. Coprinus Poisoning..................................................................................................6
5. Poisoning from External Sources............................................................................6
III. Magnitude of Mushroom Species............................................................................................6
IV. Ecological Importance of Mushrooms and Fungi in General.................................................6
V. Collection and Classification of Mushrooms...........................................................................8
A. Field Collection................................................................................................................9
B. Preserving the Collection.................................................................................................9
C. Precautions in the Use of Keys........................................................................................9
VI. Justification for the Term Mushroom Biology.......................................................................10
VII. Impact of Mushroom Biology on Human Welfare................................................................11
VIII. Mushroom Science.................................................................................................................12
A. Definition........................................................................................................................12
B. Contributing Fields.........................................................................................................12
1. Microbiology..........................................................................................................12
2. Fermentation..........................................................................................................14
3. Environmental Engineering...................................................................................15
C. Mushroom Cultivation Technology................................................................................17
1. Concept..................................................................................................................17
2. Phases of Mushroom Technology.........................................................................17
DC. Development of Mushroom Science......................................................................................21
X. Mushroom Biotechnology......................................................................................................22
XI. Nongreen Revolution..............................................................................................................23
References........................................................................................................................................24
Chapter 2 The Nutritional Attributes of Edible Mushrooms......................................................27
I. Introduction.............................................................................................................................27
II. Nutritional Attributes..............................................................................................................27
A. Protein.............................................................................................................................28
B. Essential Amino Acids....................................................................................................30
C. Fat...................................................................................................................................31
D. Vitamins..........................................................................................................................31
E. Carbohydrate and Fiber..................................................................................................34
F Minerals..........................................................................................................................34
G. Nucleic Acids..................................................................................................................34
H. General Considerations...................................................................................................35
References........................................................................................................................................36
Chapter 3 Medicinal Value..........................................................................................................39
I. Introduction.............................................................................................................................39
II. Medicinal Mushrooms............................................................................................................39
III. Effects of Medicinal Mushrooms...........................................................................................42
A. Hematological Effects....................................................................................................42
B. Antiviral Effects..............................................................................................................43
C. Antitumor Effects...........................................................................................................44
D. Antioxidant Activity.......................................................................................................45
E. Cardiovascular and Renal Effects..................................................................................45
F. Carcinogenicity of Mushrooms......................................................................................46
G. Allergic Reaction to Spores............................................................................................46
IV. General Considerations..........................................................................................................46
References........................................................................................................................................47
Chapter 4 Overview of the Biology of Fungi.............................................................................53
I. Introduction.............................................................................................................................53
II. The Fungi...............................................................................................................................53
A. Distinguishing Characteristics........................................................................................53
B. Habitats...........................................................................................................................54
C. Role in Nature................................................................................................................54
D. Classification...................................................................................................................54
III. Vegetative Structure of Fungi.................................................................................................55
A. Hyphae............................................................................................................................55
1. Coenocytic Hyphae................................................................................................56
2. Septate Hyphae......................................................................................................56
B. Organelles.......................................................................................................................56
C. Septal Structures.............................................................................................................57
D. Secondary Mycelium of Basidiomycetes.......................................................................58
E. Cell Walls........................................................................................................................59
F. Unicellular Fungi............................................................................................................60
IV. Growth....................................................................................................................................60
A. Growth Kinetics of Unicellular Fungi...........................................................................60
B. Filamentous Fungi..........................................................................................................60
1. Measurement of Growth........................................................................................61
V. Specialized Vegetative Structures...........................................................................................62
VI. Specialized Reproductive Structures......................................................................................62
A. Sexual..............................................................................................................................62
B. Nonsexual.......................................................................................................................64
VII. Requirements for Growth.......................................................................................................64
A. Nutritional Requirements...............................................................................................64
1. Carbon....................................................................................................................64
2. Nitrogen.................................................................................................................65
3. Minerals.................................................................................................................66
4. Vitamins.................................................................................................................67
B. Physical Requirements....................................................................................................68
1. Temperature............................................................................................................68
2. Light.......................................................................................................................68
3. Moisture.................................................................................................................69
4. Aeration..................................................................................................................69
5. Gravity....................................................................................................................69
C. Transport and Translocation...........................................................................................70
1. Barriers to Transport..............................................................................................70
2. Passive and Active Transport.................................................................................71
3. Translocation..........................................................................................................71
VIII. Metabolism.............................................................................................................................73
A. Carbon.............................................................................................................................73
1. Respiration.............................................................................................................73
B. Nitrogen..........................................................................................................................77
C. Lipids..............................................................................................................................78
IX. Reproduction...........................................................................................................................78
A. Introduction.....................................................................................................................78
B. Sexual..............................................................................................................................79
1. Homothallism.........................................................................................................80
2. Heterothallism........................................................................................................80
3. Hormonal (Pheromonal) Control...........................................................................82
C. Nonsexual.......................................................................................................................83
1. Types of Reproductive Units.................................................................................84
D. Spore Germination..........................................................................................................86
1. Factors Affecting Germination..............................................................................86
2. Measurement..........................................................................................................87
X. Relationship of Fungi with Other Organisms — Symbiosis.................................................87
A. Parasitism........................................................................................................................88
B. Mutualism.......................................................................................................................88
1. Lichens...................................................................................................................88
2. Mycorrhiza.............................................................................................................88
C. Saprophytism..................................................................................................................89
XI. Chemical Composition of Fungi............................................................................................89
A. Proximate Composition of Fungal Cells........................................................................90
B. Edible Mushrooms..........................................................................................................91
References........................................................................................................................................91
Chapter 5 Substrate and Mycelial Growth..................................................................................93
I. Introduction.............................................................................................................................93
II. General Nutritional Requirements for Mushroom Growth...................................................94
m. Preparation of Substrate.........................................................................................................95
A. Composting.....................................................................................................................95
1. Phase I Composting (Compost Preparation).........................................................96
2. Phase II Composting (Compost Conditioning).....................................................97
B. Microorganisms Involved during Composting...............................................................98
IV. Breakdown of Substrates by Extracellular Enzymes of Mushroom Mycelium....................99
V. Genetic Improvement of Mushroom Culture in Regard to Substrate Utilization by
Increased Production of Extracellular Enzymes..................................................................100
References......................................................................................................................................101
Chapter 6 Sexuality and the Genetics of Basidiomycetes........................................................105
I. Discovery of Sexuality by Kniep and Bensaude.................................................................105
A. Tetrapolarity..................................................................................................................105
B. Clamp Connection Formation......................................................................................106
II. Other Early Findings in Sexuality in Basidiomycetes........................................................108
A. Results of Tetrad Analysis............................................................................................108
B. Geographical Races......................................................................................................Ill
C. Bipolarity......................................................................................................................Ill
D. Illegitimate Matings......................................................................................................Ill
E. Buller Phenomenon (= Di-Mon Mating).....................................................................112
III. Reactions Other Than Those Forming Dikaryons...............................................................112
IV. Genetics of the Mating Type Loci and Sexual Morphogenesis in
Schizophyllum commune......................................................................................................113
A. Schizophyllum commune...............................................................................................113
B. The A Locus of Schizophyllum commune..................................................................114
C. The Two-Locus Mating Type Factor Occurs Elsewhere.............................................116
D. Findings from Molecular Genetic Studies...................................................................116
E. Sexual Morphogenesis..................................................................................................116
V. Genetics of Fungi.................................................................................................................117
A. Induction of Mutants....................................................................................................117
1. Spontaneous Mutation Rates...............................................................................118
2. Mutagenic Treatment: X Rays.............................................................................118
3. Mutagenic Treatment: Ultraviolet........................................................................118
4. Mutagenic Treatment: Chemical.........................................................................119
B. Isolation of Mutants......................................................................................................119
1. Total Isolation......................................................................................................119
2. Filtration Enrichment Method.............................................................................120
3. Starvation Selection Method................................................................................120
4. Rescue Method....................................................................................................121
5. Selective Elimination of Prototrophs by Use of Chemical Method...................121
C. Characterization of Mutants.........................................................................................121
1. Auxotrophic Mutants...........................................................................................121
2. Morphological Mutants........................................................................................122
3. Developmental Mutants.......................................................................................123
4. Fruiting Mutants..................................................................................................123
D. Utilization of Methods of Molecular Biology in Genetic Studies of Fungi...............123
1. Taxonomic Studies ae Distinguishing Species and Strains.................................123
2. Demonstration of Genetic Variation in Natural Populations..............................124
3. Demonstration of Genetic Variation in Germplasm Collections........................125
4. Linkage Studies....................................................................................................125
5. Confirmation of Crosses......................................................................................126
6. Patent Labeling....................................................................................................126
References......................................................................................................................................126
Chapter 7 Mushroom Formation: Effects of Environmental, Nutritional, and
Chemical Factors......................................................................................................129
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................129
H. Development of Fruiting Bodies..........................................................................................129
B. Variation in Fruiting Body Structure............................................................................130
1. Mushroom with Cap, Gills, Stipe, and Volva.....................................................130
2. Fruiting Bodies with No Stipe............................................................................131
3. Spore-Bearing Layer (Hymenium) Not in Gills, But in Pores...........................131
4. Funnel-Shaped Fruiting Body with Hymenial Layer in Folds on Underside
of Body................................................................................................................131
C. Primordium Formation.................................................................................................132
D. Primordium Development.............................................................................................132
E. Types of Hyphae in Fruiting Bodies............................................................................133
F. Growth of Agaricus......................................................................................................133
III. Environmental Factors and Fruiting.....................................................................................133
A. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)...............................................................................134
B. Temperature..................................................................................................................134
C. Aeration.........................................................................................................................135
D. Light..............................................................................................................................136
E. Gravity..........................................................................................................................137
IV. Nutritional Factors and Fruiting...........................................................................................138
A. Concentration of Nutrients...........................................................................................138
B. Nature of Carbohydrate................................................................................................139
C. Nitrogen........................................................................................................................139
D. Mineral Nutrition..........................................................................................................140
E. Vitamins........................................................................................................................140
V. Chemical Factors and Fruiting.............................................................................................140
A. Melanin Production and Perithecial Development in Podospora................................141
B. Morphogenesis in Schizophyllum commune................................................................141
C. Effect of Cyclic AMP...................................................................................................142
VI. Summary...............................................................................................................................143
References......................................................................................................................................143
Chapter 8 Mushroom Formation: Effects of Genetic Factors; Breeding.................................145
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................145
II. Genetic Factors for Fruiting Imposed on the Mating Type Requirements.........................145
A. Schizophyllum commune...............................................................................................145
1. Multigenic Fruiting Factors.................................................................................146
2. Morphological Fruiting Mutants.........................................................................146
B. Lentinula.......................................................................................................................147
1. Various Stocks Display Fruiting Differences......................................................147
III. Genetics of Fruiting of Polyporus ciliatus...........................................................................148
A. No Subunits of Incompatibility Factors.......................................................................148
B. Genetic Control of Monokaryotic Fruiting..................................................................148
IV. Monokaryotic Fruiting..........................................................................................................149
A. Species in Which Monokaryotic Fruiting Has Been Reported...................................149
B. Induction.......................................................................................................................149
C. Relationship with Dikaryotic Fruiting.........................................................................150
D. Potential in Mushroom Cultivation..............................................................................150
V. Breeding for Desired Mushroom Features..........................................................................151
A. Extension of Temperature Range.................................................................................151
B. Utilization of Substrates...............................................................................................152
1. Use of Waste Substrates......................................................................................152
2. Increased Yield.....................................................................................................152
C. Sporeless Fruiting Bodies.............................................................................................152
1. Why Desirable?....................................................................................................152
2. Methods Used to Obtain......................................................................................153
D. General Techniques of Breeding for Strain Improvement...........................................154
1. Establishment of Cultures....................................................................................155
2. Maintenance of Cultures......................................................................................155
3. Characterization of Monosporous Mycelia.........................................................155
4. Selection of Recombinants..................................................................................156
References......................................................................................................................................156
Chapter 9 Mushroom Formation: Effect of Pests and Diseases in Mushroom
Cultivation.................................................................................................................159
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................159
A. History of Mushroom Cultivation and Diseases..........................................................159
1. Outdoor Cultivation.............................................................................................159
2. Indoor Cultivation with Pure Culture Spawn......................................................159
II. Viral Diseases.......................................................................................................................160
A. History...........................................................................................................................160
B. Symptoms.....................................................................................................................160
C. Diagnosis.......................................................................................................................161
D. Virus Morphology.........................................................................................................162
E. Epidemiology................................................................................................................162
F. Patch Disease................................................................................................................163
III. Bacterial Diseases.................................................................................................................164
A. Various Mushroom Diseases........................................................................................164
1. Blotch Disease.....................................................................................................164
2. Mummy Disease..................................................................................................164
3. Drippy Gill Disease.............................................................................................164
4. Brown Center Rot Disease of Shiitake.....................................:.........................165
5. Mushroom Soft Rots............................................................................................165
B. Management for Control of Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricola...............................166
IV. Fungal Diseases....................................................................................................................167
A. Introduction...................................................................................................................167
B. Mycoparasites...............................................................................................................167
1. Necrotrophic Parasitism.......................................................................................167
2. Economic Importance..........................................................................................168
C. Competitor Weed Fungi................................................................................................169
1. False Truffle Disease Caused by Diehliomyces microsporus.............................169
2. Cobweb Disease Caused by Dactylium..............................................................170
3. Mushroom Green Mold.......................................................................................171
V. Nematode Diseases...............................................................................................................177
A. Types of Nematodes.....................................................................................................177
1. Saprophagous Nematodes....................................................................................177
2. Mycophagous Nematodes....................................................................................178
3. Entopathogenic Nematodes.................................................................................178
VI. Insect Diseases......................................................................................................................179
A. Introduction...................................................................................................................179
B. Insects That Serve as Agents of Disease in Mushroom Houses.................................179
1. Family Phoridae...................................................................................................179
2. Family Sciaridae..................................................................................................180
3. Family Cecidomyiidae.........................................................................................184
VII. Activity of Mites in Mushroom Cultivation........................................................................184
A. Genera Found during Mushroom Cultivation..............................................................184
B. Economic Importance...................................................................................................185
References......................................................................................................................................185
Chapter 10 Culture Preservation.................................................................................................189
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................189
II. Objectives.............................................................................................................................190
III. Methods................................................................................................................................190
A. Short-Term Storage.......................................................................................................190
1. Culture Practices..................................................................................................191
2. Substratum...........................................................................................................191
3. Small Flat-Sided Culture Bottles.........................................................................191
4. Temperature..........................................................................................................193
B. Long-Term Storage.......................................................................................................193
1. Starvation of Nutrients.........................................................................................193
2. Limitation of Oxygen..........................................................................................194
3. Lyophilization......................................................................................................194
4. Freezing................................................................................................................194
C. A Useful Technique in Genetic Studies.......................................................................199
IV. Conclusions...........................................................................................................................199
References......................................................................................................................................201
Chapter 11 World Production of Edible Mushrooms.................................................................203
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................203
II. Species Cultivated Commercially........................................................................................205
A. Agaricus bisporus.........................................................................................................205
B. Lentinula edodes...........................................................................................................205
C. Volvariella volvacea.....................................................................................................206
D. Flammulina velutipes...................................................................................................206
E. Auricularia spp.............................................................................................................206
F. Pleurotus spp................................................................................................................206
G. Pholiota nameko...........................................................................................................207
H. Tremella fuciformis.......................................................................................................207
I. Mushroom Species Commercially Cultivated Recently..............................................207
J. Mycorrhizal Fungi: Tuber, Tricholoma........................................................................207
K. Termitomyces................................................................................................................208
III. General Information for Mushroom Growers......................................................................209
IV. Trends...................................................................................................................................210
A. Production Methods Breaking the Barriers of Climate and Geography.....................210
1. Agaricus...............................................................................................................210
2. Lentinula..............................................................................................................211
B. World Production of Mushrooms.................................................................................211
C. Utilization of Various Wastes as Substrates.................................................................216
V. Conclusion............................................................................................................................218
References......................................................................................................................................218
Chapter 12 Agaricus — The Leader in Production and Technology.........................................221
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................221
II. Development in the Industry................................................................................................223
A. France............................................................................................................................223
B. Great Britain.................................................................................................................223
C. The Netherlands............................................................................................................224
D. The United States.........................................................................................................224
E. Italy...............................................................................................................................224
E Ireland...........................................................................................................................225
G. Taiwan...........................................................................................................................225
H. South Korea..................................................................................................................225
I. China.............................................................................................................................225
J. General Remarks..........................................................................................................226
III. Compost Materials and Composting....................................................................................226
A. Compost Materials........................................................................................................226
B. Amount of Compost Material......................................................................................228
C. Composting...................................................................................................................231
IV. Spawn and Spawning...........................................................................................................232
A. Definition......................................................................................................................232
1. Natural Virgin Spawn..........................................................................................232
2. Flake Spawn.........................................................................................................232
3. Brick Spawn.........................................................................................................233
4. Pure Culture Spawn.............................................................................................233
5. Liquid Spawn.......................................................................................................233
B. Preparation of Spawn...................................................................................................233
1. Pond Mud-Manure Spawn...................................................................................233
2. Straw-Manure Spawn...........................................................................................234
3. Grain-Manure Spawn...........................................................................................234
C. Spawning.......................................................................................................................234
V Casing...................................................................................................................................235
VI. Harvesting.............................................................................................................................235
References......................................................................................................................................235
Chapter 13 Lentinula —A Mushrooming Mushroom...............................................................237
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................237
II. Early History of Cultivation.................................................................................................237
III. Major Developmental Events of Cultivation.......................................................................241
IV. General Review of Production.............................................................................................243
V. Cultivation in Wood Logs....................................................................................................246
A. Preparation of Logs......................................................................................................246
1. Felling of Logs.....................................................................................................246
2. Moisture Content.................................................................................................247
B. Preparation of Spawn...................................................................................................248
1. Stock.....................................................................................................................248
2. Spawn...................................................................................................................248
C. Inoculation of Spawn into Logs...................................................................................249
1. Time of Spawning................................................................................................249
2. Method of Spawning...........................................................................................249
D. Laying Logs for Mycelial Running..............................................................................250
E. Management of the Raising Yard for Fruiting.............................................................251
E Cropping.......................................................................................................................252
VI. Cultivation in Polypropylene Bags ( Bag Log Cultivation)..............................................253
A. Materials.......................................................................................................................254
1. Sifting the Materials............................................................................................254
2. Mixing the Materials...........................................................................................254
B. Inoculation....................................................................................................................254
C. Incubation.....................................................................................................................255
1. Mycelial Running Stage......................................................................................255
2. Established Mycelial Stage..................................................................................255
D. Fruiting..........................................................................................................................256
E. Proper Care of the Bag Log.........................................................................................258
VII. Special Cultivation Practices................................................................................................259
A. Taiwan...........................................................................................................................259
B. China.............................................................................................................................259
1. Seasonal Development.........................................................................................260
2. General Formulas for Substrate...........................................................................260
3. Method for Filling the Bags................................................................................261
4. Sterilization..........................................................................................................261
5. Inoculation...........................................................................................................261
6. Indoor Mycelial Running.....................................................................................261
7. Shift to Outdoor Cultivation................................................................................262
8. Formation of Mycelial Coats...............................................................................263
9. Stimulation of Fruiting by Temperature Fluctuation..........................................263
10. Management of Fruiting......................................................................................264
11. Reasons for Abnormal Mushrooms.....................................................................265
12. Case Studies: Qingyuan and Biyang...................................................................266
VIII. Fruiting in Liquid Media......................................................................................................268
A Experiments with Lentinula.........................................................................................268
B. Generalizations.............................................................................................................271
IX. Drying and Storage..............................................................................................................273
References......................................................................................................................................275
Chapter 14 Volvariella — A High-Temperature Cultivated Mushroom....................................277
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................277
II. Biological Characteristics.....................................................................................................278
A. Morphological Characteristics......................................................................................278
1. Mature Stage........................................................................................................279
2. Elongation Stage..................................................................................................281
3. Button and Egg Stages........................................................................................282
4. Pinhead Stage.......................................................................................................283
5. Germination and the Germling............................................................................283
6. Vegetative Hyphae...............................................................................................284
7. Chlamydospores...................................................................................................285
B. Requirements for Mycelial Growth..............................................................................285
C. Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation................................................................285
III. Cultivation Methods.............................................................................................................286
A. Production of Spawn....................................................................................................286
1. Starting Cultures..................................................................................................286
2. Culture Media..............................•.......................................................................287
3. Spawn Media.......................................................................................................288
B. Mushroom Production..................................................................................................289
1. Without Pasteurization (Indoor Cultivation).......................................................291
2. Without Pasteurization (Outdoor Cultivation).....................................................291
3. With Pasteurization..............................................................................................292
IV. Harvesting and Processing...................................................................................................295
A. Harvesting.....................................................................................................................295
B. Processing.....................................................................................................................295
V. Special Cultivation Practice.................................................................................................296
A. Rural Spawn Station in Ping-Shan County, Hebei Province, China...........................296
1. Substrate...............................................................................................................296
2. Bagging................................................................................................................296
3. Sterilization..........................................................................................................297
4. Inoculation...........................................................................................................297
5. Incubation.............................................................................................................297
6. Comments on Management.................................................................................297
7. Implications of This Experimental Project.........................................................297
B. Technique of Cultivation of Straw Mushrooms in Green Poplar Village,
Ping-Shan County, Hebei Province, China..................................................................298
1. Preparation of Compost.......................................................................................298
2. Arrangement of Bed Blocks................................................................................298
3. Harvesting of Mushrooms...................................................................................299
4. Spent Compost.....................................................................................................299
5. Conclusion...........................................................................................................299
VI. Some Special Methods and Their Rationale.......................................................................299
A. Phenomenon of Early Fruiting.....................................................................................299
B. Insect Enemy of Straw Mushrooms — Nematodes....................................................300
C. Coprinus — Fungal Competitor of Volvariella...........................................................301
References......................................................................................................................................302
Chapter 15 Flammulina and Pholiota — Low-Temperature Cultivated Mushrooms...............305
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................305
II. Biological Characteristics of Flammulina...........................................................................305
A. Morphology...................................................................................................................306
B. Natural History.............................................................................................................306
C. Requirements for Mycelial Growth..............................................................................307
D. Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation................................................................308
III. Biological Characteristics of Pholiota.................................................................................308
A. Morphology...................................................................................................................308
B. Natural History.............................................................................................................309
C. Requirements for Mycelial Growth..............................................................................310
D. Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation................................................................310
IV. Cultivation Methods.............................................................................................................311
A. Flammulina...................................................................................................................311
B. Pholiota.........................................................................................................................312
References......................................................................................................................................313
Chapter 16 Pleurotus — A Mushroom of Broad Adaptability...................................................315
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................315
II. Biological Characteristics.....................................................................................................316
A. Morphology of Sporophores........................................................................................316
B. Sexuality.......................................................................................................................316
C. Requirements for Mycelial Growth..............................................................................317
D. Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation................................................................317
III. Nutritional Values and Medicinal Properties.......................................................................318
A. Nutritional Values.........................................................................................................318
B. Medicinal Properties.....................................................................................................318
IV. Cultivation Methods.............................................................................................................318
A. Production of Spawn....................................................................................................318
1. Grain Spawn.........................................................................................................319
2. Straw Spawn........................................................................................................319
B. Production of Mushrooms............................................................................................319
V. Harvesting and Processing...................................................................................................320
VI. Special Cultivation Practice.................................................................................................322
References......................................................................................................................................324
Chapter 17 Tremella — Increased Production by a Mixed Culture Technique.........................327
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................327
II. Biological Characteristics.....................................................................................................328
A. Morphology...................................................................................................................328
B. Natural History.............................................................................................................329
C. Requirements for Mycelial Growth..............................................................................330
D. Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation................................................................330
III. Cultivation Methods.............................................................................................................330
A. Wood Log Culture........................................................................................................331
1. Selection of Materials..........................................................................................331
2. Spawn...................................................................................................................331
3. Inoculation...........................................................................................................331
4. Mycelial Running................................................................................................331
5. Management for Fruiting.....................................................................................331
B. Plastic Bag Culture.......................................................................................................332
1. Substrate...............................................................................................................332
2. Spawn Production................................................................................................332
3. Inoculation...........................................................................................................335
4. Mycelial Running................................................................................................335
5. Management for Fruiting.....................................................................................335
IV. Special Cultivation Practices................................................................................................335
A. Cultivation on Cottonseed Hulls in Gutian County, Fujian Province, China.............335
1. Formulas for Substrate.........................................................................................336
2. Preparation of Substrate.......................................................................................336
3. Filling the Bags....................................................................................................336
4. Sterilization..........................................................................................................337
5. Inoculation...........................................................................................................337
6. Mycelial Running................................................................................................337
7. Management for Fruiting Body Formation.........................................................337
8. Harvesting............................................................................................................337
9. Processing............................................................................................................338
B. Mixed Culture Cultivation of the Golden Ear Mushroom..........................................339
V. Harvesting and Processing...................................................................................................340
References......................................................................................................................................340
Chapter 18 Dictyophora — Formerly for the Few.....................................................................343
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................343
II. Biological Characteristics.....................................................................................................344
A. Morphology...................................................................................................................344
B. Natural History.............................................................................................................346
C. Requirements for Mycelial Growth..............................................................................346
D. Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation................................................................347
III. Cultivation Methods.............................................................................................................348
A. Cultivation in Forests....................................................................................................349
1. Selection of Place................................................................................................349
2. Selection of Materials..........................................................................................349
3. Spawn...................................................................................................................349
4. Inoculation...........................................................................................................350
5. Covering the Substrate Materials........................................................................350
6. Management.........................................................................................................351
7. Fruiting.................................................................................................................352
B. Indoor Cultivation.........................................................................................................352
1. The Mushroom House.........................................................................................352
2. Containers for Cultivation...................................................................................353
3. Cultivation............................................................................................................353
4. Management.........................................................................................................353
IV. Harvesting and Processing...................................................................................................353
A. Harvest Time and Method............................................................................................353
B. Rapid Drying................................................................................................................354
C. Grading and Packaging.................................................................................................354
References......................................................................................................................................355
Chapter 19 Ganoderma lucidum —A Leader of Medicinal Mushrooms.................................357
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................357
II. Biological Characteristics.....................................................................................................358
A. Taxonomic Characteristics............................................................................................358
B. Morphological Characteristics......................................................................................359
C. Growth Parameters.......................................................................................................359
III. Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum.....................................................................................360
IV. Traditional Uses....................................................................................................................361
V. Biological Compounds.........................................................................................................362
A. Triterpenes-Triterpenoids..............................................................................................362
1. Bitterness..............................................................................................................362
2. Cytotoxicity..........................................................................................................363
3. Platelet Aggregation Inhibition............................................................................363
4. Antihypertension..................................................................................................363
5. Hepatoprotective Activity....................................................................................363
6. Anti-HIV..............................................................................................................363
7. Hypoglycemic Effects..........................................................................................363
B. Polysaccharide..............................................................................................................363
C. Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein.............................................................................364
D. Steroids.........................................................................................................................365
VI. Contemporary Uses..............................................................................................................365
VII. Products of Ganoderma lucidum.........................................................................................365
VIII. Market Value of Ganoderma lucidum Products..................................................................367
IX. A Protocol for Quality Mushroom Nutriceuticals...............................................................368
X. Conclusion............................................................................................................................369
References......................................................................................................................................369
Chapter 20 Agaricus blazei and Grifola frondosa — Two Important Medicinal
Mushrooms...............................................................................................................373
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................373
II. Biological Characteristics of Agaricus blazei......................................................................373
A. History...........................................................................................................................373
B. Morphology...................................................................................................................374
C. Requirements for Growth.............................................................................................374
III. Biological Characteristics of Grifola frondosa....................................................................375
A. History...........................................................................................................................375
B. Morphology...................................................................................................................375
C. Requirements for Growth.............................................................................................376
IV. Cultivation Methods.............................................................................................................377
A. Agaricus blazei.............................................................................................................377
B. Grifola frondosa...........................................................................................................377
V. Nutritional Content and Medicinal Properties.....................................................................378
A. Agaricus blazei.............................................................................................................378
B. Grifola frondosa...........................................................................................................379
References......................................................................................................................................380
Chapter 21 Other Cultivated Mushrooms — Their Number Grows..........................................383
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................383
II. Auricularia............................................................................................................................384
III. Hericium...............................................................................................................................385
IV. Other Types of Interest.........................................................................................................387
A. Mycorrhizal Mushrooms..............................................................................................387
B. Species with Regional Appeal......................................................................................388
References......................................................................................................................................389
Chapter 22 Technology and Mushrooms....................................................................................391
I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................391
II. Microbial Biotechnology......................................................................................................392
A. What Is Biotechnology?...............................................................................................392
B. Lignocellulose Degradation and Utilization................................................................392
1. Isolation of Actinomycete Strains.......................................................................393
2. Selection of Suitable Species of White-Rot Fungi.............................................393
3. Isolation of Hypercellulolytic Mutants................................................................394
4. Cultivation of Mushrooms...................................................................................394
5. A New Cloning Strategy for Filamentous Fungi................................................397
III. Biotechnology in the Mushroom Industry...........................................................................397
A. General Review of Mushroom Production..................................................................397
B. Major Steps of Mushroom Technology.......................................................................397
IV. Some Fungal Genetic Techniques and Their Possible Applications...................................398
A. Protoplast Fusion for Genetic Manipulation................................................................399
B. Di-Mon Matings and Sporeless Mutants.....................................................................400
C. Breeding for High-Temperature Strains.......................................................................401
D. Conservation of Germplasm.........................................................................................403
V. Potential Use of Mushroom Mycelium................................................................................404
VI. Some Observations and Considerations...............................................................................405
A. Mushroom Cultivation..................................................................................................405
1. Microbiology........................................................................................................405
2. Fermentation........................................................................................................405
3. Environment.........................................................................................................405
4. Genetics................................................................................................................405
5. Nutritional Requirements and Enzyme Activities...............................................406
B. Criteria for Study of Major Phases of Cultivation......................................................406
C. Problems in Cultivation in Developing Countries.......................................................406
1. Social Concept.....................................................................................................407
2. Lack of Support from Government and Industry...............................................407
3. Lack of Interest of Academia..............................................................................407
4. Additional Concerns............................................................................................407
D. Prospects for Mushroom Cultivation in Developing Countries..................................407
References......................................................................................................................................409
Glossary.........................................................................................................................................413
Index..............................................................................................................................................431
|
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| author | Chang, Shu-ting Miles, Philip G. |
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| discipline | Biologie Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
| edition | 2. ed. |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:57:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0849310431 |
| language | English |
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| physical | 451 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Chang, Shu-ting Verfasser aut Mushrooms cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact Shu-Ting Chang ; Philip G. Miles 2. ed. Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Pr. 2004 451 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Früher u.d.T.: Chang, Shu-ting: Edible mushrooms and their cultivation Agriculture rasuqam Biologie rasuqam Champignon comestible rasuqam Champignon rasuqam Champignons - Culture Champignons comestibles Mycologie gtt Écologie rasuqam Landwirtschaft Agaricales Mushroom culture Mushrooms, Edible Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf Pilzanbau (DE-588)4046075-7 gnd rswk-swf Speisepilze (DE-588)4116560-3 gnd rswk-swf Pilzanbau (DE-588)4046075-7 s DE-604 Speisepilze (DE-588)4116560-3 s Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s Miles, Philip G. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012770375&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Chang, Shu-ting Miles, Philip G. Mushrooms cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact Agriculture rasuqam Biologie rasuqam Champignon comestible rasuqam Champignon rasuqam Champignons - Culture Champignons comestibles Mycologie gtt Écologie rasuqam Landwirtschaft Agaricales Mushroom culture Mushrooms, Edible Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Pilzanbau (DE-588)4046075-7 gnd Speisepilze (DE-588)4116560-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006851-1 (DE-588)4046075-7 (DE-588)4116560-3 |
| title | Mushrooms cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact |
| title_auth | Mushrooms cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact |
| title_exact_search | Mushrooms cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact |
| title_full | Mushrooms cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact Shu-Ting Chang ; Philip G. Miles |
| title_fullStr | Mushrooms cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact Shu-Ting Chang ; Philip G. Miles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mushrooms cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact Shu-Ting Chang ; Philip G. Miles |
| title_short | Mushrooms |
| title_sort | mushrooms cultivation nutritional value medicinal effect and environmental impact |
| title_sub | cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact |
| topic | Agriculture rasuqam Biologie rasuqam Champignon comestible rasuqam Champignon rasuqam Champignons - Culture Champignons comestibles Mycologie gtt Écologie rasuqam Landwirtschaft Agaricales Mushroom culture Mushrooms, Edible Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Pilzanbau (DE-588)4046075-7 gnd Speisepilze (DE-588)4116560-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agriculture Biologie Champignon comestible Champignon Champignons - Culture Champignons comestibles Mycologie Écologie Landwirtschaft Agaricales Mushroom culture Mushrooms, Edible Pilzanbau Speisepilze |
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