Biodiversity:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chichester
Wiley
2003
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XI, 284 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780470849576 0470849576 0470849568 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Introduction 1
1 Brief history of a concept: why be concerned
by biological diversity? 5
1.1 What does ‘biodiversity’ refer to? 6
1.2 The origins of the convention on biological
diversity and what is at stake 8
1.2.1 The‘conservationsists’ 9
1.2.2 ‘Useful nature’ 10
1.2.3 Nature has its price 10
1.3 What is changing? 11
2 Biological diversity: what do we know? 13
2.1 The classification of living organisms ֊
underlying principles 13
2.1.1 Levels of organization in the living world 13
2.1.2 Taxonomic hierarchies: the search for an
evolutionary and functional order in the diversity of species 15
2.1.3 The concept of species 18
2.1.4 Ecosystems 20
2.2 The inventory of species 22
2.3 Systematics, computer technology and the internet 24
2.4 Measuring biological diversity 26
2.5 The geographic distribution of biological diversity 27
2.5.1 The taxonomic diversity of marine environments is
greater than that of terrestrial environments 29
2.5.2 Gradients of spatial distribution 30
2.5.3 The relationship between surface area and species richness 33
2.5.4 Biomes as ecological units 34
Biodiversity Christian Leveque and Jean-Claude Mounolou
© 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd ISBN 0 470 84956 8 (Hbk) ISBN 0 470 84957 6 (pbk)
VI
CONTENTS
2.5.5 Biogeographic regions as taxonomie units 35
2.5.6 ‘Hotspots’: areas of high diversity 36
3 The mechanisms at work in the diversification of life 39
3.1 What is life? 40
3.1.1 The chemistry of the origins of life 40
3.1.2 How did life appear upon Earth? 40
3.2 Origins and dynamics of intra- and interspecific
genetic diversity 43
3.2.1 Genetic diversity and the universality of life 43
3.2.2 Mutation 44
3.2.3 Variation and stability 46
3.2.4 Hidden genetic diversity and phenotypic identity 46
3.2.5 Spatial organization and dynamics of intraspecific
genetic diversity 47
3.3 How are species born? 49
3.3.1 Mechanisms of spéciation 49
3.3.2 Modes of spéciation 49
3.3.3 Gradualism and/or punctuated equilibriums 50
3.4 Extinctions 51
3.5 Adaptation: a fundamental property of living
organisms 54
3.5.1 Genetic diversity and adaptation of eukaryotes to
environmental changes 55
3.5.2 The adaptive capacity of prokaryotes 57
3.6 Major stages in the diversification of the living world 60
3.6.1 The main lines of evolution and how they are related 60
3.6.2 From unicellular to multicellular organisms 62
3.6.3 The explosion of biological diversity in the
Cambrian period 62
3.6.4 From the sea to the land: a successful transition 63
3.6.5 The long history of vertebrates 66
3.7 Is the evolution of life predetermined? 69
4 The species richness of natural communities as a
result of equilibrium/non-equilibrium processes 73
4.1 Theories of equilibrium based on interspecific
relationships 74
4.1.1 Theories of equilibrium as a result of
interspecific competition 74
4.1.2 The role of predation 75
4.1.3 Mutualism or co-operative relationships
between species 76
CONTENTS
vii
4.1.4 Saturation of communities and biotic interactions 77
4.1.5 The Macarthur-Wilson model and the theory of
dynamic equilibrium 79
4.2 Theories of succession 81
4.2.1 Succession 82
4.2.2 The concept of climax 84
4.2.3 The Holling model 84
4.3 The dynamic equilibrium of ecosystems and the role of
disturbances 85
4.3.1 What is a disturbance? 87
4.3.2 The intermediate disturbance hypothesis 87
4.3.3 Buffering and recuperative capacities of ecosystems 89
4.4 Spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability 90
4.4.1 Fragmented communities 90
4.4.2 The dynamics of non-equilibrium 91
4.4.3 Patch dynamics 92
4.4.4 From the continental to the local level:
a conceptual model to explain the richness of
ichthyic communities 93
4.5 Are ecological communities governed by niche-
assembly or dispersal-assembly rules? 95
5 Biological diversity and the functioning of
ecological systems 97
5.1 Biological diversity: a dynamic system 97
5.2 The ecosystem approach 99
5.3 Functions of species within ecosystems 100
5.3.1 Keystone species 101
5.3.2 Engineer organisms 101
5.3.3 Functional groups: complementarity and redundancy 102
5.4 Hypotheses on the role of species in ecosystem
functioning 103
5.5 Neighbourhood relationships between species 105
5.5.1 Competition 105
5.5.2 Co-operative relationships: commensalism and symbiosis 105
5.5.3 Parasitism 106
5.6 Food webs and trophic chains 109
5.6.1 Producers-consumers-dccomposers: the flow
of matter and energy 109
5.6.2 ‘Top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ theories 111
5.6.3 Theory of trophic cascades 112
5.7 The diversity of species and biological production 113
5.8 Biological diversity and the‘stability’of ecosystems 115
CONTENTS
viii
5.9 The role of biological diversity in biochemical cycles 116
5.9.1 The biological fixation of nitrogen 117
5.9.2 The mineralization of organic matter 117
5.9.3 Long-term storage of mineral elements 118
5.9.4 Recycling and transport of nutrients by consumers 119
5.10 The role of biological communities 120
5.10.1 The importance of micro-organisms for the
structure and functioning of pelagic trophic
networks in aquatic environments 120
5.10.2 Riparian vegetation and the functioning of rivers 122
5.10.3 The role of soil communities 123
5.11 Biological diversity and the dynamics of the
biosphere 125
5.11.1 Composition of the atmosphere 125
5.11.2 Control of évapotranspiration in the
soil-plant-atmosphere system 126
5.12 The cybernetic cohesion of ecosystems: the role
of communication networks 127
5.12.1 Communication by chemical substances
in aquatic systems 128
6 The dynamics of biological diversity and the
consequences of human activities 131
6.1 Paleoenvironments and biological diversity 132
6.1.1 Northern European terrestrial systems 133
6.1.2 Tropical rainforests 136
6.1.3 Continental aquatic systems 143
6.2 Humankind and the erosion of biological diversity 144
6.2.1 The myth of the noble savage 144
6.2.2 The extinction of large mammals at the end
of the Pleistocene: were humans the cause? 146
6.2.3 The current erosion of biological diversity 147
6.3 Human activities and the dynamics of
biological diversity 150
6.3.1 Demographic pressures 152
6.3.2 Land use and the transformation of the
countryside 152
6.3.3 Biological invasions and the introduction
of species 154
6.3.4 Overexploitation 159
6.3.5 Some examples illustrating the combined effect
of human activities on the dynamics of
biological diversity 161
CONTENTS ix
7 The dynamics of biological diversity and implications
for human health 165
7.1 The complexity of host-parasite relationships 165
7.1.1 Human onchocerciasis 166
7.1.2 Malaria 167
7.2 Emerging pathologies 168
7.3 Environmental change, biological diversity and human
health 170
7.3.1 Intercontinental exchanges 170
7.3.2 New technologies related to lifestyle 171
7.3.3 The eutrophication of water and the proliferation of
toxic algae 172
7.3.4 Allergies 173
7.4 The growing virulence of viral diseases 174
7.4.1 Morbilliviruses 177
7.4.2 Haemorrhagic fever viruses 177
7.5 Adaptive strategies of pathogenic agents and their
vectors 179
7.5.1 Resistance to antibiotics 179
7.5.2 Resistance to pesticides 180
7.6 Substances of medical interest and biological diversity 182
7.6.1 Traditional pharmacology 182
7.6.2 Biological diversity and the pharmaceutical industry 183
8 Genetic resources and biotechnology 185
8.1 The domestication of nature: an old story 185
8.2 Genetic diversity and domestication: creating and
selecting ‘useful’ species 188
8.3 The management and diversity of genetic resources 191
8.4 The biotechnological revolution and genetically
modified organisms 196
8.4.1 Transgenesis 197
8.4.2 Applications in agriculture 198
8.4.3 Anticipating the risks of genetically modified
organisms 200
8.5 Property rights and the commercialization of
living things 202
8.5.1 The international involvement of the FAO 203
8.5.2 The Plant Variety Protection (PVP) Certificate 204
8.5.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity 204
8.6 Patents on life: an open debate 205
X
CONTENTS
9 ‘Useful’ nature: the value and use of biological diversity 207
9.1 Benefits and services provided by ecosystems 208
9.2 Theoretical bases for assessing the economic value
of biological diversity 209
9.2.1 Use value and non-use value 210
9.2.2 Economic goods versus free goods 211
9.2.3 Appropriation and/or free access to biological
diversity 212
9.3 Putting a price on biological diversity 213
9.3.1 What is the overall value of ecosystems? 214
9.3.2 ‘Natural infrastructures’ 215
9.4 Uses for biological diversity 216
9.4.1 Use of living resources for food 216
9.4.2 Extractive products 217
9.4.3 Timber 219
9.4.4 Biotechnology and industrial applications 219
9.4.5 Ornamental plants and animals 222
9.4.6 Ecotourism 222
10 The conservation of biodiversity 225
10.1 Why protect biological diversity? 227
10.2 Approaches to conservation 229
10.2.1 In situ and ex situ conservation 229
10.2.2 Species versus ecosystem conservation 230
10.2.3 What are the priorities for conservation? 231
10.2.4 What about the cost? 233
10.3 Protected areas 235
10.3.1 National parks: nature versus humans 235
10.3.2 Integrating Nature and humans 236
10.3.3 Europe and biodiversity: Natura 2000 238
10.4 Sustainable use of biological diversity 239
10.4.1 Sustainable development 239
10.4.2 Traditional knowledge 241
10.4.3 Regional planning and development 242
10.4.4 Marine environments: how can the perpetuation
of fisheries be reconciled with the conservation
of marine resources? 242
10.5 Ex situ conservation 245
10.5.1 Botanic gardens 246
10.5.2 Zoological parks 248
CONTENTS
xi
10.6 Conservation biology 249
10.6.1 The fragmentation of habitats 250
10.6.2 Réintroduction of species 251
10.6.3 Restoration ecology 251
10.7 The preventive approach: ecosystem health checks 253
10.7.1 Ecosystem health and/or integrity 254
10.7.2 Bio-indicators 255
10.8 Disturbances: allies of conservation? 256
10.8.1 Fire 256
10.8.2 Cyclones and storms 258
10.9 International Conventions 259
10.10 From theory to practice: some examples
for the implementation of the principles of
conservation and sustainable development,
and the difficulties encountered 260
10.10.1 Implementing international conventions 262
10.10.2 Local and human stakes in biodiversity:
transcending the contradictions? 263
A conclusion of sorts 267
On the Web ... 269
Information network 269
Inventories and data bases 269
Global 269
By group 220
Collections regional inventories 270
Resource guide 271
Systematics 272
Reports maps 272
Conventions 272
Human health (emerging diseases) 273
Conservation 273
References and further reading 275
Index 281
|
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| spelling | Lévêque, Christian 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)1138362492 aut Biodiversité, dynamique biologique et conservation Biodiversity Christian Lévêque ; Jean-Claude Mounolou Chichester Wiley 2003 XI, 284 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd rswk-swf Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 s DE-604 Mounolou, Jean-Claude Verfasser aut KOBV Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011748673&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4601495-0 |
| title | Biodiversity |
| title_alt | Biodiversité, dynamique biologique et conservation |
| title_auth | Biodiversity |
| title_exact_search | Biodiversity |
| title_full | Biodiversity Christian Lévêque ; Jean-Claude Mounolou |
| title_fullStr | Biodiversity Christian Lévêque ; Jean-Claude Mounolou |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biodiversity Christian Lévêque ; Jean-Claude Mounolou |
| title_short | Biodiversity |
| title_sort | biodiversity |
| topic | Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biodiversität |
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