Primul război mondial:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
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1979
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| 505 | 0 | |a 1914-1918.<br>Bucureşti: Ed. ştiinţ. şi enciclopedicǎ 1979. 555 S.m.Abb., Taf.u.Kt., ungez.Taf. [urmän.]<br>Mit Zsfass. in engl. u. russ. Sprache; Engl.<br>Zsfass. m.d. Tit.: World War I <1914-1918>. | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Weltkrieg (1914-1918) | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PART I
The world at a turning point 1871—1914
Chapter I. Capitalism becomes a world system............................ 9
Chapter II. The epoch of great empires.................................. 34
Chapter III. Political-military alliances in Europe .................... 59
Chapter IV. Europe under arms ............ ............................. 118
Chapter V. Crisis of the 1914 summer ................................... 151
PART II
The great war for a new sharing out of the world
Chapter I. 1914 — “The Campaign of Surprises”......................... . 181
Chapter II. The 1915 campaign: “Strategy with Eimited Targets” ............ 200
Chapter III. 1916 — “The Strategy of Exhaustion”........................... 217
Chapter IV. Tentativcs of peace, disagreements and disputes among the allies. 293
Chapter V. Economic war and maritime wTar ................................. 310
Chapter VI. 1917: the year of the great crisis ............................ 342
Chapter VII. 1918: military victory of the Entente ........................ 395
PART III
From the imperialist war to peace
Chapter I. Armistices of the battlefields .............................. 437
Chapter II. “The Versailles System”...................................... 443
Conclusion ................................................................ 459
Chronology. The main military operations between 1914 and 1918.......... 479
Selective bibliography..................................................... 517
Index of names............................................................. 527
Summaries in foreign languages ............................................ 539
555
CUPRINS
PARTEA I
Lumea la rascruce 1871 —1914
Capitolul I. Capitalismul se transforma in sistem mondial ...................... 9
Capitolul II. Epoca marilor imperii ............................................ 34
Capitolul III. Europa alian^elor politico-militare ............................. 59
Capitolul IV. Europa sub arme .................................................. VIS
Capitolul V. Criza din vara anului 1914 ........................................ 151
PARTEA A II-A
Marele razboi pentru reimparfirea lumii
Capitdlal I. 1914: «Campania surprizelor » .............................. 181
Capitolul II. Campania din 1915: «Strategia cu scopuri limitate » ....... 200
Capitolul III. 1916: «Strategia epuizarii » ............................. 217
Capitolul IV. Tentative de pace, eontradictii si dispute intro alia^i ... 293
Capitolul V. Räzboiul economic si räzboiul maritim.......................... 310
Capitolul VI. 1917: Ann] marii crize........................................ 342
Capitolul VII. 1918: Victoria militara a Antantei .......................... 395
PARTEA A III-A
De la räzboiul imperialist la pace
Capitolul I. Armistitiilc de pe fronturile de lupia......................... 437
Capitolul II. «Sistemul Versailles » ....................................... 143
tncheiere ..................................................................... 459
Cronologie. Principalcle opera iuni militare in anii 1914—1918................. 479
Bibliografie selectiva ..................................................... 517
Indice de muñe ................................................................ 527
Rezúmate in limbi stráine...................................................... 539
WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)
The socio-economic development characterizing capitalist society
at the turn of the 19th century generated wars outside Europe, which the Europeans
and the North Americans waged at first in order to conclude the partition of the world
and then to redivide it. Jean Jaurès, an outstanding personality of the French and inter-
national Socialist movement, said in March 1915 in a speech he delivered before the
French Chamber of Deputies: “Capitalist society carries the war within itself, just as a
quiet cloud carries the storm”.
International relations in the last decades of the 19lli century and the first years
of the 20th were marked by a continual aggravation of the contradictions between the
Great Powers; by the setting up of military alliances in Europe and by the allied poli-
cies. Between 1871 and 1914, Europe was gradually and unavoidably driven down the
slope into the chasm of a military conflict without precedent in world history. The
motives behind Great Powers politics vere colonial, commercial and financial competi-
tion, increasing fear caused by the rise of the democratic movement in general and of
the independence struggles fought by the dependent peoples in particular; that fear
was the only factor which could possibly induce the imperialist powers to “co-operate”
and ensure their “unity”. That competition wras periodical enhanced by wTorld economic
crises which gave additional impulses to the expansionist Great Powers policies. As
soon as the partition of “free” or “masterless” territories was concluded, the great empi-
res evinced an ever growing tendency to divide each other. That process was unavoidably
sliding into a world confrontation, for which the leading circles of the Great Powers
were already making diplomatic preparations, causing considerable changes in the
international structures by creating a system of “armed peace”. The fact that political-
military alliances were born out of a clash of global interests between the Great PowTers,
the roots of wich wrent back into the pre-history of the 1914 events, was necessarily
lending a world — wide character to the emerging deep crisis of capitalism. The con-
flicting interests of the major imperialist States on a planetary scale and the existence
of the alliance systems were causing the impending conflict to acquire a world scope
547
(and not a merely local, European one as it had happened in the past); in such confron-
tation Germany, for instance, would try “to come up in the world” by seizing the Bri-
tish colonial empire, while Tsarist Russia could not lay hands on the Bosphorus, the
Dardanelles and Constantinople unless it provoked a World War. A characteristic
feature of the early 20th century was that the main imperialist contradiction was the
Anglo-German one; it determined the general balance of forces on the international
scene, and it was generated by the fact that the two countries, the financial capital was
engaged in sharp competition on all continents, except Australia, and also within inter-
national monopolies. It wras German imperialism and militarism that had the initiative
of confrontation in various spheres, without thereby modifying the imperialist nature of
the policies pursued by its opponents. The background against which all those processes
and phenomena wrere taking place was, on the one hand, an unparalleled colonial expan-
sion and, on the other hand, a considerable development of the national consciousness
of the Romanians, Serbians, Czechs, Slovaks Poles, etc., and of their struggle for na^
tional liberation and for national unity within their own unitary States.
During the last few* years preceeding the outbreak of World War I international
political crises became deeper, and the forces and States involved in various conflicts
became more numerous. The Balkan conflicts of 1912 and 1913 and the diplomatic
complications they caused wTere also an integral part of the protracted pre-war crisis.
The liberation war started by the young Balkan national States forming a coalition
against the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent war between the former allies aggra-
vated the contradictions between the Powers associated in the tw^o political-military
alliances: The Triple Entente and The Triple Alliance. The “Balkan Crisis” precipitated
the decision to unleash the World War. On the other hand, the events in the Balkans
and their implications proved once again that the national question was one of the prin-
cipal sore points of the prewar international situation.
But the world conflict was not generated solely by the contradictions between
the imperialist States; it was prepared also by the sharpened internal contradic-
tions of capitalism in various countries. The pre-war political crisis took various forms
in many countries: disintegration of bourgeois democracy, considerable sharpening of
the class struggle waged by the proletariat, impetuous swelling of the tide of national
liberation struggle in Austria-Hungary, Russia etc. The crisis generated, and was per-
manently accompanied by a nationalistic and chauvinistic wave, which the numerous
rightwing extremist bourgeois organizations were fostering to condition the opinion for
an imperialistic war. Therefore, due to the problems posed by the economic, social
and political situation of 1914, Europe was faced with the need to take a decision.
Objectively, the crisis of the pre-war period culminated in the outbreak of the
World War, and the features which had characterized the policy of the rulling circles
representing the interests of the big monopolies also marked the war itself. In this
respect V. I. Lenin noted: “The growth of armaments and the extreme sharpening of
the fight for markets in the imperialistic stage (...) the dynastic interests of the most
548
backward monarchies in Eastern Europe were unavoidably leading, and actually resul-
ted in ... war”.1
Although the World War was prepared by the imperialist States, regardless of the
group they were part of the principal responsability for unleashing the war belonged to
the German imperialism, which chose the most favorable moment using its ascendency
over its enemies in point of military preparedness in order to attain its own objectives.
The pretext Germany and her ally, Austria-Hungary, used to unleash the war was the
Sarajevo assassinate of June 29, 1914. At a time when the colonies and semicolonies
comprised 66.8 per cent of the world territory, where 56.1 percent of the world popu-
lation were living, it was unavoidable that the future of the colonies in the extra-
European areas would be decided on the battlefields of Europe.
The balance of forces between the belligerents was particularly important for the
manner in which the war was to be carried out. Whereas in the initial stage of opera-
tions it was the number of men or divisions, the quality of training and armament
that were essential, the prospects of a lasting war brought to the fore other elements
which were beginning to play an increasingly important pari in the development of
the military operations, such as the size of the population, the available raw materials,
the over-all economic capacity, etc. Under such circumstances, the failure of the
German strategy in the 1914 military campaign was inevitably followed by a long
destructive and devastating war, for which the Austrian-German bloc was not prepa-
red, lacking the necessary resources to win it. That is why in spite of their many victo-
ries, the Austrian-German forces and their allies were waging a “war of illusions”,
after the strategical failure they had suffered in the summer and autumn of 1914.
Many more States, such as Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy, Romania, the United Slates
of America, Greece, etc., were gradually drawn into the conflagration, prompted by
their own interests or by the interests of the belligerent Great Powers. On the eve of
the World War, Romania’s foreign policy was at the crossroads, trying* to achieve a
balance between her own interests and aspirations concerning the completion of natio-
nal unity, and the possible diplomatic solutions. The events between 1914 and 1916
were to facilitate and precipitate that process of re-orientation in the Romanian foreign
policy. The first important step in that directions was made in the summer of 1914,
when Romania proclaimed her armed neutrality. Romania was then in the early stage
of capitalist development, she was located in an area where Great Powers interests were
crossing and even became an object of rivalry between those Powers: she was not pur-
suing a policy of plunder and conquest and her action was directed at safeguarding her
own independence and sovereignty, and fulfilling her people’s legitimate national
aspirations. Therefore, Romania’s refusal to enter the imperialist war in 1914 on the
side of the Austrians and Germans and her option for armed neutrality was the first
great accomplishment of her national policy, which expressed the common aspiration
1 V. I. Benin, Complete Works, Vol. 26, Second edition. Political Publishing House,
Bucharest, 1965, p. 15.
549
of all Romanians, to achieve the unity of their national State. In the summer of 1916,
after having been repeatedly urged by the Entente Powers, which promised to support
the Romanians* struggle for the completion of their national unity, Romania entered
the war, although she was insufficiently prepared from a military point of view. As
she joined the Great Powers of the Entente, which were waging an imperialist war,
Romania was not motivated by plans of conquest and territorial annexation, but by
a desire to attain the goal of establishing a unitary national State, through the union
of all the Romanian provinces with the mother-country.
Like the Serbians, who had been fighting ever since the summer of 1914 to defend
their national identity and independence, but whose territory was conquered by the
Austrian-German and Bulgarian armies in 1915, as they received little help from the
Entente, the Romanians also suffered a number of failures in 1916, since they were also
deprived of efficient cooperation from the part of the French, English and Russian armies
and had to face up alone to the blows dealt by the enneiny forces, which were clearly
superior in troops, hardware and combat experience and which had chosen Romania in
the autumn of 1916 as a main objective of fheir war effort. If, however, the Central
Powers, despite all their efforts, were not able to put Romania out of the war, that
was due exclusively to the remarkable capacity of the Romanian people to make great
sacrifice, it was due to the heroism of the Romanian soldiers, who were fighting to defend
their country and to liberate the Romanian territories from foreign domination.
The history of the Great War for the redivision of the world reveals that the parti-
cipation in the military conflict of smaller States, such as Serbia, Belgium and Romania,
whose just struggle had nothing in common with the policy of the imperialist Great
Powers, could not change the imperialist character of the World Conflagration.
The First World War lasted for more than four years. None of the main partici-
pants in the conflict had been prepared for such a long war. The balance of forces bet-
ween the belligerents, their strategies, the class policies and the interests of certain
circles of the rulling classes contributed to the prollongation of the hostilities. For three
years, an absurd “position war” was carried on in the European theatres of military
operations. Millions of people endured undescribable hardships brought upon their
eroes by the specific combat conditions of the “position war”. That form of war had
two causes: a military one, implying the millitary hardware used by the belligerents,
and the political one, bearing a class character. The stabilization of the front-lines for
certain periods of time, which may have been unavoidable sometimes, did not actually
require a protracted “position war”, such as the one waged through 1914—1918; it was
impossible for the adversaries to be equally exhausted and to need the same period of
time to recover. In order to bring the battle-fronts to a stand still for years the real
causes had to be political: first interests of the plutocracy to whom of attrition war
was economically profitable; secondly, the lack of incentive for the soldiers of the armies
engaged to fight a war, the goals of which were alien to them and hence their reluctance
to leave the trenches in order to fight in the open. The great offensives that had still
been launched before 1918 to pierce the enemy front remained in fact extremely bloody
550
and costly expriences, which only created an illusion that they were aimed at putting
an end to the “position war”. The incapacity of some generals undoubtedly played a
certain role at times and the lack of ammunition or efficient weapons during certain
periods may have influenced the development of military operations. But these could
not be the only explanations. After all, the basic factor was the unwillingness of the
rulling classes to end a profitable war so soon, because “the war of attrition” simply
meant attrition of the peoples, but it brought huge profits to the capital.
The failure of Germany and her allies and the military victory of the Entente in
the First World War, did not come by more chance. It was a host of objective elements
that primarily determined the final result of the military confrontation. The economic,
military and human potential of Germany and her allies was inferior to the potential
of which the Entente Powers were relying that fact played a decisive part, since
Germany’s vulnerability from an economic and military point of view increased in
direct proportion with the prolongation of the war . The German rulling classes had ne-
glected the dependence of the military element on the economic one, they underesti-
mated their opponents and made a sort of myth out of General Von Schlieffen’s strategy,
thus lauching their country into an immense adventure. To all this one should add, of
course, their political mistakes, such as the misconstruction of the interests and poli-
cies of the United States of America, etc.
The imperialist war was inevitably followed by an imperialist peace. The provi-
sions the victorious Entente imposed by the Peace Treaties on the defeated Powers
revealed the same rapacity, the same tendency for subjugation and concjuest that the
Central Powers had shown on the ocasion of the Brest-Litovsk and of Bucharest agree-
ments, imposed an Soviet Russia and on Romania. On the other hand, the victors were
obliged acknowledge a de facto situation created in Europe as a result of the revolutionary
struggle for national liberation and the achievement of State and national unity fought
by the Romanians, Serbians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles etc. The Peace Treaties of Saint-
Germanin and Trianon, concluded with Austria and Hungary, sanctioned the situation
established after the collapse of the Hapsburgh monarchy: as a result of the peoples’
revolutionary struggles, new States (Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Kingdom of the Ser-
bians, Croatia ns and Slovenians) had emerged on the map of Europe, and the unity of
other peoples and States, such as Romania, had been achieved.
History proves the unquestionable rightness of the peoples’ struggle for liberation
and for the establishment of their own identity as national, unitary and idependent
States.
The completion of the national unitary Romanian State brought to fruition a long
historical process, and the decisions made by the Great National Assembly of Alba
lulia on 1 December 1918 expressed the Romanians’ aspiration for, and consciousness
of unity by proclaiming the union of Transylvania and Banat with Romania.
Analysing the conditions which made the accomplishment of that historic goal
possible, President Nicolae Ceausescu stated: “The course of historical events demonstra-
tes most emphatically that the Union was not a casual occurence, it was not the result
551
of a mere conjunction of favourable circumstances or of agreements reached at the nego-
tiating table, but the outcome of the decisi ve struggles waged by the broadest masses
of people; it was .an act of profound national justice and the realization of a Lawful
concordance between objective reality and the people’s inalienable rights, on the one
hand, and a national framework stringently required by that reality, on the orher”.2
In the light of those events the significance of Romania’s participation in World
War I acquires new valences, and it appears as a profundly progressive event, as an
expression of the right of the peoples to self-determination and to free and independent
existence.
In conclusion, the First World War seen as a consequence of the struggle waged
by the imperialist States in order to redevide the world, generate deep-going changes in
the international arena, but it was not able to resolve the basic contradictions of impe-
rialism, which would eventually lead to the outbreak of the Second World Conflagration
2 Nicolae Geausescu, Speech at the Joint Solemn Session of the Central Committee
of the Romanian Communist Party, National Council of the Socialist Unity Front and
Grand National Assembly merking the 60 th anniversary of the establishment of the Ro-
manian national unitary State, in Scinteia”, year XLVII, No. 11285, 2 December 1978.
INDICE DE NUME1
A
Abdullah ibn Hussein (1882 —1951), rege
al Transiordaniei (1946—1949) si al
lordaniei (1949-1951): 257.
Abd-el-Aziz (1878 -1943), sultan al Ma-
rocului (1908-1912): 93, 97.
Abdul Hamid II (1842—1918), sultan
otoman (1876—1908): 108.
Adler, Friedrich (1879—1969),. oin poli-
tic austriac: 276.
Aelirenthal, Alois Lexa, conte von ~ (1854
— 1912), om politic austro-ungar: 98.
Albert I (1875—1934), rege al Belgiei
(1909-1934): 300, 301, 302, 306, 307.
Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix, principesa
de Hessa) (1872 — 1918), (arina a Rusici
(1894-1918): 279, 299.
Alexandru II (1818—1881), tar al Husiei
(1855—1881): 66.
Alexandru III (1845—1894), far al Rusiei
(1881 — 1894): 49, 62, 72, 73, 89.
Alexandru I (1893—1920), rege al Greciei
(1917—1920): 365.
Alexandru I Karagheorghevic, [print
mostenitor] rege al Iugoslaviei (1921 —
1934): 213.
Alexeev, Mill 01 Vasilicvici (1857 1918),
general rus: 219, 241.
Allenby, Edmund Henry Ilymnnn, vi-
contc — (1861 — 1936), icldmnresal bri-
iauic: 416
1 intocmit de Lucia Popa.
Andrassy, Gyula (1823 — 1890), om po-
litic ungur: 66, 67, 68, 69.
Andrassy, Gyula (1860—1929), om poli-
tic ungur: 113.
Annunzio, Gabriele D’^ (1863—1938),
scriitor si om politic italian: 144, 202.
Arenberg, Antoine Francois DJ^(1826 —
1910), om politic si publicist fran-
cez: 37.
Aslan, Mihail (1857—1936), general ro-
man: 246.
Asquith, Herbert Henry, duce de Oxford
si (1852—1928), om politic bri-
tanic: 165, 207, 276, 277, 301.
Averescu, Alexandru (1859 — 1928), mare-
sal si om politic roman: 246, 365.
B
Balfour, Arthur Janies, duce ~(1848 —
1930), om politic si diplomat brita-
nic: 154, 297.
Ballin, Albert (1857—1918), mare indus-
trial german: 85, 336.
Barrere, Camille Eugene Pierre (1851 —
1940), diplomat francez: 143, 202.
Barres, Auguste Maurice (1862—1923),
scriitor si om politic francez: 47, 144,
171.
Bauer, Otto (1881—1938), socialist, om
politic si diplomat austriac: 39.
Bar ten bach, ofi(er german: 39, 336.
Beatty, David, duce de Xorlh Sea si
Brooksby (1871 — 1936), amiral bri-
527
tanic: 258, 259, 263, 264, 265, 267,
325, 328.
Bebel, August (1840—1913), militant al
miscârii muncitoreçti si socialiste ger-
mane: 38.
Benes, Edward (1884—1948), om poli-
tic cehoslovae: 239.
Beldiman, Alexandru (1855—1924), diplo-
mat român: 114, 239.
Bell, Sir Hugh, industrias britanic: 158.
Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa)
(1854—1922), papa (1914—1922): 390.
Benckendorff, Aleksandr Konstantino-
vici (1849—1917), diplomat rus: 158.
Berchtold, Leopold, conte von (1863 —
1942), om politic austro-ungar: 152
Bernhardi, Friedrich von (1849 — 1930),
general german: 173.
Berteaux, Maurice Henri (1852—1911),
om politic francez: 100.
Bertre, socialist francez: 164.
Berthelot, Henri Mathias (1861 — 1931),
general francez: 415.
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von (1856 —
1921), om politic german: 100, 101,
106, 141, 153, 154, 160, 161, 162,
165, 275, 287, 295, 299, 300, 329, 332,
335, 377, 378, 379, 380.
Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand conte von
(1809 — 1886), om politic german: 68, 98.
Billenborough, om politic britanic: 35.
Bishop, William Avery (1894—1956), as
al avia^iei canadiene: 406.
Bismarck, Otto von (1815—1898), om
politic german, cancelar al Reichului
(1871 —1890): 41, 42, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64,
65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79,
112, 143, 163, 444, 476.
Bissolati, Leonida (1857 — 1920), socia-
list, om politic italian: 104.
Blaine, J.G. (1830 — 1893), om politic
american: 38.
BIe3 , Fritz, publicist german: 141.
Bloch, Ï. S., teoretician militai* rus: 133.
Blondel, G., diplomat francez: 113.
Blum, Léon (1872—1950), socialist, om
politic francez: 163.
Boedicker, amiral german: 265.
Bogdan, Gheorge (1856 — ?), general ro-
mân: 237.
Bonaparte, Napoleon (1769—1821), impà-
rat al Frantei (1804 — 1815): 59, 137.
Bonomi, I. (1873 — 1852), om politic
italian: 104.
Boris III (1894—1943), regc al Bulga-
riei (1918—1943): 433.
Boselli, Paolo (1838 —1932), om poli-
tic italian: 278, 376.
Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie
(1837—1891), general francez: 62.
Bourbon, familie regala franceza: 74.
Brailsford, Henry N. (1873 — 1953), zia-
rist britanic: 82, 158.
Branting, Karl H. (1860—1925), Iider
socialist suedez: 394.
Bratieanu, Ion I. G. (1864—1927), om
de stat roman: 235, 236, 237, 241, 444,
452.
Brazza, Gamille Savorgnan de^(1852 —
1905), expJorator francez al Africii:
41.
Briand, Aristide (1862 — 1932), om poli-
tic francez: 242, 277, 282, 301, 390.
Brialmont, general belgian: 125.
Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich von (1869 —
1928), om politic german: 319, 448,
449.
Bronsart, Friedrich von (1864—?), mili-
tar §i diplomat german: 237.
Brouqueville, Charles ^ (1860— 1940), om
politic belgian: 122.
Brusilov, Alexei A. (1853—1926), gene-
ral rus: 226, 227, 234, 286, 306, 359.
Bryan, William J. (1860 — 1925), om po-
litic american: 332.
Buchanan, Sir George William (1854 —
1924), diplomat britanic: 159, 299,
300, 358.
Burian, Rajecz Stephan von (1851 — 1922),
om politic austro-ungar: 439
Burgess, J. W. (1844-1931), politolog
american: 38.
Billow, Bernhard von (1849—1929), di-
plomat si om politic german: 38, 77,
78, 93, 94, 95, 96, 137, 202.
Billow, Karl von (1846—1921), general
german: 183.
C
Gabrinovic, Nedjalko, patriot sirb: 152.
Cachin, Marcel (1869 — 1958), socialist
francez: 358.
Gadorna, Luigi (1850—1928), general
italian: 232, 278, 369, 376, 386.
528
Caiilaux, Joseph (1863—1944), om politic
francez: 102, 106, 375.
Callaghan, G. (1832 — 1920), amiral bri-
tanic: 160.
Canning, George (1770 — 1827), om poli-
tic britanic: 166.
Cantacuzino, Gli., diplomat rorn^n: 156.
Cantacuzino, loan (1863—1934), medic
roman: 239.
Gambon, Jules (1845—1935), diplomat
francez: 100.
Campbell-Bannerman, Henry (1836 —
1908), om politic britanic: 95.
Capelle, Eduard von (1855—1931), amiral
german: 333.
Caproni, Gianni (1886- 1957), aviator
si constructor de avioane Italian: 406.
Carol I de Habsburg (1887—1922), impa-
rat al Austriei si rege al Ungariei (1916 —
1918): 276, 299, 308, 390, 391, 410, 424,
430, 431.
Carol de Ilabsburg, arliiduce de Austria,
general: 227.
Carol I de Hohenzollern, regc a I Roma-
niei (1881 — 1914): 113, 132, 235, 236.
Carp, P. P. (1837 — 1918), om politic
roman: 132.
Castelnau, Noel Marie (1851— 1944), general
francez: 222.
Cavour, Gamillo Renso (1810—1861), om
politic italian: 105.
Ceau^escu, Nicoiae (ii. 1918), eminent
om politic si de stat: Sccretar Gcne-
ral al Partidului Comunist Roman,
Presedintelc Republicii Sociallste Ro-
mania: 72, 235, 244, 254, 363, 432. 452.
Cervantes, Miguel de (1547—1616); scrii-
lor spaniol: 44.
Cesinskaia, dansatoarc rusa: 279.
Chamber Iain, Joseph (1836 - 1914), om
politic britanic: 36, 49, 50, 59, 80, 82,
83.
Churchill, Winston L. S. (1874—1965),
om politic britanic: 167, 205, 206, 207,
229, 306.
Clam — Martinilz, Heinrich (1863— 1932),
om politic austriae: 380.
Clausewitz, Karl (1780--1831), general
si teoretician militar prusac: 378, 460.
Clémeiieeau, Georges B. (1841 —1929),
ora politic francez: 82, 94, 375, 399,
407, 424, 441, 443, 444, 445, 447,
452, 453, 456, 459.
Gonnoly, James (4870—1916), socialist
irlandez: 285.
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz von (1852 —
1925), Eel dinar esal austriae: 111, 151,
153, 170, 208, 215, 219, 232, 333, 366.
Consett, M., amiral britanic: 463.
Constans, Ernest (1833 —1913), om politic
francez: 94.
Constantin I (1868—1923), rege al Gre-
ciei (1913 — 1917. 1920-1922): 231,
343, 365.
Courcei, diplomat francez: 52, 55.
Greusot. farm lie de industrias! francez!:
132, 463.
Crispí, Francesco (1819—1901), om poli-
tic italian: 37, 81.
Crowe, Sir Eyre A. B. W. (1864-1925),
diplomat britanic: 170.
Cruppi, om politic francez: 100.
Ckilcer, loan (1853 - 1928), general roman:
2 16.
Czernin, Ottokar von (1872 -1932), om
politic austro-ungar: 333, 858, 439.
I)
Dalié, René, ziarist francez: 164.
David, Eduard (1863—1930), social-de-
mocrat german: 284.
Delbrück, Hans (1848—1929), istoricsi
om politic german: 78, 140.
Delcassé, Théophile (1832—1923), om
politic francez: 52, 86, 88, 93, 94, 96.
97, 297.
Delmensiengen, Kraft von, general ger-
man: 367.
Depretis, Agostillo (1813- 1887), prim-
mi nisi ru italian (1876-1878. 1878
1879): 81.
Déroulede, Paul (1846- 1914), publicist
si politician francez: 143, 144.
Diamandi, C., diplomat roman: 169, 239
Diaz. Armando (1861 - 1928), genera}
italian. ma resal al ItaUei (1920): 376,
415.
Ditkc, Charles W. (1843 - 1911), om poli-
tic si publicist englez: 36.
529
34 — Prtmui räzboi mondial
Dimitrievié, Dragutin (1876—1917),
ofiler superior sîrb, §ef al serviciului
secret: 152.
Disraeli, Benjamin, conte Beaconsfield
(1804—1881), om politic britanic: 40,
166.
Djemal-Pasa, Ahmed (1872—1922), gene-
ral si om politic turc: 112, 205.
Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Constantin (1855—
1920), militant al miscárii socialiste
romane: 72.
Driant, Emile Cyprien (1855—1966), mili-
tar $i om politic francez: 220.
Duan-Ti Jui, om politic chinez: 353.
Dupont, Charles Joseph (1863—1935),
general francez: 220.
Du Pont de Nemours, familie de indus-
trial nord-amer ica ni: 463, 475.
Duroselle, J. B., istoric francez: 229.
Dupuy, Jean (1844—1919), ziarist si om
politic francez: 94.
Ebert, Friedrich (1871—1925), líder so-
cial-democrat german, presedinte al
Republicii de la Weimar: 284, 426,
429.
Eduard VII, Albert Edward (1841-1910),
rege al Angliei (1901—1910): 87.
Eisner, Kurt (1867—1919), ziarist ger-
man, líder socialist in Bavaria: 429.
Engels, Friedrich (1820—1895), filozof
si om politic german, aláturi de K.
Marx unul dintre intemeietorii cornu-
nismului §tiinlific: 9, 10, 14, 20, 24,
27, 29, 59, 65, 67, 73, 116, 118, 143, 146,
147, 230, 313, 432, 433, 434.
Enver, Pa$a (1881 —1922), militar, líder
al «Junilor Turci »: 108, 112, 114,
425.
Ernst Ludwig IV (1868—1937), mare duce
de Hessa-Darmstadt (1892—1918): 279.
Erzberger, Mathias (1875—1921), om poli-
tic german, lider al Partidului de
Centru: 126, 237, 379, 412, 430.
Etienne D’ ■ , om politic §i publicist
francez: 37.
F
Falkenhayn, Erich von (1861—1922),
general prusac, §ef al Marelui Stat-
Major General German (1914—1916):
187, 191, 198, 203, 204, 208, 213, 215,
218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 232,
250, 252, 269, 271, 294, 332, 377, 378,
468.
Fayolle, Marie-Émile (1852—1928), ge-
neral, maresal al Franfei (1921): 183,
188, 189, 194, 198, 347, 410, 411.
Feisal (1885—1933), fiu al lui Hussein
ibn Ali, rege al Siriei (1920) si Irakului
(1921 — 1933): 257, 370.
Ferdinand I de Saxa — Coburg, rege al
Bulgarie! (1908—1918): 111; 113, 433.
Ferdinand I de Hohenzollern, rege al
României (1914-1927): 376, 387.
Ferry, Abel (1881—1918), om politic
francez: 164.
Ferry, Jules F. C. (1832— 1893), om poli-
tic francez: 40, 61.
Fisher, John Arbuthmot (1841—1920),
amiral britanic: 138, 207, 327.
Fiske, J. (1842 — 1901), filozof si istoric
nord-american: 38.
Foch, Ferdinand (1851 — 1929), general si
maresal al Fran^ei (1918): 193, 225,
304, 368, 403, 404, 406, 407, 408, 409,
410, 415, 442, 443, 448.
Fonck, René (1894—1953), as al aviatiei
franceze: 406.
Fournet, Louis R. M. Ch. Darlige du
(1856—1940), vice-amiral francez: 231.
Fox, Charles James (1749—1806), om
politic britanic: 166.
Franche! Esperey D5^, Louis Felix
Marie (1856—1942), general çi mare-
sal al Franlei (1921): 205, 229, 414, 422.
Franks, W., ofi£er german: 416.
Franz Ferdinand de Habsburg (1863 —
1914). arhiduce de Austria: 151, 152,
155, 156.
Franz Joseph 1 de Habsburg (1830—1916),
imparat al Austriei (1848—1916) si
rege al Ungariei (1867—1916): 68, 72,
113, 116, 153, 159, 276, 308, 421.
Frederic II de Hohenzollern, regeal Prusiei
(1740—1786): 137.
French, John D. P. (1852- 1925), fcld-
maresal britanic: 229.
Froude, J. A. (1818—1891), istoric bri-
tanic, ideolog al colonialismuhii: 36.
Fürstenberg, Maximilian Egon von, di-
plomat austro-ungar: 116.
530
G
Gallieni, Joseph Simon (1849—1916),
general francez: 84, 184, 205, 229.
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807—1882), pa-
triot Italian: 105.
Garrison, Fr., ziarist britanic: 82.
Gauchet, amiral francez: 330.
George V de Saxa-Goburg-Gotha (din 1914
Windsor), rege al Angliei (1910—1936):
103.
Georgescu, Gheorglie (1857— ?), general
roman: 237.
Gerard, J. W. (1867—1951), diplomat
american: 377.
Gervais, amiral francez: 76.
Ghesov, Ivan (1849—1924), handler si
om politic bulgar: 110.
Giers, Nikolai Karlovici (1820—1895),
om de stat rus: 62, 65.
Giesl von Gieslingen, Vladimir (I860 —
1938), general si diplomat auslro-
ungar: 155, 156, 159.
Giolitli, Giuseppe (1842—1928), om de
slat italian: 81, 104, 105, 108, 169,
202, 278, 376..
Gladstone, William F. (1809—1898), om
de slat britanic: 49, 166.
Guesde, Jules (1845 — 1922), lidcr al
mi^carii socialiste din Franca: 146, 163,
282.
Guichard, $ef al politic! pariziene: 163.
Goltz, Kolmar von der (1843 — 1916), ge-
neral german: 79, 413.
Gohre, Paul (1864 —1928), social-demo-
crat, om politic german: 284.
Goodenough, ofiter de marina britanic:
265.
Gorceakov, Aleksandr Miliailovici (1798 —
1883), om de stat rus: 71.
Grabez, Trifko, patriot sirb: 152.
Grey, Sir Edward of Fallondon (1862 —
1933), om de stat britanic: 91, 95, 101,
106, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,
165, 170, 301, 320.
Grigorescu, Eremia (1864—1919), gene-
ral roman: 363, 365.
Grimm, R., socialist elvetian (1881 —
1958): 281.
Groener, Wilhelm (1867—1939), general
german, $ef al Marelui Stat-Major
general (1918): 428, 429.
H
Haase, Hugo (1863—1919), lider social-
democrat german: 163.
Hahsburg, familia imperiala austriaca:
65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 81, 99, 152, 389,
392, 426, 427, 428, 430, 431.
Haig, Sir Douglas (1861—1928), feldmare-
sal britanic (1917): 219, 225, 271, 277,
355, 356, 406, 407, 410, 464.
Haldane, Richard Burdon (1856—1928),
om de stat britanic: 106, 165.
Hamilton, Jan Standish (1853 — 1947),
general britanic: 207.
Ha ni el, Haimhausen, indus trias german:
17.
Hanisch, social-democrat gerinan: 284.
Hanotaux, Gabriel (1853—1944), diplo-
mat $1 is toric francez: 51.
Hardie, James Keir (1856 —1915), socia-
list britanic, lider sindical: 282.
Haus, Anton (1851 — 1917), amiral austro-
ungar: 331.
Hayes, Rutherford Birchard (1822—1893),
om de stat nord-american: 38.
Heinemann, social-democrat gerinan: 284.
Ilelfferich, Karl (1872 —1924), econo-
mist german, handler ?i om poli-
tic: 335.
Henderson, A. (1863 — 1935), lider al
Partidului laburist britanic: 358, 375.
Henric de Hohenzollern, print de Pru-
sia: 103, 260, 329.
Herr, Frédéric Georges (1855—1932), gene-
ral francez: 220.
Hertling, Georg baron von (1843—1919),
om politic german, cancelar (1917 —
1918): 320, 425.
Hervé, Gustave (1871 — 1944), socialist,
publicist $i avocat francez: 149.
Heye, Wilhelm (1869—1944), general
german: 411.
Hindenburg, Paul von (1847—1934), feld-
mareçal (1914). preçedinte al Gertna-
niei: 191, 208, 250, 252, 271, 273,
276, 294, 302, 333, 351, 377, 403, 428,
439, 463, 466.
Hipper, Franz Ritter von (1863—1932),
amiral german: 264, 265, 267.
Hobson, J. A, (1858—1940), economist
englez: 35, 40, 60.
Holstein, Friedrich von (1837—1909),
531
diplomat $i om de stat german: 79,
89, 90, 93, 94.
Hohenzollern, casa regala in Branden-
burg—Prusia §i dlnastie imperial^ a
Germaniei (1871 — 1918): 63, 68, 72,
118, 421, 425, 426, 428.
Holzendorff, Henning, amiral german:
333.
Horthy, Miklos de Nagybanya (1868 —
1957), amiral §i om politic ungur:
427,
Hood, Sir Horace Lambert Alexander
(1870—1916), amiral britanic: 265.
Ilottinger, casa bancara franceza: 75.
House, Edward Mandell (1858—1938),
diplomat nord-american: 350, 403, 444,
457»
Hoyos, Alexander von, diplomat austro-
ungar: 153.
Humbert, Georges Louis (1862 — 1921),
general franeez: 410.
Hussein Ibn-Ali (1856—1931), rege al
Hedjazului (1916 — 1924), fondator al
dinastiei moderne ha§emite: 256, 257.
Hussarek, Max von (1865 —1935), om de
stat austriac: 425.
Hutier, Oskar von (1857—1934), gene-
ral german: 359.
Huysmans, Camille (1871 — 1968), se-
cretar al Biroului Socialist Interna-
tional al Internationalei a Il-a: 394-
larca, Alexandru (1853— ? ), general ro-
man: 237.
Ibn Saud (1880 — 1953), rege al Arabiei
Saudite (1932 — 1953): 257.
Ingenohl, Friedrich von (1857—1933),
amiral german: 259, 329.
Isaac, Jules (1877—1963), istoric fran-
cez: 459.
Izvolski, Alexander Petrovici (1856 —
1918), diplomat om politic rus: 98,
156.
Jagow, Gottlieb von (1863 — 1935), diplo-
mat $i om de stat german: 110, 115.
Janssen, K.-H., istoric vest-german: 248.
Jaurès, Jean (1859 — 1914), militant al
miseârii socialiste franceze si interna-
tionale, istoric: 163, 164, 165, 171.
Jellicoe, John Rushworth (1859—1935),
amiral britanic: 166, 261, 263, 265,
266, 267, 268, 338.
Joffre, Joseph J. G. (1852—1931), general
si maresal al Frantei (1917): 139, 183,
184, 185, 186, 219, 221, 222, 225, 229,
241, 242, 271, 277, 278, 304, 375.
Jonnart, Celestin Charles (1857—1927),
politician si diplomat franeez: 365.
Joos, L.G.D., istoric olandez: 474.
Junius, pseudonim al Rosei Luxemburg:
283, 286.
K
Kärolyi, G.M. (1875 —1955), om politic
si de stat ungur: 431.
Katkov, Mihail Nikiforovici (1818—1887),
ziarist rus, lider al slavofiiilor: 73.
Kautsky, Karl (1854—1938), unul dintre
liderii social-democratiei germane si ai
Internationa lei a Il-a: 146.
Kaufmann, E. (1880 — ?), jurist $i publi-
cist german: 48.
Kerenski, Aleksandr Fiodorovici (1881 —
1970), om politic rus, prim-ministru
al guvernului provizoriu (1917): 359,
381.
Keynes, J.M. (1883—1946), economist
englez: 444.
Kiderlei!-Wächter, Alfred von (1852 —
1912), diplomat si om de stat german:
79, 100, 101.
Kirdorf Emil (1817—1938), industrias
german: 142.
Kleist, Frantz Rintelen von, military
diplomat german: 350.
Kluck, Alexander von (1846 — 1934), ge-
neral german: 183, 185.
Kipling, Rudyard (1865—1936), scriitor
englez: 36.
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert (1850—1916),
militar si om de stat britanic: 55, 205,
206, 207, 229, 337.
Knobelsdorff, Schmidt von, general ger-
man: 222.
Kolarov, Vasil Petrov (1877 —1950), mi-
litant al miscarii muncitoresti bulgare
si internationale: 281.
Kour-el Fadil, $ef local in regiunea Nilu-
lui de Sus: 53.
Krüger, S. Paul (1825 — 1904), pre$edinte
al Transvaalului (1883—1900): 80, 97»
532
Krupevski, M. T., diplomat rus: 202.
Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav
(1870 —1950), industrial german: 17,
97, 132, 142, 154, 404, 463.
Kuhlmann, Richard von (1873 — 1948),
om de slat german: 93, 421.
L
Labriola, Antonio (1843—1904), filozof
materialist italian: 146.
Labriola, Arturo (1873— 1959), om poli-
tic italian: 104.
Lafargue, Paul (1842—1911), militant
al miscarii muncitoresti franceze si
international: 146.
Lahovary, Al. Em. (1855 — 1950), di-
plomat si om politic rom n: 113, 197,
239.
Lamington, om politic englez: 34.
Lancken, Oskar von, diplomat german:
390.
Langle de Cary, Fernand Armand Maries
(1849—1927), general francez: 221.
Lanrezac, Charles Louis Marie (1852 —
1925), general francez: 183.
Lansburgh, Alfred, economist german: 80.
Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith
(1845 — 1927), om de stat englez: 88,
301, 375, 403.
Lansing, Robert (1864—1928), om de
stat nord-american: 332, 348.
La Perrier, Arno —■, ofi(er german, co-
mandant de submarin: 336.
Laubeuf, Maxime (1864 — 1939), inginer
francez, constructor de nave: 126.
Laudrien, socialist francez: 164.
Law, Bonar Andrew (1858—1923), om
politic hritanic: 207, 463.
Lawrance, Thomas Edward (1888—1935),
arheolog, militar si scriitor hritanic:
255, 256, 370, 416.
Lazar, cneaz al Serbiei (1371 — 1389): 151.
Lazzari, C., socialist italian: 281, 282.
Ledebour, Georg (1850—1947), unul dili-
tre liderii social-democra(iei germane:
281, 283.
Legien, Karl (1861—1920), social-demo-
crat german: 281, 426.
Leopold II, Louis Ph. M. V. (1835—1909),
rege al Belgiei (1865—1909): 43, 47.
Lenin, Vladimir Iltci (1870—1924), mili-
tant de seama al miscarii muncitoresti
ruse internationale, creatorul sta-
tului sovietlc: 18, 22, 23, 28, 32, 37,
38, 39, 46, 47, 53, 55, 76, 77, 82, 83,
88, 102, 105, 109, 115, 123, 140, 145,
146, 167, 173, 278, 279, 281, 283, 285,
304, 357, 381, 382, 388, 393, 413, 419,
420, 433, 447, 457.
Lensch, social-democrat german: 284.
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (1842—1912),
istoric $i economist francez: 37, 198.
Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von (1870 — 1964),
general german: 258, 371, 417.
Lichnowsky, Karl Max von (1860—1928),
diplomat german: 63, 89, 97, 98, 106,
159
Liddell Hart, B. Id. (1895-1970), isto-
ric militar englez: 193, 325.
Liebknecht, Karl (1871 — 1919), mili-
tant al miscarii muncitoresti germane
si internationale: 38, 284, 430.
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826 —1900), mili-
tant al miscarii muncitoresti germane
si internationale: 146.
Liman von Sanders, Otto (1855 — 1929),
general german: 168, 416.
Lissauer, Ernst (1882 — 1937), poet ger-
man: 170.
Lyautey, Louis Hubert (1854—1934),
general, maresal al Frantei (1921):
278.
Lloyd-George, David (1863 —1945), lider
al Partidului liberal hritanic, om de
stat: 80, 101, 102, 129, 158, 165, 205,
207, 216, 225, 226, 229, 244, 248, 256,
274, 276, 277, 288, 291, 301, 307, 324,
334, 358, 365, 369, 375, 390, 424, 430,
441, 444, 446, 447, 453, 464, 470, 472,
476.
Loubet, Emile (1838—1929), om politic,
presedinte al Frantei (1899 — 1906): 87,
94, 96.
Ludendorff, Erich (1865—1937), general
si politician german: 63, 132, 191, 195,
208, 222, 223, 225, 226, 229, 248, 250,
254. 271, 273, 276, 285, 286, 287, 294,
302, 308, 309, 318, 330, 333, 344, 345,
350. 351, 354, 363, 374, 378, 379, 386,
387, 388, 392, 403, 404, 407, 408, 409,
410. 411, 419, 421, 424, 428, 438, 139,
462, 463, 466, 476.
Ludovic Filip, de Orléans, rege al Frantei
(1830-1848): 71.
533
Luxemburg, Rosa (1871 — 1919), mili-
tanta a mi$cárii muncitoresti germane
$i internationale: 146, 147, 163, 283,
430.
AÍ
Mac Donald, James Ramsay (1866—1937),
líder laburist, om de stat britanic: 282.
MacKenna, Reginald (1863—1943), fi-
nanciar ?i om politic britanic: 102, 301.
Mackensen, August von (1849 — 1945),
general, feldmaresal (1915) german:
209, 250, 361, 363, 414.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840—1914),
amiral §i istoric nord-american: 38,
326.
Maiorescu, Titu (1840—1917), critic, este-
tician §i om politic román: 113.
Malinov, Aleksander (1867—1938), om
de stat bulgar: 425.
Mannesmann, Reinhard (1856—1923),
inare industrias german: 47, 100.
Mangin, Charles Álarie (1866—1925), ge-
neral francez: 47, 408, 410.
Mannock, as al aviaflei britanice: 406.
Alai vet, casa bancará franceza: 75.
Alalvy, Louis (1875—1949), politician
francez: 374, 381, 424.
Alarchand, Jean Baptiste (1863—1934),
militar si explorator francez: 53, 55, 56.
Alarghiloman, Alexandru (1854—1925),
om politic si de stat román: 132.
Aleriazzi, Erich von, militar austro-un-
gar, aghiotant al arhidticelui Franz
Ferdinand: 152.
Alarschall von Bieberstein, Adolf (1842 —
1912), diplomat german: 105.
Alarx, Karl (1818—1883), filozof si eco-
nomist german, intemeietor al comu-
nismului stiintific: 59, 62, 118, 146.
Alassaryk, Thomas G. (1850—1937), fi-
lozof si om de stat cehoslovac, primul
presedinte al Cehoslovaciei (1918 —
1935): 239.
Alaunoury, Michel Joseph (1847—1923),
general francez: 185.
Alaurras, Charles (1868—1952), scriitor
francez: 143.
Max, (Alaximilian Alexander Friedrich
Wilhelm) von Baden (1867-1929),
cancelar a! Germaniei (1918): 425, 426,
429, 439.
Mehmet V, sultan al Imperium otoman
(1909—1918): 108.
Alehring Franz (1846—1919), militant al
miscarii muncitoresti germane: 430.
Menter, amiral german: 325.
Alerrheim, A., socialist francez: 171, 281.
Aletternich, von, diplomat german: 100,
102.
Alidhad Pa$a (1822 — 1884), om de stat
turc, mare vizir (1872, 1876—1877):
108.
Alichaelis, Georg (1857 — 1936), om poli-
tic, cancelar al Germaniei (1917): 380,
425.
Alihai Viteaztil, domn al Tärii Românesti
(1593—1601), al Transilvaniei (1599—
1600) si al Aloldovei: 248.
Alilne, G.F. (1866—1948), general bri-
tanic: 417.
Aliliukov, P. N. (1859—1943), ideolog al
burgheziei impérialiste ruse, lider
cadet, publicist: 357, 358, 359, 393.
Alille, Constantin (1861 — 1927), publi-
cist si scriitor roman: 170.
Millerand, Alexandre Etienne (1859 —
1943), socialist, om politic si de stat
francez: 229, 277.
Alilovanovié, Alilovan (1863—1912), om
de stat sîrb: 109.
Aloinier, general francez: 100.
Aloltke, Hellmuth von (1800-1891), feld-
maresal prusac (1871): 69, 73, 132,
138, 185.
Aloltke, Hellmuth von (1848-1916), ge-
neral german, sef al Alarelui Stat-AIa-
jor general (1906—1914): 119, 125,
136, 137, 138, 151, 154, 162, 185, 187,
198.
Monroe, James (1758—1831), presedinte
al S.U.A. (1817—1825): 84.
Alontecucolli, Raimund (1609—1680). ge-
neral austriac: 133.
Morgan, John Pierpont (1837—1913), fi-
nanciar si industrias nord-amcrican: 85.
Aloutat, socialist francez: 358.
Alurad I, sultan al Imperiului otoman
(1359—1389): 151.
Mussolini, Benito (1883—1945), dictator
fascist al Italiei (1922—1945): 104,
202.
Alüîler, Karl von (1873—1923), ofiter de
marina german: 336.
534
N
Napoleon III, împârat al Fran^ei (1852—
1870): 62, 193.
Naumami, Friedrich (1860—1919), teo-
log protestant german, politician si
publicist: 308.
Nicolae II Romanov (1868—1918), tar
al Rusiei (1894—1917): 80, 98, 115,
160, 280, 300.
Nicolai Nicolaevici Romanov (1856 —
1929), mare duce, comandant suprem al
armatei ruse (1914—1916): 170, 191.
Nicholson, Sir Arthur (1849—1929), di-
plomat britanic: 95, 156, 170, 456.
Nivelle, Robert Georges (1856—1924),
general francez: 278, 343, 353, 354,
366, 384, 406.
O
O’Grady, S. James (1846—1928), om de
litere irlandez: 358.
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele (1860—1952),
om politic si de stat italian: 376, 386,
424.
Orléans, ramura cadetâ a casei de Valois
?i Bourbon a FranÇei: 74.
Orlov, Nikolai Alekseevicî (1827 — 1885),
diplomat rus: 63.
P
Painlevé, Paul (1863—1933), matemati-
cian si om de stat francez: 374, 384.
Paléologue, Maurice (1859 — 1944), di-
plomat francez: 156, 358.
Palmerston, Henry John Temple (1784—
1865), om de stat englez: 166.
Papen, Franz von (1879—1969), diplo-
mat om politic german: 350, 416, 417.
PaSié, Nikola (1845—1926), om de stat
sîrb si iugoslav: 156.
Peel, Sir Robert (1788—1850), om de
stat britanic: 166.
Péguy, Charles (1873 — 1914), scriitor
francez: 94.
Pershing, John Joseph (1860 — 1948), gene-
ral nord-american: 349, 399, 407» 410.
Pétain, Henri Philippe (1856 — 1951), ge-
neral, maresal al Fran^ei (1918), om
politic: 189, 221, 222, 304, 348, 353,
385, 402, 406, 409.
Petcov, om politic bulgar: 121.
Picot, Emile (1844—1918), publicist si
diplomat francez: 257, 304, 370.
Pinot, Robert, mare industrial francez:
297.
Pitt, William Junior (1759—1806), om
de stat englez: 167.
Pohl, Hugo von (1855—1916), amiral
german: 258, 260.
Poincaré, Raymond (1860—1934), ju-
rist, om politic, presedinte al Fran^ei
(1913 — 1920): 109, 110, 157, 243, 282,
297, 304, 390, 430, 441, 447.
Potiorek, Oskar von (1853—1933), feld-
maresal austro-ungar: 195.
Pourtalès, Friedrich conte von (1853 —
1928), diplomat german: 161.
Prezan, Constantin (1861—1943), gene-
ral, maresal român: 246.
Preiser, militar german, agent în Orientul
Apropiat: 416.
Princip, Gavrilo (1894 — 1918), patriot
iugoslav: 152.
Prittwitz und Gaffren, Max von (1848—
1917) , general german: 191.
Protopopov, Aleksandr Dmitrievicî
(1864—1918), om de stat rus: 299.
R
Racovski, Cristian (1873 — 1941), mili-
tant al miscàrii mu ne i to rest i rom âne si
internationale: 240, 281.
Radolin, diplomat german: 94.
Radoslavov, Vasil (1854 —1929), om de
stat bulgar: 425.
Rasputin, G. E. (1872—1916), favorït
al familiei (aruiui Nicolae II, aventu-
rier rus: 157, 279, 280, 299, 300.
Reginald, Constance, om politic brita-
nic: 261.
Renaudei, socialist francez: 164.
Rennenkampf, Pavel Karlovici (1854—
1918) , general rus: 191.
Rennalî, Rodd James (1858—1941), di-
plomat englez: 191, 202.
Renouvin, Pierre (n. 1893), istoric fran-
cez: 369.
Reuter, Ludwig von (1869—1943), vice-
amirai german: 442.
Robert, Cecil, om politic englez: 301.
Rockefeller, John Davison (1839 —1937),
financiar si industrial nord-american:
475.
535
Rhodes, Cecil John (1853—1902), finan-
ciar si om politic englez: 36, 54, 57,
80, 83.
Ribot, Alexandre Felix (1842—1923), om
politic §i de stat francez: 374, 384.
Rickenbacker, laddie, as al avia^iei ame-
ricane: 406.
Richtofen, Manfred von (1892—1918), as
al avialiei germane: 406.
Riezler, Kurt (1882—1955), diplomat si
om politic german: 295.
Robertson, W. R. (1860—1933), feld-
maresal (1920) britanic: 277, 287, 289,
296, 297, 304, 338.
Robinda A.: 133,
Roland-Holst, R., militant al miscarii
muncitoresti olandeze si al Internatio-
nale! a Il-a: 281.
Romanov, dinastie imperialá rusa (1613 —
1917): 357, 426.
Roon, Albrecht Theodor (1803—1879),
om de stat prusac: 42.
Rosen, Friedrich (1856—1935), diplomat
german: 100.
Roosevelt, Theodore (1858—1919), om po-
litic nord-american, prcscdinte al S.U.A.
(1901-1909): 38, 85, 95.
Rothschild, casa bancara franceza: 75,
80.
Rupprecht (1869—1955), print moste-
nitor al Bavariei, comandant de arma-
ta: 355.
Rouvier, Maurice Pierre (1842 — 1911).
om politic si de stat francez: 94, 97,
106.
Runciman, Walter, viconte ^ (1870 —
1949), om politic si diplomat brita-
nic: 301.
Saint-Aulaire, Charles, contc de—(1866 —
1954), diplomat francez: 254.
Salandra, Antonio (1853—1931), om poli-
tic $i de stat italian: 202, 278.
Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne Cecil, mar-
chiz de ^ (1830—1903), om de stat
britanic: 54, 55, 56.
Samsonov, Aleksandr Vasilievici (1859 —
1914), general rus: 115, 157, 191.
San-Giuliano, Antonio (1852—1914), om
politic italian: 201.
Sarrail, Maurice Paul Emmanuel (1856 —
1929), general francez: 213, 245, 308,
365.
Savov, Mihail (1857—1928), general bul-
gar: 113.
Sazonov, Serghei Dmitrievici (1866 —
1927), om politic si diplomat rus: 156,
160, 161, 201, 242, 244.
Scheer, Reinhard von (1863 — 1928), ami-
ral german: 260, 263, 265, 266, 267,
268.
Scheidemann, Philipp (1865—1939), lí-
der al social-demoeratiei germane :
284, 334, 379, 429, 430.
Schmidt, Robert (1864—1943), social-
democrat german: 284.
Schlieffen, Alfred von (1833—1913), ge-
neral, feldmaresal (1911) german: 93,
133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 187, 232.
465, 466.
Schoen, Wilhelm Eduard von (1851 —
1933) , diplomat german: 161, 162, 164.
Schöpflin, social-democrat german: 284.
Schneider-Creusot, inare companie indus-
tríala franceza intemeiata in 1836: 132.
Schulze-Gävernitz, Gerhard von (1864 —
1943), economist german: 47.
Schwartz burg— Rudolstadt, familie prin-
ciarä germana: 429.
Schweinitz. Hans Lothar von (1822 —
1901), general si diplomat prusac: 65,
72, 73, 79.
Schwieger, comandant de submarin ger-
man: 332.
Seidler, M. von, om de stat austro-ungar:
425.
Serghei Mihailovici Romanov (1869 —
1918), mare duce, general rus: 279. 280.
Si Ahmed, seic arab din Cyrenaica: 257.
Siegfried, Jules (1837—1922), om poli-
tic francez: 37.
Sims, William Sowden (1858— 1936), nmi-
ral nord-american: 338.
Sixt, principe de Bourbon-Parma (1886 —
1934) , diplomat, fratele impärätcsei
Zita a Austro-l ngariei: 390.
Sofia von Hohenberg (1868 — 1914), con-
tesa, so(ia inorganaticä a arhiducelui
austro-ungar Franz Ferdinand: 152.
Sonnino, Sidney (1847—1921). om de
stat italian: 202, 430, 445.
Spec, Maximilian von (1861 — 1914), vice-
amiral german: 177, 259.
536
Spencer, H. (1820—1903), filozof englez:
36.
Stinnes, Hugo (1870—1924), industrias
german: 426.
Strong, J. (1847—1916), preot ameriean,
publicist: 38.
Stiirmer, Boris Vladimirovici (1849-
1917), om de stat rus: 243, 280, 299.
Stiirgkh, Karl von (1859—1916), om de
stat austriac: 276.
Suhomlinov, Vladimir Aleksandrovici
(1848—1926), general si om politic
rus: 280.
Stidekum, Albert (n. 1871), until dintre
liderii social-democratiei germane: 284.
Sykes, Sir Percy Moles worth (1867 — 1945),
militar si diplomat englez: 257, 304,
370.
S/.echenyi, Imre (1825 — 1898), diplomat
austro-ungar: 153.
Stefan cel Mare, domn al Moldovei (1457 —
1504): 248.
X
Talaat Pasa, Mehmet (1872 — 1921), poli-
tician turc: 112, 425.
Tankosic, Vojislav, patriot iugoslav: 152.
Tardieu, Andre (1876—1945), ziarist si
politician francez: 103, 106, 459.
Tata, Jamsedji (1839—1904), industrias
indian: 30,
Taylor, E., istoric nord-american: 349.
Teodoroiu, Ecaterina (1894—1917), sub-
locotenent, eroina a poporului roman:
365.
Thomas, Albert (1878—1932), socialist,
politician francez: 282, 358.
Thomas. Evan, contraamira] britanic:
264.
Thomsen, militar german: a reorganizat
avialia militara: 269.
Thorn, laburist britanic: 358.
Thyssen, August (1842—1926), indus-
trias german: 17, 97, 295, 463.
Tirpitz, Alfred von (1849—1930), ami-
ral german: 77. 83, 106, 126, 128. 138,
186, 189. 194. 195, 198, 206, 272,
294, 298, 300, 302, 324, 329, 330, 331,
333, 378.
Tisza, Istvan (1861—1918), om politic
si de stat ungur: 153, 159, 380.
Toçev, diplomat bulgar: 109.
Townshend, Sir Charles (1861 — 1924),
general englez: 256.
Trepov, A. F. (1863—1928), om de stat
rus: 280.
V
Udet, Ernst (1896—1941), general ger-
man: 406.
V
Vaillant, Édouard (1840—1915), comu-
nard, socialist francez: 148.
Vandervelde, Emil (1866 — 1938), lider
socialist belgian, pre§edinte al Biro-
ului Socialist International a I Inter-
nationalei a Il-a: 163, 358.
Vernet, casa bancarà francezâ: 75.
Venizelos, Eleutherios (1864—1936), om
politic si de stat grec: 203, 208, 231,
343, 365.
Vernois, V. du, general german: 404.
Vexler, Max, militant al miscitrii munci-
toreçti din România: 240.
Victor Emanuel III, rege al Italiei (1900 —
1946): 98.
Viriubova-Tanaieva, Ana, domnisoara
de onoare intima a (arinei Alexan-
dra Feodorovna (1903—1917), confi-
dentâ a cuplului imperial rus pinà in
1917: 279, 300.
Viviani, René (1863—1925), socialist, om
de stat francez: 157, 164.
W
Waldersee, Alfred von (1832 — 1904), ge-
neral german: 61, 63, 73, 123, 133.
Waldow, Wilhelm von, om politic ger-
man: 425.
Warski, Adolf (1868—1937), militant
socialist polonez: 281.
Wassmuss, Wilhelm, diplomat german:
256.
Wells, H. G. (1866—1946), prozator,
istoric si sociolog englez: 133.
Wilhelm I (Ilohenzollern), imparat al
Germaniei (1871—1888): 66, 69, 73.
Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern), tmparat al
Germaniei si rege al Prusiei (1888 —
537
1918): 77, 79, 84, 93, 96, 100, 101,
111, 114, 116, 136, 141, 153, 154, 159,
160, 163, 165, 201, 276, 277, 308, 329,
333, 377, 378, 380, 391, 410, 421, 424,
428, 429, 479.
Wilhelm (Hohenzollern), print german:
404.
Wilson, Thomas Woodrow (1856—1924),
ont de stat nord-american, pre$edinte
al S.U.A. (1913—1921): 129, 300, 301,
302, 316, 348, 350, 390, 403, 409, 418,
424, 428, 429, 430, 438, 439, 441, 444,
446, 447, 452, 453, 456, 476.
Witte, Serghei Iullevici (1849—1915),
om de stat rus: 300.
Wittels bach, fa mi He regala
429.
Z
Zaimis, Alexandros (1855 — 1936), om de
stat grec: 231.
Zédé, G. Al. (1825—1891), inginer fran-
cez, constructor de nave: 126.
Zeppelin, Ferdinand von (1838—1917),
constructor german de aeronave: 126,
269.
Zetkin, Clara (1857—1933), militantá
a mi$carii muncitoresti germane si
internationaie: 430.
Zimmerman, Arthur (1864—1940), di-
plomat german: 153, 195.
Zita, principesa de Bourbon — Parma
(1892), ímpáráteasá a Austriei si re-
gina a Ungariei (1916 — 1918): 308,
397.
bava reza:
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|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Popa, Mircea N. |
| author_facet | Popa, Mircea N. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Popa, Mircea N. |
| author_variant | m n p mn mnp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV018531223 |
| contents | 1914-1918.<br>Bucureşti: Ed. ştiinţ. şi enciclopedicǎ 1979. 555 S.m.Abb., Taf.u.Kt., ungez.Taf. [urmän.]<br>Mit Zsfass. in engl. u. russ. Sprache; Engl.<br>Zsfass. m.d. Tit.: World War I <1914-1918>. |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)252469981 (DE-599)BVBBV018531223 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV018531223 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:32:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-011301965 |
| oclc_num | 252469981 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| psigel | BSBWK1 BSBWKA_N |
| publishDate | 1979 |
| publishDateSearch | 1979 |
| publishDateSort | 1979 |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Popa, Mircea N. Verfasser aut Primul război mondial 1979 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 1914-1918.<br>Bucureşti: Ed. ştiinţ. şi enciclopedicǎ 1979. 555 S.m.Abb., Taf.u.Kt., ungez.Taf. [urmän.]<br>Mit Zsfass. in engl. u. russ. Sprache; Engl.<br>Zsfass. m.d. Tit.: World War I <1914-1918>. Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Kriegsgeschichte bsbaltswk Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011301965&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011301965&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011301965&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011301965&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Popa, Mircea N. Primul război mondial 1914-1918.<br>Bucureşti: Ed. ştiinţ. şi enciclopedicǎ 1979. 555 S.m.Abb., Taf.u.Kt., ungez.Taf. [urmän.]<br>Mit Zsfass. in engl. u. russ. Sprache; Engl.<br>Zsfass. m.d. Tit.: World War I <1914-1918>. Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Kriegsgeschichte bsbaltswk Weltkrieg (1914-1918) |
| title | Primul război mondial |
| title_auth | Primul război mondial |
| title_exact_search | Primul război mondial |
| title_full | Primul război mondial |
| title_fullStr | Primul război mondial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Primul război mondial |
| title_short | Primul război mondial |
| title_sort | primul razboi mondial |
| topic | Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Kriegsgeschichte bsbaltswk Weltkrieg (1914-1918) |
| topic_facet | Weltkrieg 1914-18 Kriegsgeschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011301965&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011301965&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011301965&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011301965&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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