The guns of August:
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804130846747131904 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Author s Note
vii
Illustrations
xi
Maps
xiii
ι
A Funeral
ι
PLANS
2
Let the Last Man on the Right Brush the Channel
with His Sleeve
17
3
The Shadow of Sedan
28
/T A Single British Soldier
. . . 44
5
The Russian Steam Roller
56
ΟΌΊΒΚΕΑΚ
Outbreak
71
6
August
1:
Berlin
73
ix
Contents
7 August
ι:
Paris and London
8 Ultimatum in
Brussels
g
Home Before the Leaves Fall
112
BATTLE
10 Goeben ... An
Enemy Then Flying
137
11
Liège
and Alsace
163
12
BEF
to the Continent
194
13
Sambre et
Meuse
206
14
Debacle: Lorraine, Ardennes,
Charleroi, Mons
231
15
The Cossacks Are Coming!
263
16 Tannenberg 290
17
The Flames of Louvain
310
18
Blue Water, Blockade, and the Great Neutral
325
19
Retreat
341
20
The Front Is Paris
373
21 Von Kluck s
Turn
395
22
Gentlemen, We Will Fight on the
Marne
413
23
Afterward
435
Sources
441
Notes
457
Index
491
f:
Illustratians
Following page
General Joffre with General
de Castelnau
(left)
and General
Pau
Sir Henry Wilson talking with
Foch
and
Colonel Huguet
General Sukhomlinov with staff officers
80
The Czar and Grand Duke Nicholas
80
The Kaiser and
von Moltke 160
The Goeben
160
Admiral Souchon
160
King Albert
160
Field Marshal Sir John French
208
xi
xii
Illustrations
Following
page
Prince Rupprecht
and the
Kaiser
208
General
von
François
240
Colonel
Hoffman
240
German cavalry officers in Brussels
384
Joffre,
Poincaré,
King GeoTge
V, Foch,
and Haig
General Gallieni
General
von Kluck 384
Maps
Maps
by William A.
Pieper
Western Front
End Paper
The Mediterranean
144-145
The Assault on
Liège
165
Battle of the Frontiers, August
20-23
236-237
Battle of Gumbinnen and Transfer of
the Eighth Army
2y8—2jg
Battle of
Tannenberg,
August
25-30
298-299
The Retreat, August 25-September
1
366-367
Von Kluck s
Turn
407
Eve of the
Marne,
September
5
42б-А27
Eastern Front
End Pnhor
Index
Abdul Hamid
И,
138
Adelbert,
Colonel,
190, 191, 222, 235
Aerschot, 226, 228
Agadir
crisis,
36, 38, 50, 53, 75, 79, 86,
196
Air bombing, inaugurated,
176, 178
Aisne,
German retreat to,
438
Albert, King
(1875-1934),
at funeral of
Edward
VII,
3;
final appeal to Kaiser,
100;
orders mobilization of army,
100;
background and characteristics of,
103-
104;
favors defensive role,
105;
visit to
Berlin,
106;
warned of German inten¬
tions,
106-107;
refuses to appeal to
Allies unless invaded,
109, 111;
orders
destruction of bridges, tunnels,
111;
hero in history,
112-113;
fears ulti¬
matum a feint,
123-124;
appeals to
Allies,
124;
speech in Parliament,
124-
125;
Commander in Chief of Army,
169;
sees Antwerp as anchor,
176;
ur¬
gent appeals to
Poincaré,
177;
strategy
of,
178;
last German proposal to,
180-
181;
letter from
Poincaré
to,
190;
fore¬
sees German right-wing envelopment,
190;
on Namur,
213;
orders general
retreat to Antwerp,
221-222;
withdraws
Belgian Army,
224;
on the German
mentality,
321
Alexander III, Czar,
8, 59
Alexandra, Queen,
2, 13, 14
Alexandre,
Colonel, aide to Joffre,
40, 368
Alfonso
XIII, 2
Algeciras,
75
Alix,
niece of Edward
VII
(Czarina Alex¬
andra Feodorovna),
4, 8, 60, 63, 64-65
Allenby, General Edmund
(1861-1936),
254, 356
Allenstein-Osterode line, Samsonov s ob¬
jective,
294, 295
Allies, sign Pact of London,
432
Alsace, proposal for autonomy of,
76.
See
also Alsace-Lorraine; Lorraine
Alsace-Lorraine,
41;
French fortresses in,
19-20;
annexation of,
29-30;
as
Reichs¬
land, 30;
French assault in,
181-188
passim. See also Alsace; Lorraine
Altkirch, 186
Altschiller,
Austrian agent,
62
d Alvensleben, Countess,
107
491
492
Index
ď
Amadé, General,
230;
aids
British,
354;
encounters
von Kluck s
wing,
357-358;
ordered to retreat,
381
Amiens, as
BEF
staging area,
200, 201
Amiens dispatch, England reads,
387-
388, 390
Anastasia,
wife of Grand Duke Nicholas,
65
Andenne, atrocities in,
314
Angeli,
Norman, The Great Illusion,
10;
influence of,
118—119
Anglo-Belgian talks,
54
Anglo-French entente,
5, 6, 46, 132
Anglo-French frictions,
204, 220
Anglo-French naval agreement,
52-53, 97,
117
Anglo-French prewar plans,
44-46, 54, 95
Anglo-French strategy,
194
Anglo-Japanese alliance,
7-8, 12, 67
Anglo-Russian Convention of
1907, 8
Anglo-Russian naval talks,
27, 57
Antwerp, German desire for,
34-35;
in
British policy,
52;
as Belgian anchor,
178, 181;
Albert orders retreat to,
221-
222;
Belgian Army withdraws to,
249;
bombed by Zeppelins,
339,
fall of,
438
Aosta, Duke
of,
3
Ardennes,
41, 208;
atrocities by
von
Bülow s
army in,
226;
fighting in,
215-
216, 229, 232, 234, 341, 363, 364-365,
375-376> 42O>
43
b 437i
terrain of,
235,
238
Ariadne, sunk,
340
L Armée
W,
54
Artillery,
125, 233, 239;
French scorn
heavy,
207.
See also Siege cannon
Artomonov, General, commands
1st
Corps
at
Tannenberg, 295, 300-301, 305
Asquith, Herbert Henry
(1852-1928)
Prime Minister, convenes Imperial De¬
fence Committee,
51, 52;
as Liberal
Imperialist,
90;
authorizes Warning
Telegram,
93-94;
patience of,
94, 96;
Churchill on,
97;
tries to avoid Cabinet
split,
113-114;
in Parliament on eve of
war,
116;
for war,
118;
Cabinet s fears
on invasion,
131;
reads ultimatum to
House of Commons,
132;
on Churchill
in war paint,
150;
on arrival of
Goeben at Constantinople,
159;
in
War Council,
195;
sides with General
Staffs,
204
Atrocities, German,
173-174, 225-227,
313-322
Attaque
brusquée,
concept of,
35, 240
Attrition, war of,
22, 120, 335.
See also
Long-war concept
Austria-Hungary, mobilization,
71;
bom¬
bards Belgrade,
71;
ultimatum to Serbia,
71, 84-85;
declares war on Serbia,
71, 140;
fleet at
Pola
a paper tiger,
142,
defeat at Lemberg,
308
Austro-German alliance,
18
Aviation, British use of,
247, 376, 412;
French use of,
125, 185, 239, 261, 412,
414, 421;
German use of,
176, 178, 216,
274, 292, 302, 339, 386
Axon, Dr., Woodrow Wilson s brother-in-
law,
Baden, Grand Duke of,
3
Bakunin, Mikhail,
61
Balfour, Arthur James, as Prime Minister,
45;
on coalition,
114;
spurs government,
132;
opposes Declaration of London,
333
Balkan wars,
140
Barchon, Fort, at
Liège,
174
Bar-sur-Aube,
GOG moved to,
382; Joffre
makes
Marne
decision at,
423—424, 425-
426
Bassompierre, Baron
de, Under-Secretary
of Belgian Foreign Office,
99, 101, 102,
103
Battenberg, Prince Louis of, First Sea
Lord,
93, 151
Battice, gutted,
173—174
Baudoin,
Prince,
103
Bauer, Major, inspects Rupprecht s front,
39.7
Bazeilles, shelled,
345
Beauchamp, Lord, resigns Cabinet post,
5
Beaverbrook, Lord,
96
Becker,
Monseigneur de,
320
Bécourt,
Captain,
Foch
s
son-in-law, killed
on
Meuse,
365
Belgian Army, doctrine of
élan
and
offen^
sive
in,
105;
status and composition of,
105;
mobilization plans,
107-108;
war
strategy of,
169-170;
weapons power
and manpower of, at outbreak,
170;
opens fire on Germans at
Meuse,
172;
escapes
von Kluck, 224-225.
See also
Belgium
Belgian neutrality, French on,
23;
Schlief-
fen on,
23;
Kaiser on,
23-24;
strict
adherence to,
54-55, 100;
Grey on,
90-
91;
as condition for war,
118.
See also
Belgium
Belgium, role in Scnlieffen plan,
17-21
Index
493
passim; independence guaranteed,
18;
on
eve of war,
98-111;
orders mobilization,
100;
plans on eve of war,
104-106;
on
outbreak of war,
112-113;
Civic Guard,
170;
atrocities in,
173-174, 225-227,
313—322;
world admiration for,
178;
railroads destroyed,
294;
resistance of,
316—317.
See also Belgian Army; Bel¬
gian neutrality; Brussels;
Liège
Belin, General, Deputy Chief of French
General Staff,
209, 210, 380—381, 402-
403, 429
Below,
Otto von,
commands
1st
Reserve
Corps on East Prussia,
275-289
passim,
Chap.
16
passim
Below-Saleske, German minister in Brus¬
sels,
98—99, 100, 102, 109, 110, 122-123
Bergson,
Henri, on
élan
vital,
31;
on Bat¬
tle of
Marne,
436
Berlin, on eve of war,
73—83
passim,
109-110, 124, 126-131
Berliner
Tageblatt, 77, 129
Bernhardi,
Friedrich
von (1849-1930),
characteristics,
10-11;
Germany and the
Next War,
10-11
Berthelot,
General
Henri-Mathias (1861-
1931),
of French General Staff,
209-
210;
Sir John French impressed by,
219;
placates Messimy,
223;
reports number
of Germans in Belgium exaggerated,
230;
at GOG,
379, 402-403;
Joffre
consults,
423
Berthelot,
Philippe, French Under-Secre-
tary of Foreign Affairs,
181
Bertie, Sir Francis, British ambassador to
France,
90, 393
Bethmann-Hollweg,
Theobold von (1865-
1921), 52;
on eve of war,
73, 76, 77,
80, 109;
on the iron dice,
74;
fluent
English of,
77;
harassed by declaration-
of-war problem,
83;
modifies German
ultimatum to Belgium,
101;
at dinner
for Albert,
106;
meets Reichstag depu¬
ties,
126-127;
speech to Reichstag,
127-
128, 132;
admits violation of interna¬
tional law,
128;
on scrap of paper,
129;
on German s right to lead,
312;
refuses Wilson offer to mediate,
322;
and Erzberger,
323;
disbelief in Anglo-
German war,
331
Beyens, Baron, Belgian ambassador to
Berlin,
106, 107
Big Berthas,
179
Birkenhead, Lord,
96
Bismarck, Prince
Otto von (1815-1908),
5, 126;
on Russia,
8;
on Belgium,
19;
opposes annexation of Alsace-Lorraine,
29;
warns against invading Belgium,
23;
on Alsace,
30;
on Balkans,
71
Björkö,
Treaty of,
9
Black Prince, cruiser,
154
Blagovestchensky, General, Commander
of Russian VI Corps,
294, 295
Blockade, Schlieffen s evaluation of Brit¬
ish,
25;
Britain s use of,
329, 332-336
passim,
340
Bloem,
Walter, on hostages,
315
Blücher,
Prince,
77
Blücher,
Princess, on Hindenburg,
284;
on Belgian atrocities,
318
Boë,
General,
250
Boer War,
10, 37
Bogadir, collier,
157
Bonneau, General,
186, 187
Boulanger,
General Georges,
35
Boxer Rebellion,
7
Bray, Anglo-French conference at,
425
Brécard,
Colonel, sent by Joffre to King
Albert,
178
Breslau, 137, 328;
flight to Constantino¬
ple, Chap.
10
passim: shells Russian
ports,
161
Brialmont, Henri, builds forts of
Liège
and Namur,
164, 166
Briand,
Aristide
(1862-1932), 85, 350-
35^433
Bridges, Major Sir Tom,
371;
on Germany,
312,313
Briey, importance of ore of,
238
British Expeditionary Force, plans for,
50;
Cabinet split on,
131;
goes to Conti¬
nent,
194-205;
organization and equip¬
ment of,
201;
moves up to Mons,
205,
217;
cavalry encounter at Soignies,
248;
Battle of Mons,
254-259;
casualties at
Mons,
259;
Grand Fleet accompanies,
328-329;
in Battle of
Le Cateau,
356-
358.
See also Great Britain; individual
generals
Brooke, Rupert,
1914, 311
Broqueville, Count
de,
Premier of Belgium
103, 107, 108, 125, 221
Brussels, on eve of war,
98-111, 123;
hears
of invasion of Luxembourg,
99;
on out¬
break of war,
124-125;
rumours in,
176-
177;
threatened by
von Kluck, 224-225;
first French in,
228;
occupation of,
228-
229;
on eve of
Marne,
419
Bülow,
Prince
Bernhard von (1849-1929),
5, 6;
on Belgian neutrality,
23;
Kaiser
to, on Leopold II,
24
Bülow,
General
Karl von (1846-1921),
494
Index
commands Second Army on Belgian
frontier,
164;
army advances toward
Namur,
213, 224, 226;
at Huy,
218,
221;
advances on Namur,
224-225;
in
Battle of
Charleroi,
245, 246, 249-250,
251, 252;
sanctions atrocities,
314;
com¬
plains of
von Hausen s
delays,
361;
ordered to advance on Paris,
363;
in
Battle of Guise-St.
Quentin,
379-383;
condition of army of,
415;
at Battle of
Marne,
435
Bülow,
Major General
Karl Ulrich von,
73
Burns, John,
96, 113
Caillaux, Joseph
(1863-1944),
in Opposi¬
tion,
85
Caillaux,
Mme.,
92;
on trial for murder,
86
Callwell, General, Director of Operations,
203
Cambon, Jules, French ambassador in
Berlin,
107
Cambon, Paul
(1843-1924),
French am¬
bassador in London,
6;
Grey s no com¬
mitment letter to,
53;
on Belgian
neutrality,
55;
calls England tepid,
87;
confronts Grey in London,
90—91;
Grey s
1912
letter to,
95;
visits Oppo¬
sition leaders,
95;
fears Britain will
desert France,
96;
Grey gives naval
pledge to,
113;
visits Grey,
132
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry
(1836—
1908),
Prime Minister,
46, 47, 95
Carl, Prince of Sweden,
3
Carnet
В,
8-j
Case
з,
OHL s alternate plan,
234
Castelnau, General Noel
de
(1851-1944),
on prewar French strategy,
28-29,
42>
43;
background and characteristics of,
39-40;
as Joffre s Deputy Chief of Staff,
39-40;
H. Wilson on,
53-54;
at
1912
maneuvers,
54;
commands
2nd
Army
at Nancy,
182;
in Lorraine,
206, 208,
212, 231-234;
retires to Grand
Cour¬
onné,
32;
son killed in battle,
233;
deadlocked in Lorraine,
341, 364, 375;
launches offensive,
364;
army holds east¬
ern door to France,
437
Casualties, at Fort Barchon,
174;
on
Somme,
174;
at Verdun,
174;
in Battle
of Frontiers,
259;
in Great War,
439
Cateau,
Le,
Sir John French s HQ at,
221,
255;
Battle of,
356-358;
losses at,
358
Central Powers,
138
Cernay, Bonneau s troops at,
187
Chamberlain, Joseph,
5, 6
Channel ports, race for,
438
Chapels, in French army,
40, 190
Charleroi,
209
Charleroi,
Battle of,
206-231
passim,
244-
254, 262;
Algerian
Turcos
at,
250;
aftermath,
259-260
Chatham, light cruiser, shadows Goeben,
147, 148
Chicago Daily News,
227
Chicago Tribune,
227
China, in Boxer war,
7;
and Japan in
1914,
271
Churchill, Winston
(1874- ),
as
Home Secretary,
51;
becomes First Lord
of Admiralty,
52;
as Liberal Imperialist,
90, 91;
orders British fleet to war sta¬
tions,
92-93;
persuades Asquith to au¬
thorize Warning Telegram,
93;
refused
authority to mobilize fleet,
96;
gets
message that Germany declares war on
Russia,
96-97;
orders fleet mobilized,
97, 327;
tries to form coalition govern¬
ment,
114;
and Grey,
118;
on Turkey,
139;
requisitions Turkish warships,
140;
fears Goeben,
142;
orders to fleet
during chase of Goeben,
146-148, 150-
151, 154, 155, 156, 159;
proposes tor¬
pedo flotilla to Dardanelles,
160;
in War
Council,
195;
for conscription,
196;
in
tears,
264;
warns Jellicoe of German
fleet,
328;
warns Germany on naval
policy,
330;
on Navy s awkward em¬
barrassment,
340;
orders cruiser to take
Kitchener to Continent,
393
City, The (London), fears on eve of war,
95
Clarke, Sir George, on Esher Committee,
45
Clausewitz,
Karl von (1780-1831),
influ¬
ence of,
10, 17, 20, 22, 26, 118, 218;
on indemnity,
23;
Foch
studies,
32;
on
war and policy,
95;
on frictions of war,
268;
quoted,
277, 381;
theory of terror,
3*3
Clemenceau,
Georges
(1841-1929), 7, 85,
87,350,438
Clergerie, General, Gallieni s Chief of
Staff,
412, 413, 421-422, 423, 438
Clezentaine, chasseurs
alpins
at,
365
Cobb,
Irwin, 227, 311, 315
Coblenz, OHL at,
213
Coburg, Grand Duke of,
3
Collective responsibility, Germans practice
principle of,
227
Collier s,
227
Index
495
Colmar,
30
Compiègne, Joffre
visits Sir John French
at,
377-378;
British meet
von Kluck
at,
400
Conditional contraband, British Cabinet
on,
334-335
Conduit
de
la Guerte
(Foch),
32
Congress of
1830, 124, 125
Congress of Vienna,
18
Connaught, Duke of,
1
Conrad
von Hötzendorff,
see
Hötzendorff
Conscription, lack of, in Great Britain,
91
Continuous voyage concept,
334-335
Cossacks,
56-57, 293, 301
Courant,
Rotterdam, on destruction of
Louvain,
321
Cran, le
(guts),
34, 187, 261, 386
Creil, burned,
423
Crewe, Lord, Secretary for India,
97
Crimea,
56
С
romer,
Lord,
195
Crown Prince Frederick
Wilhelm
(1882-
1951),
given copy of The Great Illu¬
sion,
10;
and Zabern Affair,
30;
on
declaration of war on France,
121-122;
sees Germany hated,
130;
characteristics
of,
238-239;
commands 5th Army as¬
sault on Longwy, Virton,
Montmédy,
238-244;
quoted on Longwy assault,
241;
awarded Iron Cross,
243-244;
satirized,
313;
on French retreat,
342-
343;
ordered to advance to Vitry,
363;
on cavalry,
400;
in Lorraine,
431
Curragh Mutiny,
92, 195, 199
Czernin, Count, Austrian Foreign Min¬
ister,
123
Daily Chronicle, London, on Louvain,
321;
on contraband,
335
Daily Mail, London,
189
Daily Telegraph, London, Kaiser gives in¬
terview to,
9
Danilo,
Crown Prince of Montenegro,
3
Danilov, General G.
Α.,
Russian Deputy
Chief of Staff,
265, 296
Dardanelles,
138, 152, 155, 157, 158, 159,
439
Darwin, Charles,
10
Davignon,
Julien
(1854—1916),
Belgian
Foreign Minister,
99, 100-101, 110
Davis, Richard Harding,
227;
on Louvain,
319-320, 320-321
Declaration of London,
333, 334
Decrees of
1913,
Messimy examines,
349
Defense, cruiser,
154
Delbriick, Hans,
31
Delcassé, Théophile
(1852-1923),
joins
government,
350-351
Demblon,
Celestin,
192
Derby, Lord,
117
Deutsche Review,
Schließen
articles in,
48
Deuxième
Bureau,
41, 43;
at Vitry-le-Fran¬
cois,
184;
on German reserves,
203
Dinant, fighting at,
211;
threatened by
von Hausen, 224-225;
atrocities in,
226,
315-316
Disillusion, end product of Great War,
440
Djemal Pasha, Turkish Naval Minister,
140
Dommes, Major,
216
Dosch,
Amo,
320
Doumergue,
Gaston
(1863-1937), 351,
384
Doyle, Conan,
13
Drang
nach Osten,
Belgian belief in,
101
Drei-Kaiser Bund, 8, 60
Dreyfus Affair,
30, 36, 39
Dubail, General
Auguste (1851-1934),
characteristics,
37, 182;
on War Coun¬
cil,
37, 38;
and H. Wilson in Paris,
50;
sent to Russia,
57-58;
commands
ist
Army,
181-182;
in Lorraine,
206—208,
229, 231-234, 341, 364, 375;
artillery
appropriations of,
207;
on barbarian
Bavarians,
208;
captures Sarrebourg,
208;
army holds eastern door to France,
437
Dubail-Wilson agreement,
50
Dublin, cruiser, in Mediterranean,
151
Duke of Edinburgh, cruiser,
154
Dupont,
Colonel, tribute to Russia,
436
Duruy, Commandant,
224, 247, 253
East Prussia, German strategy and fighting
in,
267, 270-289,
and Chap.
16;
Rus¬
sian strategy and fighting in,
268, 270-
289,
and Chap.
16
Ebener,
General,
89, 405
Echo
de París,
on French uniforms,
37
Eckhardstein,
Baron,
6, 27
Edward
VII
(1841-1910), 146;
funeral
of,
1-4, 11-14;
continental tours,
2,
4-5;
Uncle of Europe,
4;
in Paris,
4-
5, 6;
visits Czar at
Reval,
7, 8, 9;
death
of,
11-12;
Kaiser on,
75, 76
Eggeling Captain
von,
German
attaché in
Russia,
74
Eiffel Tower, wireless jams air waves,
214
Elan, concept of,
35-36, 58, 190, 207,
230, 262, 345, 409, 436
Index
Elizabeth, Queen
of Belgium,
ïoo,
103
Eist, Baron van der, 101, 102, 104, 109
Emden,
cruiser,
328, 332
Emmich, General Otto von (1848-1915),
at
Aachen, 98;
commands Army of the
Meuse
in assault on
Liège,
123, 164,
169, 171-173, 174, 175-176, 179, 192,
193;
weapons power and manpower of
assault force of,
171—172;
enters
Liège,
179;
captures General
Leman,
192-193;
awarded cross of
Pour le Mérite,
193
Ena,
Queen of Spain,
4
Encirclement, German fear of,
7, 9, 121;
Kaiser on,
330, 331
Entente Powers,
138, 139
Envelopment, as policy of Schlieffen and
General Staff,
20, 21
Enver Bey,
138, 139, 152, 158, 159
Epinal,
234, 363
Erzberger, Matthias, on Moltke s admis¬
sion of error,
80;
foresees short war,
127;
on German s conduct,
322;
lists war
aims,
322-323;
avoids offending Eng¬
land,
331
Esher, Lord
(1852-1930), 372;
lectures
on The Great Illusion,
10;
on British
strategy,
52;
on Belgian neutrality,
54;
rejects no commitment formula,
95;
quotes Kitchener,
196;
on Sir John
French,
199
Esher Committee,
45, 47
Essen, siege mortars at,
180
Etienne, M.
former War Minister, on
le
pantalon
rouge,
38
Eugénie,
Empress,
34, 349
d Evegnée, Fort Liège,
175
Eyschen,
Minister of
State
of
Luxem¬
bourg,
82
Eysden, refugees flee to,
315
Fabre, M. Albert, describes
von
Kluck,
395
Fagalde, Captain,
406, 411
Falkenhayn, General Erich
von (1861-
1922), 106, 421
Fallieres,
Armand,
President of France,
33
Feldman, Lieutenant,
82, 96
Ferdinand I, King of Bulgaria,
2-3
Fichte, Johann
Gottlieb, influence of,
21
Figaro
Le,
86;
on death of Edward
VII,
11
Fisher, Sir John
(1841-1920),
at funeral
of Edward
VII,
14;
on Esher Com¬
mittee,
45;
characteristics and opinions
of,
47;
favors Antwerp landing,
47, 52;
denounces Milne s appointment,
146;
on naval fighting,
326;
admiration for
Jellicoe,
327;
for independent
BEF,
372
Flanders, German plan to invade,
41-42
Flechet, Burgomaster of
Warsage, 171
Fleron,
Fort, Liège,
175
Floating mine, development of,
333
Foch,
General Ferdinand
(1851-1929),
417, 428, 429;
leaves framework of
Plan
17, 40;
molder of military theory,
32;
mystique of,
32-33;
Attack order
on
Marne,
32, 435-436;
Joffre prefers,
39;
shifted to Nancy,
40;
visits London,
48;
and General Wilson,
48-49;
remark
on British aid,
49;
at
1913
maneuvers,
54;
commands XXth Corps,
89;
on
Joffre,
184;
captures
Château Salins,
208;
attacks Morhange,
232;
father of
Plan
17, 233;
counterattacks in Lorraine,
234;
scorns use of planes,
239;
holds at
Nancy,
364;
learns that son and son-in-
law are killed on
Meuse,
365;
special
detachment,
365, 369, 386;
Ninth
Army,
365
n. ready to attack,
429;
on
Joffre s calm,
438
Foch,
Lieut. Germain, killed on
Meuse,
365
Fournier, General, Governor of Maubeuge,
190
France, role in Schlieffen plan,
19-21, 22-
23, 27;
after Franco-Prussian War of
1870, 29;
pays off war indemnity,
29;
fortifications of Belfort-Epinal, Toul-
Verdun, and Maubeuge-Valenciennes-
Lille,
29-30;
belief in furor Gallicae,
31;
expanding empire,
31;
Ecole Supérieure
de la Guerre, doctrine
of
offensive,
32-
33, 39;
meeting
of war Council,
34-37,
52;
Three-Year Law,
35, 87, 106;
Met¬
ropolitan Army,
38
(see also French
Army);
Deuxième
Bureau,
41, 43, 184,
203;
orders ten-kilometer withdrawal on
frontier,
84, 86;
on eve of war,
84-90;
mobilization in,
85, 86, 87, 88-90;
Cabinet agrees on mobilization,
89;
re¬
affirms ten-kilometer withdrawal,
89;
to
respect Belgian neutrality,
99;
on out¬
break,
112;
foresees short war,
119;
Mediterranean fleet,
141, 148;
declares
war on Turkey,
161;
honors King Albert,
178;
Government in panic,
346;
reshuf¬
fling of Cabinet,
350-352;
railroad sys¬
tem and
le
system D,
353;
Cabinet
argues need to leave Paris,
384;
learns of
Tannenberg
defeat,
403;
government
leaves for Bordeaux,
409-410;
loss of
cities and areas of? in ten days,
416.
Index
497
See also French Army and individual
generals
Franchet d Esperey, General Louis
(1856-
1942),
in Battle of
Charleroi,
251, 252;
commands
1st
Corps in Battle of Guise-
St.
Quentin,
380;
named to command
5th Army,
416-418;
characteristics of,
418;
Joffre s message to,
424;
at Anglo-
French conference,
425-426;
sends bat¬
tle plan to Joffre,
428;
Joffre adheres to
plan of,
430;
contribution to Battle of
Mame,
435, 436, 437
François,
General Hermann
von (1856-
1933)>
characteristics of,
271;
and Pritt-
witz clash in East Prussia,
271-273,
276;
commands
1st
Corps in East Prus¬
sia,
271—289
passim, and at Battle of
Tannenberg,
Chap.
16
passim
Franco-Prussian War of
1870, 18-19, 29
Franco-Russian alliance,
18, 57-58, 60-61,
117, 263
Franco-Russian treaty,
126
Franc-tireur,
concept of,
173, 225, 314,
317-318, 363
Frankenau, fighting at,
288
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria
(1863-1914), 3;
assassination of,
71
Franz Josef, Emperor
(1830-1916), 3;
opinion of Leopold II,
23
Frederick, King of Denmark,
2
Frederick II of Prussia, maxim of,
19
French, Sir John
(1852-1925),
at Esher
lecture on The Great Illusion,
10;
at
French maneuvers in
1906, 47;
at Im¬
perial Defense Committee meeting of
1911, 51;
on action in Belgium,
54;
resigns,
92;
in War Council,
195, 203;
characteristics of,
198, 218-221;
with
Edward
VII
at
Reval,
199;
proposes
Antwerp landing,
200;
Haig s opinion
of,
202-203;
at Amiens,
205;
in Paris,
217;
visits Joffre at Vitry,
218;
wait¬
ing attitude of,
218;
opinion of French
officers,
218-219;
visit to Lanrezac,
219-
220;
vacillations of,
220, 429, 430;
book
1914, 221;
at
Le Cateau,
221;
gets
British in line,
229;
troops unready to
join offensive,
235;
asked to cooperate
by Joffre,
244;
commands British at
Mons,
244, 247, 254-259;
defeatism of,
*59>
354 355
356>
37O-371»
372> 378-
379;
moves to St.
Quentin,
354;
and
Staff lose heads,
359;
vendetta against
Smith-Dorrien,
359;
at St.
Quentin
staff meeting,
360;
minimal cooperation
with Lamezac,
368;
orders British re¬
treat,
370-371, 379;
requests 6th Di¬
vision from Kitchener,
371-372;
evacu¬
ates Amiens,
372;
pulls
BEF
out of line
of battle,
376;
visited by Joffre at Com-
piègne,
377—378;
defeatist report to
Kitchener,
390—391;
machinations
against Kitchener,
391;
removed from
post in
1915, 391;
missta
tements of,
392;
meets with Kitchener in France,
393;
strained relations with Lanrezac,
417;
persuaded to cooperate in Battle of
Marne,
433-434
French Army, prewar strategy of,
28-43
passim; doctrine of
élan,
31;
doctrine of
the offensive,
31-33, 40-41;
Field Regu¬
lations,
33-34, 40, 232, 260, 261;
con¬
cept of
Ы
cran,
34;
disdains concept of
reserves,
35;
reorganized on basis of
Plan
17, 40-43;
in ten-kilometer with¬
drawal,
96;
aviation arm,
125
(see also
Aviation, French use of); artillery,
125,
207, 239;
position of, on West Front
at outbreak,
181;
strategy at outbreak,
181—190
passim; Grand
Quartier Gén¬
éral
(GQG): at Vitry-le
François,
183;
adherence to Plan
17,
learns of
von
Kluck s change in plans,
406-407;
at
Bar-sur-Aube discusses Gallieni s proposal
for offensive,
422-433
(see also Joffre);
concept of cavalry,
189;
launches of¬
fensive,
229-230;
defeat in Ardennes,
243;
casualties in Battle of Frontiers,
259;
in general retreat,
341-372
passim;
policy of fight in retreat,
342;
Vosges-Lille
frontier on Aug.
z
4th,
353-
354;
condition of, on Aug. 30th,
386;
system of command,
398;
plan of Aug.
25th fails,
402;
mortality rate in Great
ЛУаг,
439·
See also individual generals
Frögenau,
Hindenburg and Ludendorff at,
302
Frontiers, Battle of the,
231-262, 310,
341, 437;
French casualties in,
259;
effect on Joffre,
260-262;
assessed,
262
Furor Gallicae,
31
Furor Teutonicus,
106
Fushimi, Prince,
3
Gaiffier, Baron
de,
Political Secretary of
Belgian Foreign Office,
101, 103, 110
Galbert, Captain
de,
takes Order No.
6
to
British,
433
Galet,
General
Emile,
104, 107, 108;
favors defensive role,
105;
assists King
Albert,
169
Index
Gallieni,
General
Joseph-Simon
(1849-
1916),
in War Council,
37;
refuses post
of generalissimo,
38;
commands Joffre,
39;
proposes invasion of Turkish Straits,
160;
retired,
182;
remains in Paris,
185;
on writing of history,
188;
awaits
German offensive pattern,
189;
foresees
terrible submersion,
210;
in War Min¬
istry post,
210-211;
use of planes by,
239;
expects Germans before Paris,
347;
background and characteristics of,
348;
called to defend Paris,
348-349;
sup¬
plants Michel,
351-352;
as Military
Governor of Paris,
352—438
passim;
opinion of
Poincaré
and Viviani,
374;
convokes Council of Defense,
374-
375;
and Joffre in defense of Paris,
404;
gets army for defense of Paris,
405;
quoted on Myron
Herrick, 408;
notice
to Army and citizens of Paris,
409;
con¬
demns Joffre s strategy,
411;
learns of
Kluck s inward wheel,
412;
seees oppor¬
tunity for Army of Paris,
413;
preliminary
orders to Maunoury,
421;
seeks immedi¬
ate decision from Joffre,
421-422;
at
Anglo-French conference,
424;
forces
Joffre s hand on
Marne offensive,
429—
430;
issues secret orders for destruction
in Paris,
432;
taxicab army of,
435, 438;
contribution to Battle of
Marne,
437
Gallipoli,
161
Gambetta,
Léon,
quoted,
29
Gaston-Carlin, M.
at funeral of Edward
VII,
4
Gaulle, Lieutenant Charles
de,
wounded
near Dinant,
211
Gauthier,
Dr., Minister of Marine, for¬
gets to order fleet into Channel,
85;
resigns,
148
Gemmerich,
Germany invades Belgium at,
123
General, German ship,
157, 158
George, King of the Hellenes,
2
George V
(1865-1936),
at funeral of
Edward
VII,
χ,
12-13;
a
уегУ шсе
boy,
2;
meets
party
leaders
in
Curragh
Mutiny,
92;
warns Germany of war,
120;
signs mobilization order and ulti¬
matum,
132;
and Sir John French,
199,
202, 393
Gerard, James Watson, brings Wilson s
offer to mediate to Kaiser,
179-180
German Army, use of reserves in,
25, 43;
mobilization of,
73-75, 79-81;
use of
railroads in strategy,
75, 79-80;
General
Staff s alternate plan for war in East,
79-80;
invades Belgium at
Gemmerich,
123;
armies of Belgian Frontier,
164;
use of siege cannon in assault on
Liège
and Namur,
166-168, 180, 188, 191-
192;
meets first combat in Belgium on
Meuse,
172; Oberste Heeresleitung
(Supreme Headquarters, or OHL),
179;
right wing wheels through Belgium,
213-262
passim; communications dif¬
ficulties at OHL,
214;
atrocities and
reprisals of,
225-227, 313-322;
OHL
sees decisive battle in Lorraine,
234;
OHL s preparations for invasion of East
Prussia,
267-268, 293-294;
fighting in
East Prussia at outbreak,
267, 270-289,
and Chap.
16;
intercepts Russian wire¬
less messages in clear,
281, 291;
extent
of victory at
Tannenberg, 306;
right- and
left-wing armies invade France,
341-472
passim; OHL issues General Order of
Aug. 28th,
362-363;
OHL departs from
Schlieffen plan,
363-364;
OHL decides
to force
Charmes
Gap,
364;
drives to
Marne,
373—434
passim; planes bomb
Paris,
385;
OHL moves to Luxembourg
City,
396;
system of command,
398;
OHL ignorant of French offensive,
432;
faults of OHL contribute to Miracle
of
Marne,
436-437.
See also Germany;
Schlieffen; Schlieffen plan; individual
generals
Germany, Naval Program of
1900, 4;
feels
entitled to rule,
6-7, 21;
complains of
Encirclement,
7, 9;
accumulated egoism
of,
22;
assesses Russia s ability to mobi¬
lize,
27;
railway construction,
54;
ulti¬
matum to Russia,
72, 73, 89;
declares
war on Russia,
73;
ultimatum to France,
76;
premobilization,
85;
ultimatum to
Belgium,
100-103,
1]L3»
lł4>
г15> 123>
Navy in Mediterranean,
107, 137-162
passim,
328, 329-340
passim; concept
of short war,
118-119;
declares war on
France,
121-122;
on England s per¬
fidy,
129, 130;
alliance with Turkey,
137;
fear of Russian steam roller,
214;
railway gauge,
269;
railroad system in
East Prussia,
277, 281;
imperialism and
militarism of,
311-333;
theory of terror,
313-322
passim; deportations by,
315;
obsession with international law,
316-
317;
accuses Belgium of guerrilla war¬
fare,
317;
fear of Russian naval action,
331-332.
See also German Army
Gibson, Hugh,
202, 320, 419
Girodon, Colonel, on Gallieni s Staff,
412
Index
499
Gloucester, light cruiser, in Mediterranean,
152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158
Gneisenau,
328
Goeben, flight to Constantinople, see
Chap.
10;
shells Russian ports,
161;
in
Mediterranean,
328
Goltz,
Colmar,
Freiherr von der (1843—
1916), The Nation in Arms, 21
Gordon Highlanders, decimated at
Le
Cateau, 358
Goschen, Sir Edward,
presents British ul¬
timatum,
129
Gough, General, Chief of Staff to Haig,
angered by French s orders,
371
Gourko, General, cavalry invades East
Prussia,
267-268
GQG. See French Army
Grand
Couronné,
206, 216, 323, 365
Grandmaison,
Colonel, Director of
Troi¬
sième
Bureau,
33, 34, 58
Grand Morin,
von
Kluck advances on,
431
Great Britain, Army adopts khaki,
37;
prewar strategy,
44-55;
Committee of
Imperial Defense
(CID),
4.5, 196, 325;
War Office s ignorance of war,
47;
CID
meeting of
1911, 51;
Cabinet split,
52,
90-92, 113-114;
on eve of war,
87-97;
lacks conscription,
91, 196;
fleet sent to
war stations,
93;
Precautionary Period,
93-94;
no commitment formula,
95;
fleet mobilized,
97;
vacillations of,
112-
118, 123, 128-129,
131~133í
War
Book system,
113;
mobilization in,
114, 132;
foresees short war,
119;
de¬
livers ultimatum to Germany,
128-129,
132;
CID s fear of invasion,
131;
dis¬
patches War Telegram,
133;
mobiliza¬
tion proclamation,
132;
attitude to
Turkey,
139-141;
seizes Turkish battle¬
ships,
140-141;
action of Mediterranean
fleet during flight of Goeben,
141-158
passim; declares war on Turkey,
161;
to
send
BEF,
177;
War Council of Aug.
5th,
195;
composition of Army at out¬
break,
196-197;
invasion fears in,
131,
200-201, 325;
Cabinet meets on
French s report,
391;
naval strategy of,
325-340
passim; contraband battle
with U.S.A.,
332-339;
Admiralty War
Orders for
1912, 333-334.
See also
British Expeditionary Force; and indi¬
vidual generals
Great Illusion, The
(Angeli),
10
Great War, effect on mind of the time,
310-312;
casualties in,
439
Grey, Sir Edward, Foreign Secretary
(1862-1933),
in military talks,
46-47;
consults H. Wilson,
51;
no commit¬
ment formula letter to Cambon,
53;
in Paris for Anglo-Russian naval talks,
57;
Lichnowsky forwards his offer to
Berlin,
77-78;
talk with Lichnowsky on
eve,
81;
and Cambon in London,
90-
91;
on threat of German domination,
91;
advised by Churchill of orders to
fleet,
93;
on German policy,
94;
threat
to resign,
94; 1912
letter to Cambon,
95;
asks France and Germany to respect
Belgian neutrality,
96;
misunderstood
by Lichnowsky,
97;
tells Cambon Brit¬
ish fleet is committed,
97;
proposal for
five-power conference,
101;
asks that
Navy defend French coast,
112, 113;
naval pledge to Cambon,
113;
sees
Belgian invasion as
casus
belli,
114;
and
Lichnowsky,
115-116;
speech in Parlia¬
ment,
115-118;
characteristics of,
116;
to Cambon,
118;
proposes ultimatum
to Germany,
118;
famous remark
quoted,
122;
sends ultimatum to Ger¬
many,
128-129;
message to Turkey on
seizure of battleships,
140-141;
on
Mediterranean fleet,
150;
in War Coun¬
cil,
195;
on Kitchener s forecast of long
war,
197;
on Sir John French,
199;
moving spirit of Second Hague Con¬
ference,
333;
on blockade,
335-336;
letter to Wilson,
338;
and Kitchener,
393
Grierson, Sir James, Director of Military
Operations,
45, 46, 47;
in War Council,
195, 200;
death of,
221, 248
Grouard, Colonel, La Guerre
eventuelle
quoted,
42-43
Griinert, Major General, at East Prussian
HQ,
277, 280, 283, 285, 291
Guckhov, Minister of War, on Tannen-
berg,
308
Guerre
eventuelle, La
(Grouard),
42-43
Guesde,
Jules,
384, 385
Guise-St.
Quentin,
Battle of,
379—80;
effect
on Paris,
382-384
Gumbinnen, Battle of,
271-276
Haakon, King,
2
Hache,
General, Illrd Corps,
428
Haelen, Uhlans at,
191
Hague Conference, second,
333
Hague, Convention, Article
23, 149;
Ger¬
mans ignore,
227
Haig, Lieutenant General Sir Douglas
(1861-1928),
in War Council,
195,
Index
200;
on Sir John French,
ígg,
202-203;
commands
1st
Corps at Mons,
254,
258;
attacked by
von Kluck
at Landre-
cies,
355-356;
Sir John French s credi¬
tor,
356;
to Smith-Dorrien,
359;
angered
by French s orders,
371;
offers to co¬
operate with Lanrezac,
376
Haldane, Lord
(1856—1928), 50, 97;
in
military talks,
46-47;
meets
Foch,
48;
consults H. Wilson,
51;
on Committee
of Imperial Defense meeting,
52;
sent to
see Kaiser in
1912, 52-53;
as Liberal
Imperialist,
90;
no commitment for¬
mula,
95;
for mobilization,
114, 115;
foresees short war,
119;
warns Kaiser,
120;
Balfour letter to,
132;
in War
Council,
195, 200;
to Berlin on naval
policy,
330
Hamilton, Captain Ernest, on British
morale,
378
Hamilton, Ian, on Russian military de¬
fects,
58;
on machine guns,
189;
in War
Council,
200;
on defensive tactics,
232
Hannapel, Colonel, orders Nomeny burned,
232
Hansen,
Harry,
227
Harcourt, Lewis, proposes to resign,
96
Hardie, Keir,
against war,
118
Hauptman, Gerhart, Rolland s letter to,
321;
signs Manifesto,
322
Hausen,
General Max
Klemens
von ( 1846-
1922),
commands Third Army on Bel¬
gian frontier,
164;
in Battle of
Charleroi,
213, 224, 226;
army advances on Din-
ant,
224—225;
reprisals by
3rd
Army of,
226;
in Battle of
Charleroi,
244, 246,
249-250, 251, 252-253;
atrocities of
army,
315—316;
army on
Meuse,
343;
in
invasion or France,
361-362;
ordered
to advance to
Château-Thierry,
363;
condition of army,
415;
at Battle of
Marne,
435
Haussman, Conrad,
128
Heeringen,
General Josias
von (1850-
1926), 127, 169, 207
Hegel,
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,
21, 31
Heligoland, recovery of,
47
Heligoland Bight, Battle of,
340
Hely
d Oissel, General,
209, 219, 418
Hennion, Prefect of Police,
406
Henry, Prince of the Netherlands,
3
Henry, Prince of Prussia,
3, 120
Hentsch, Colonel,
431, 436
Herbesthal, siege cannon blocked at,
180
Herrick,
Myron, American Ambassador in
Paris,
122, 408
Hesse, Grand Duke of,
3
Hindenburg, Paul
von Beneckendorff und
(1847-1934),
background and charac¬
teristics,
283-284;
leaves retirement to
command in East Prussia,
283-284;
and
Ludendorff,
284-285;
at Battle of Tan-
nenberg, Chap.
16
passim; as savior of
East Prussia,
307—308
Hirschauer, General of Engineers, on de-
fenselessness of Paris,
346, 351;
sent to
Joffre,
352;
fears Paris as open city,
374;
in defense of Paris,
414;
Gallieni
tells orders to,
432
Hochberg,
Count, sees short war,
119
Hoffman, Colonel Max
(1896-1927),
in
Russia and Japan,
67;
background and
characteristics of,
67-68;
on machine
guns,
189;
Deputy Chief of Operations,
German 8th Army,
270-289
passim,
and Chap.
16
passim
Holstein, Friedrich von, 5—6
Hornby, Captain,
248
Hötzendorff,
Franz Conrad
von (1852-
1925), 133;
Moltke visits,
27;
Moltke
to,
79, 167;
lends Austrian 305s to
Germany,
168
House, Colonel Edward M.,
338
Hugo, Victor, on Alsace-Lorraine,
30
Huguet, Colonel, French Liaison officer
with
BEF,
45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 219,
411, 429;
warned by Esher on Belgian
neutrality,
54;
as liaison,
201;
in War
Council,
203;
in Paris,
217;
telegraphs
to Joffre on state of English Army,
359;
calls
BEF
beaten,
368;
at
Melun,
424, 433;
prevents
De Galbert
from seeing British,
433
Humperdinck,
Engelbert,
signs Manifesto,
322
Huy, fighting at,
211; von Bülow s
army
at,
213, 221
L Illustration,
184, 185
Indefatigable, in Mediterranean,
141-142,
147, 148, 150, 151, 156
Indemnity, concept of,
23;
on France in
1870, 29;
on Brussels,
229
Indomitable, in Mediterranean,
141-142,
147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 156
Inflexible, Milne s flagship, in Mediter¬
ranean,
141, 151, 156
Ingenohl, Admiral
Friedrich
von, 330-331
Insterburg Gap,
66, 268, 271, 285
Intimidation, concept of,
175-176
Invasion, Great Britain fears,
131, 200-
201, 325
Index
$01
Irwin, Will, 227;
on carnage of war,
259
Isvolsky, Foreign Minister of Russia,
8,
11, 88-89
Italy, and the Triple Alliance,
83, 143;
declares neutrality,
126, 129, 147, 151;
fleet neutral,
142
Jagow, Gottlieb
von,
Foreign Minister, on
eve of war,
73, 75, 77, 80;
on Belgian
neutrality,
101;
revises ultimatum to
Belgium,
101
Japan, declares for Allies,
271;
imposes
Twenty-one Demands on China,
271
Juares, Jean,
42, 87, 210
Jawus,
160
Jilinsky, General, Chief of Russian General
Staff, in Paris in
1912, 58;
Commands
Northwest Army Group,
265, 268-289
passim,
294, 296, 297, 301, 303, 306,
308
Jellicoe, Admiral John
(1859-1939), 131,
Ч6
147 327~328
Joffre, General Joseph Jacques-
С
ésaire
(1852-1931),
on War Council,
37;
background and characteristics of,
38-
40, 183-185, 188;
named generalissimo,
38-40;
asks for Castelnau,
39-40;
self-
confidence of,
39, 40, 230;
prewar strat¬
egy,
42;
H. Wilson on,
53;
at
1912
maneuvers,
54;
in Russia in
1913, 58;
accepts ten-kilometer withdrawal,
85,
86;
requests mobilization,
85, 86, 88-
89;
foresees long war,
119-120;
bids
farewell to President,
126;
refusal to
change plan of deployment,
177-178;
strategy of,
178;
aims for Rhine,
181;
belief in
élan,
183;
dismisses objec¬
tions to Plan
17, 183;
discounts fears
of German advance through Belgium,
183;
begins roll of heads,
187;
on re¬
vanche,
187;
forms Army of Alsace,
187-188;
as dictator,
188;
reticence on
military information,
188;
removes Gen¬
eral Fournier,
190;
and Sir John French
compared,
199;
and Lanrezac clash on
Battle of
Charleroi,
209-211;
strategy
in Battle of
Charleroi,
209-230
passim;
issues Special Instruction No.
10, 211,
212;
on Sir John French,
218;
visited
by Sir John French,
218-219;
issues
Order No.
13
for great offensive,
222-
223;
bars news correspondents from
front,
227;
withdraws
Pau s
troops from
Mulhouse,
229-230;
issues order to 4th
Army for offensive,
230;
strategy in Bat¬
tle of Frontiers,
233-234;
strategy in
the Ardennes,
234-236;
memoirs,
238;
forms Army of Lorraine,
242;
compla¬
cent report to Messimy,
242-243;
asks
Sir John French to cooperate,
244;
rati¬
fies Lanrezac s decision to retreat,
254;
attitude after Battle of Frontiers,
260-
262;
issues Note for All Armies,
261;
on use of aviation,
261;
at parliamen¬
tary inquiry after war,
261-262;
Grand
Duke Nicholas message to,
264;
issues
General Order No.
2, 341-342;
strat¬
egy during retreat of Allies,
342-372
passim; chooses line on
Somme,
345-
346;
takes reserve divisions from Paris,
347;
refuses three corps to defend Paris,
352;
General Order No.
2, 354, 360;
calls meeting of staffs at St.
Quentin,
360;
creates
Foch
Detachment,
365;
or¬
ders 5th Army to counterattack,
368;
Lanrezac s opinion of,
368, 369;
and
Lanrezac clash,
370, 416-417;
visits
Lanrezac at Laon,
377;
visits Sir John
French at
Compiègne,
377-378;
efforts
to stabilize Allied front,
377-383;
firm
in France s darkest hour,
381;
orders
retirement to
Mame,
381-382;
aban¬
dons Vitry,
382;
tells Gallieni to mine
Paris bridges,
382;
learns of Russian
defeats,
386;
efforts to hold British
Army in line,
392-394;
strategy on the
Marne,
402-403;
issues General Ordei
No.
4, 403;
self-confidence of,
404;
Paris under command of,
404-405;
strategy before Battle of
Marne,
411;
relieves Lanrezac of command,
417-
418;
afraid of telephone,
421-422;
Gallieni and,
421—422;
decides on
Gallieni s proposal for offensive,
423-
424, 425-426;
message to Franchet
d Esperey,
424;
orders offensive on
Marne,
428;
signs General Order No.
6,
430;
sends Order No.
6
to Sir John
French,
430-431;
telegram to
Poincaré
on offensive,
432-433;
begs Millerand
to intervene with British,
433;
motors
115
miles to see Sir John French,
433;
confronts Sir John French at Melun,
433-434;
order to fight on
Mame,
434;
contribution to Battle of
Marne,
437-
438;
to soldiers on eve of the
Marne,
440
Junkers, the,
66, 293
Kaiser, the
(1859-1941),
at funeral of
Edward
VII,
1-2, 12-14;
English
fam-
Index
ily
of,
2;
on George V,
2;
on Anglo-
German alliance,
5;
at funeral of Queen
Victoria,
5;
feels underrated,
6;
galled
by Anglo-French entente,
6;
tells troops
to behave like Huns,
7;
letters to Nicho¬
las II,
8-9;
patronizes Nicholas II,
8-9;
proposal to
Pichón,
13;
accepts Bel¬
gian invasion as necessity,
21;
tempts
Leopold II,
23-24;
on reserves,
36;
at
Tangier,
44, 45;
Haldane to see,
52-53;
at Rominten,
66;
in shining armor,
71;
decrees general moblization,
73;
last-minute proposal to Moltke,
73;
hates Slavs,
73-74;
moods at outbreak
of war,
75-76, 78;
proposes one-front
war to Moltke,
78-81;
personal tele¬
gram to King George,
80-81;
cancels
invasion of Luxembourg,
81;
Albert s
last appeal to,
100;
and Leopold II,
104;
entertains Albert in Berlin,
106;
reply to Albert s last appeal,
111 ;
fore¬
sees short war,
119;
laments English
entry into war,
120;
prewar illusions of,
120—121;
speech from throne,
126, 127;
on England s perfidy,
130;
on rela¬
tions with Turkey,
139-140;
says Brit¬
ish spit in the soup,
142—143;
on in¬
vasion of Belgium,
164;
ecstatic at fall
of
Liège,
179;
on obstinate English,
179-180;
affected by invasion of East
Prussia,
282;
satirized,
313;
telegram
to Woodrow Wilson after Louvain,
322;
attitude to
von Tirpitz, 329, 330;
reading habits,
329-330;
sees fleet as
means to escape encirclement,
330;
on
the dead Edward,
331;
restricts Navy,
340;
congratulates
von Kluck, 362;
shout-hurrah! mood of,
396;
trium¬
phant on eve of
Marne,
419;
at
Rup-
precht s HQ,
420
Karlsruhe,
328
Kelly, Captain Howard, commands Glou¬
cester in Mediterranean,
152, 153, 154,
155, 156, 158
Kelly, John, commands Dublin in Medi¬
terranean,
151
Kersten,
Major General, Director of Rail¬
ways, Eastern Front,
284
Kiel Canal, widened,
27
Kilmansegg,
Major Count, with
von Hau¬
sen, 361
Kitchener of Khartoum, Lord
(1850-
1916),
at funeral of Edward
VII,
14;
urged as War Minister,
114-115;
slated
for War Ministry,
131-132;
on Tur¬
key,
160;
Secretary of State for War.
194;
contempt for Anglo-French strat¬
egy,
195;
foresees long war,
120, 195-
196, 197;
British feeling for,
197;
de¬
picted on recruiting poster,
197;
fore¬
sees pattern of German offensive,
197-
198;
in War Council,
199, 200, 203,
204;
brings brigade home from Ireland,
201;
and H. Wilson clash,
201;
stra¬
tegic concepts of,
203-205;
bars news
correspondents from front,
227;
fore¬
bodings of,
245;
sends 4th Division to
France,
249;
refuses Sir John French
6th Division,
371-372;
Sir John French s
report shocks,
390-391;
goes to France,
393
Kleist,
Major
von,
takes hostages,
315
Kliouev, General, commands
XII
Corps
at
Tannenberg, 295, 300, 304;
captured,
3°5
Kluck, General Alexander
von (1846-
1934),
pointed out to Albert,
106;
commands First Army on Belgian fron¬
tier,
164;
advance of
ist
Army delayed,
180;
begins advance,
192;
moves on
Brussels,
213, 224—229;
army at
Gette,
221;
characteristics,
225;
atrocities of
army of,
225-227, 315;
in Brussels,
228—229;
surprised by
BEF
at Soignies,
249;
in Battle of
Charleroi,
249-252;
in Battle of Mons,
254-259, 257;
Bel¬
gian Army attacks rearguard of,
319;
army seeks to envelop Allied right wing,
341;
IV Corps attacks in French uni¬
forms,
355-356;
encounters D Amade s
Territorials, Sordet s cavalry,
357-358;
pursues British,
357-359, 360—361;
re¬
ports to OHL,
360;
independent com¬
mand restored,
361;
congratulated by
Kaiser,
362;
marching time of army,
362;
proposes inward wheel to
von
Bülow, 362;
ordered to advance to
Seine,
363;
army
30
miles from Paris,
394;
at
Compiègne,
described,
395;
strategy before Paris,
395-396, 398-400,
411;
condition of
ist
Army,
399-401;
meets British at
Compiègne,
and Villers-
Cotterets,
400;
French learn of change
in plans,
406-407;
continues inward
wheel,
414;
crosses
Marne,
414;
pursuit
of Franco-British armies,
414;
advances
on Grand Morin,
431;
IVth Reserve
encounters Maunoury s army,
431-432;
ignores Moltke s order, and continues
advance,
431-432;
orders army to re¬
trace steps,
432;
tribute to French
élan,
436
Index
Knox,
Major, British
attaché
with Rus¬
sian
2nd
Army,
300, 303
Kokovtsov, Premier, and Czar,
59-60
Köln,
sunk,
340
Kondratovitch, General, commands
XXIII
Corps at
Tannenberg, 295
Königsberg, 66, 268,
2j6,
285, 297
Königsberg, 332
Kotzebue, Prince,
65
Krafft von Dellmensingen,
General, with
Rupprechťs
army,
215, 216-217, 234,
420
Kress, Lieutenant Colonel
von, 159
Kriegesbrauch
(Conduct of War Manual),
149;
on terror,
321
Kriegesgefahr
(Danger of War) declara¬
tion,
73, 74, 94, 100
Krupp s, firm of,
102, 166, 167, 168
Kuhl, General
von,
Chief of Staff of
Kluck s Army,
121, 419, 432
Kultur, 21, 171, 311-312
Kuropatkin, General Aleksi,
265
Laguiche, General Marquis
de, 309
Langîe de
Cary, General
Fernand de,
com¬
mands 4th Army in Battle of
Charleroi,
211, 212, 252, 253;
to attack through
Ardennes,
222;
characteristics,
239-
240;
in Ardennes,
239-243;
at Stenay
on
Meuse,
242;
crosses
Meuse,
343;
4th
Army counterattacks Duke of
Würt¬
temberg, 345;
ordered to retreat,
376;
calm of,
386
Lanrezac, General Charles
(1852-1925),
appointed by Joffre to 5th Army,
182;
objects to Plan
17, 182-183;
commands
5th Army,
182-183, 190, 194;
on threat
of German right wing,
190;
at Battle of
Charleroi,
208-230
passim,
244-254,
262;
and Joffre clash at
Charleroi,
209-211;
and Sir John French,
219-
220;
Army in full retreat,
255;
at St.
Quentin
staff meeting,
360;
commands
5 th Army before
Marne,
365, 368,
369-370;
balks at order to counterat¬
tack,
368-369;
opinion of Joffre,
368,
369;
and Joffre clash,
370;
Army com¬
pletes turning maneuver,
376;
curses
Sir John French,
376;
in Battle of
Guise-St.
Quentin,
379-383;
requests
leave to withdraw from Guise-St.
Quen¬
tin,
380-381;
ordered to retire,
381;
re¬
treat,
396;
condition of Army,
410-411,
415-416;
gets Army across
Marne,
415-
416;
clashes with Joffre,
416-417;
re¬
lieved of command,
417-418;
contribu¬
tion to Battle of
Marne,
437-438
Lansing, Robert, protests contraband
Order in Council,
335, 339
Lapeyrère,
Admiral
Boue de,
orders fleet
to North Africa,
149, 150
Lawrence, D. H., on Great War,
440
Lebas,
General, Military Governor of
Lille,
28-29, 43
Leman,
General Gerard
Mathieu
(1851-
1920),
Governor of
Liège,
at
Liège,
170, 176, 179;
escapes to Fort Loncin,
176;
captured, taken to Emmich,
192-
193;
writes to King Albert,
193
Lemberg, Battle of,
308
Leopold I, of Belgium,
99
Leopold II
(1835-1909),
of Belgium,
103;
avarice of,
23-24;
offer of Kaiser
to,
23-24;
and Kaiser,
104;
fortifies
Liège
and Naumur,
166
Leopold III, of Belgium,
125
Lepic,
Captain, reports Kluck s turn,
402
Libre Beige, clandestine newspaper,
173
Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Max
(i860-
1928), 118;
last-minute telegram from
London to Berlin,
77;
forwards offer of
Grey to Berlin,
77-78;
talks with Grey
on eve,
81;
second telegram of,
81;
mis¬
understands Grey,
96;
and Grey,
115-
116;
leaves England,
131
Liège, as
eastern gateway to Belgium,
98;
assault on, begins,
133;
site and forti¬
fications of,
163—164, 165-166, 174-
175;
assault on,
163—181, 188—193
pas¬
sim; siege guns at,
216
Lille, as artillery target,
23;
French decide
to abandon,
28;
an open city,
354
Limogés,
dismissed officers,
187
Little
Englanders/ 90-92
Lloyd George, David
(1863-1944),
at
Imperial Defense Committee meeting,
51;
on Curragh Mutiny,
92;
Chancellor
of Exchequer,
94;
on financial panic,
95;
on German s little violation,
96;
doubtful on war issue,
113;
stays with
government,
115;
in Parliament on eve
of war,
116;
as ultimatum expires,
133
Loch Ewe, fleet transferred to,
328
Loncin, Fort, siege guns bombard,
192;
fall of,
192-193
London, on eve of war,
87-97.
See also
Great Britain
Long-war concept,
22, 119, 120, 335, 336
Longwy, as center of iron region,
238
Lorraine, fighting in,
215-216, 229, 231,
232, 233, 234, 341, 363, 364-365, 375-
Index
376, 420, 431, 437·
See also Alsace Lor¬
raine; Castelnau; Dubail; Rupprecht
Louvain, Belgian
H Q
at,
177;
burning and
sack of,
318—322
Ludendorff, General Erich
(1865-1937),
characteristics,
168-169;
as Deputy
Chief of Staff,
169, 175, 176, 179, 180,
186, 193;
commands 14th Brigade at
Liège,
175;
citadel surrendered to,
179;
calls for siege cannon at
Liège,
180;
awarded
Pour le Mérite,
193;
called to
East Prussia,
282-283;
and
von
Hinden-
burg,
284-285;
lack of tact,
285;
on
myth of
Tannenberg, 307;
on guerrilla
warfare,
317;
at Battle of
Tannenberg,
Chap.
16
passim
Luttwitz,
General
von,
German Governor
of Brussels,
319, 321
Luxembourg,
41;
neutrality guaranteed by
Great Powers,
78;
scheduled invasion
of,
81;
invaded at
Trois Vierges,
82
Luxembourg City, tension at OHL on eve
of
Mame,
419
McCutcheon, John
T.,
227
MacDonald, Ramsay,
7, 118
Macdonogh, Colonel, at Anglo-French
conference at Bray,
425
Machagovsky, Major General, Chief of
Martos
Staff, killed,
304
Machine guns, defensive power of,
189,
232
McKenna, Reginald, First Lord of Ad¬
miralty,
51
McKenna, Stephen, on Germans,
313
Mackensen, August
von (1849-1945),
commands
XVII
Corps in East Prussia,
275-289
passim; at Battle of Tannen-
berg, Chap.
16
passim
MacMahon, General,
349
Macready, General, Director of Personal
Services,
BEF,
378
Manan,
Admiral Alfred Thayer,
93;
The
Influence of Sea Power on History,
329;
at second Hague Conference,
333
Mainz, sunk,
340
Malines,
Belgian HQ at,
222;
Belgian
Army at,
319
Malplaquet,
247
Malvy, Minister of Interior,
87
Manchuria,
56
Mangin, General, at Onhaye,
252
Manifesto To the Civilized World, by
German professors,
322
Mann, Thomas, on the war,
311
Manuel II, King of Portugal,
2
Marchand,
Colonel, shot at
Liège,
176
Margueritte, General
Jean-Auguste,
at
Sedan,
31
Maria Feodorovna, Dowager Empress of
Russia,
4, 14
Marie, Queen of Rumania,
4
Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prin¬
cess,
100
Marmites,
251
Marne,
Battle of the, origins of,
403-404;
fought on telephone,
421-422;
retro¬
spect,
435-440;
as a decisive battle of
the world,
440;
Miracle of the,
436
Mars-la-Tour, Henry Wilson visits,
54
Martos,
General, commands Samsonov s
XXth Corps,
287, 288;
at
Tannenberg,
295, 300, 304;
captured,
304-305
Marwitz, General
Georg von der,
com¬
mands cavalry corps on Belgian frontier,
164, 171, 191
Mas
de Latrie,
General, Commander
XVIII
Corps,
416, 418, 429
Masurian Lakes,
65, 68, 268
Maud, Queen of Norway,
4
Maud huy, General, commands chasseurs
alpins,
364-365, 429
Maunoury, General Michel-Joseph
(1847-
1923),
commands Army of Lorraine,
242, 353;
characteristics of,
353;
6th
Army moving into position,
376;
ordered
to retire,
381;
driven back by
von Kluck,
395;
Kluck s opinion of forces under,
398;
falls back on Paris,
404;
Gallieni
sees,
405;
6th Army as core of Army of
Paris,
413, 414;
Gallieni sends readi¬
ness orders to,
421;
and Gallieni,
422;
at Anglo-French conference,
424;
contri¬
bution to Battle of
Marne,
435
Maurice, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick,
378
Max, Prince, Duke of
Saxe,
361-362
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,
Grand Duke of,
3
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duke of,
3
Melotte, Major, Belgian
attaché
in Ber¬
lin,
43;
Moltke s outburst to,
107
Melun, Anglo-French conference at,
424,
433» 434
Mesopotamia, campaign in,
161
Messimy,
Adolphe,
Minister of War
(1869-1935),
characteristics,
36;
on
Michel s plan,
36, 37;
effort to reform
French uniform,
37;
gets news of
Krieg¬
esgefahr, 86-87;
pressed by Russians,
88-89;
forbids French to enter Belgium,
123;
hastens arrival of Colonials,
148;
desire to aid Belgians balked by Joffre,
Index
S°S
177;
hears Joffre on Gallieni,
185;
ar¬
tillery appropriations of,
207;
gives War
Ministry Post to Gallieni,
211;
meets
British staff,
217;
phones Joffre in an¬
guish,
223;
in tears,
264;
on panic in
government,
346;
calls on Gallieni,
347;
Gallieni to, on defense of Paris,
349;
seeks troops for defense of Paris,
349-
350;
outburst in Cabinet meeting,
351;
forced out of government,
352;
im¬
pressed by Joffre s confidence,
404
Metz,
29
Metz-Thionville,
40-41, 181
Michael, Grand Duke,
3
Michel, General, defense strategy of,
34-
35, 36-37, 41;
proposes use of reserves,
35-36;
ousted,
50;
Military Governor of
Paris,
346-347;
succeeded by Gallieni,
351;
forced out of government,
352
Midilli,
160
Militza, wife of Grand Duke Peter,
65
Millerand,
Etienne-Alexandre
(1859-
1943),
joins government,
350-351;
vis¬
its Joffre,
352;
advises government to
leave Paris,
383, 384, 385, 404-406;
at
Kitchener-French talks,
393;
learns of
military situation from Joffre,
404;
or¬
ders to Gallieni,
408-409;
asked to in¬
tervene with British,
433
Milne, Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley,
(1855-1938), 198;
characteristics,
146-
147;
commands British fleet in pursuit
of Qoeben and
Breslau, 146-162
passim
Mohammed V,
138, 160
Moltke, Field Marshal
Helmuth
von
(1800-1891),
foresees war of attrition,
22;
on annexation of Alsace-Lorraine,
29;
strategy of,
42;
on M-Day in
1870,
75;
on railroads,
79, 80;
portrait of,
126
Moltke, General
Helmuth
von (1848-
1916),
succeeds Schlieffen,
22;
adapta¬
tion of Schlieffen plan,
26;
fear of Rus¬
sia,
27;
visits
von Hötzendorff, 27;
Schlieffen on plans of,
48;
Kaiser s last-
minute proposal to,
73;
at outbreak of
war,
77;
characteristics of,
78-81;
Kai¬
ser proposes one-front war to,
78-81;
refuses Kaiser s request to reverse mo¬
bilization plans,
79-82;
admits assault
on France an error,
80;
gets Kaiser s
permission to proceed,
81-82;
drafts
ultimatum to Belgium,
101;
at dinner
for King Albert,
106;
on eve of war,
109;
foresees long war,
119, 120;
sees
England in war,
121;
on straggle that
will decide history,
133;
on German
schedule,
167;
on German brutality,
174;
kissed by Kaiser,
179;
never visits
front,
183-184;
on machine guns,
189;
departs from Schlieffen plan,
214-215;
discusses decisive battle in Lorraine,
234;
orders to 8th Army in East Prussia,
280;
calls Ludendorff to Eastern Front,
282-283;
strengthens Eastern Front,
293-294;
on economics,
335;
indecision
of,
396, 397-398, 401;
approves
von
Kluck s strategy,
399;
foresees French
offensive on eve of
Marne,
419-420;
issues new Order to armies,
420-421;
halts German right wing,
430;
on French
élan,
436;
calls off attack on fortress
line,
437
Moltke,
143
Mons,
BEF
advances on,
247-248;
Battle
of,
254-259;
myth of Battle of,
388
Montmédy,
239
Moore, Arthur, writes Amiens dispatch,
387-388
Morgen,
General, commands
3rd
Reserve
Division in East Prussia,
275, 280;
in
Battle of
Tannenberg,
Chap.
16
pas¬
sim; fired on, by own men,
306
Morgenthau, Henry, American ambassador
in Constantinople,
158
Morhange,
207;
fighting at,
231, 232-234
Morley, Lord
(1838-1923), 91, 94, 96,
113
Moroccan crisis of
1906, 47.
See also
Aga¬
dir
Mukden, Russian defeat at,
44
Mulhouse,
taken by Bonneau s Vllth
Corps,
186-187;
loss of,
187
Münster,
Count, with
von Hausen, 361
Münster,
Prince,
77
Münsterberg,
Hugo,
338
Murray, Sir Archibald
(1860—1945),
Chief of Staff of
BEF,
in War Council,
195, 203;
Haig s opinion of,
202-203;
at Amiens,
205;
in Paris,
217;
at
Le
Cateau,
255, 257;
horrified at British po¬
sition,
354;
collapses at HQ in St.
Quen¬
tin,
356;
meets with Kitchener in
France,
393;
at Anglo-French confer¬
ence at Melun,
424, 433, 434;
issues
order for further retreat,
429
Myasoedev, Colonel,
62
Namur, forts of,
166, 213;
pearl of the
Meuse,
213; von Bülow nears, 221,
224, 225;
siege guns bombard,
246-
247;
Belgian 4th Division evacuates,
Index
252;
fall of,
253;
Germans announce
capture of,
262;
hostages taken in,
314
Nancy,
Foch
on,
40;
Castelnau s
2nd
Army at,
182;
Rupprecht aims for,
215;
Foch
at,
233;
Rupprecht at,
363;
Foch
holds at,
364
Napoleon I,
7;
in Russia,
56
Napoleon III, and Edward
VII,
4
Nation in Arms, The
(von der Goltz),
21
Nationhood, spirit of,
311
Neidenburg,
Martos
captures,
287;
rout
of
XXIII
Corps through,
300;
Sam-
sonov at,
300, 303;
XVth and
XIII
Corps captured at,
305
Neuf château,
fighting at,
241
News correspondents, with German ar¬
mies,
227-228
Nicholas, Grand Duke
(1856-1929),
Commander in Chief of Russian ar¬
mies, at
1912
maneuvers in France,
54;
refuses military dictatorship,
60;
back¬
ground and characteristics of,
64—65;
and
Foch,
65;
message to Joffre,
264;
named Commander in Chief,
264, 270;
leaves for HQ at Baranovichi,
266-267;
at
Stavka
(Staff Headquarters), Baran¬
ovichi,
296, 297;
considers Russian dis¬
aster Jilinsky s fault,
308
Nicholas II, Czar, meets Edward
VII
at
Reval,
7, 8, 9;
on the English,
8;
and
Treaty of
Björkö,
9;
patronized by
Kaiser,
8-9;
on prewar Franco-Russian
plans,
58;
characteristics,
59-60;
abdica¬
tion of,
63;
last-minute appeal to Kaiser,
87;
on offensive action,
263-264;
Grand
Duke appeals to,
270;
Grand Duke re¬
ports to, on
Tannenberg, 308;
urged to
seek peace with Germany,
309
Nicolson, Sir Arthur, Cambon to,
96
Nietzsche,
Friedrich, 21-22
Nikita, King of Montenegro,
65
Nimy, focus of attack at
M
ons,
255-256
1914,
poem by Rupert Brooke,
311
1914,
book by Sir John French,
221, 392
Nomeny, atrocities of Rupprecht s troops
at,
232;
destroyed,
376
Northcliffe, Lord,
201
Offensive, doctrine of, in France,
31-33.
See also
Klan;
Offensive
à outrance
Offensive
à outrance,
concept of,
31-33,
34, 58, 208, 231-232, 378, 409
OHL. See German Army
Oise,
bridges blown up,
405
Onhaye,
von Hausen
at,
252-253
Oppersdorf, Count, sees short war,
119
Order of Teutonic Knights,
66
Orlau, fighting at,
288
Ostend,
British marines land at,
397
Pact of London,
322
Page, Walter Hines,
338
Paléologue,
Maurice
(1859-1944),
French
ambassador to Russia, on Sukhom-
linov,
61;
on Montenegrin nighting¬
ales,
65;
Sazonov reports German dec¬
laration of war to,
83;
in St. Peters¬
burg,
263, 264, 265;
and Sazonov,
323-
324
Palestine campaign,
161
Palmerston, Lord,
18
Panther, at
Agadir,
36, 50
Paris, mourns Edward
VII,
11-12;
on eve
of war,
84-90;
on outbreak of war,
125-
126;
bombardment of,
179;
defense-
lessness of,
346-347;
defense of,
348-
349, 351—438
passim; Zone of Armies
extended to,
374-375;
threat of Ger¬
man right wing to,
382;
blacked out,
385;
planes bomb,
385;
on eve of first
Battle of
Marne,
404-414;
number of
commands in area,
410;
condition of
Army of,
413-414;
on eve of
Marne,
418-419
Pau,
General Paul Marie
(1848-1932),
in War Council,
37, 38;
advises Joffre,
39;
veteran of
1870, 125;
called to
command Army of Alsace,
188;
offen¬
sive in Alsace,
206;
retakes
Mulhouse,
229;
withdrawn,
229-230
Péguy,
Charles, in Paris in
1905, 44-46;
death,
45
Pendezac, General Chief of French Gen¬
eral Staff in
1904, 42
Penelon, Colonel, liaison between GQG
and
Poincaré,
383
Persia, Prince of,
3
Péta
in, Marshal Henri Philippe,
417
Philip, Count of Flanders,
103
Pichón,
Stephen, French Foreign Minister,
4> 13
Plan Seventeen,
57, 178, 182-183, 354»
403;
adopted in May
1913, 33;
con¬
cepts and strategy of,
40-43;
chapels of,
190;
modified by Joffre,
211;
Foch
father of,
233;
France committed to,
235;
failure of,
254, 260, 261, 437, 438-
439
Plan
16,
obsolete,
40
Plan W, for
BEF,
55
Pless, Prince of,
77
Index
Poincaré,
Raymond
(1860-1934),
Presi¬
dent
of
France,
Grey and,
57;
visits
Russia,
84-85, 86;
background and
characteristics of,
86;
Isvolsky presses,
88;
speech read in Parliament,
126;
on
Turkey,
160;
Albert appeals to,
177;
complains of lack of information,
188;
letter to Albert,
190;
meets British staff,
217;
horrified at British unpreparedness,
218;
diary quoted on invasion,
262;
questions line of defense,
346;
on de¬
fense of Paris,
347-348;
examines De¬
crees of
1913, 349, 350;
asks Messimy s
resignation,
352;
Gallieni s opinion of,
374;
fears for Paris,
383;
for remaining
in Paris,
384;
on Russian offensive,
385;
asks British ambassador to use influence
with Sir John French,
392;
Gallieni
calls, on offensive,
421
Poincaré,
Mme.,
408
Pont, Colonel, Joffre s Chief of Opera¬
tions,
402, 421-422
Pontisse,
Fort, reduced by siege guns,
191-192
Potovsky, General, Chief of Staff to Sam-
sonov,
300, 305
Pourtalès,
Count
Friedrich
von (1853-
1928),
German ambassador in Russia,
74, 82-83
Principes de la Guerre, Les
(Foch),
32
Prittwitz und Gaffron, Lieutenant Gen¬
eral von (1848-1917),
commands 8th
Army in East Prussia,
270-285
passim;
characteristics,
270-271;
at Battle of
Gumbinnen,
271-276
passim; indeci¬
sion of,
273-282
passim; replaced,
281,
284-285
Punch, views on war,
92;
cartoons in,
313
Rasputin,
61, 62, 64;
on Russian war ef¬
fort,
309
Raffenel, General,
241
Railroads, Russian,
27, 58, 59, 268, 269;
German use of,
75, 79, 80, 284;
French
and British, a logistical problem,
200,
Refugees, block French retreat,
343-344;
converge on Paris,
405
Reichstag, mourns Edward
VII,
12;
un¬
easy on declaration of war with France,
122;
assembled at outbreak of war,
126-
128
Reinbot, General, Governor of Moscow,
266
Rennenkampf,
General Pavel K.
(1854-
1918),
commands Russian
ist
Army
in East Prussia,
267-288
passim; at
Tannenberg,
Chap.
16
passim
Repington, Colonel Charles A Court,
45-
46, 58
Reserves, use of,
35-36, 42-43, 261
Reshadieh, seized by Britain,
140
Resistance, Belgian spirit of,
173
Reval,
Edward
VII
and Czar at,
7, 8, 9
Revanche, Joffre on,
187
Rheims, bombardment of,
416
Ribot,
Alexandre,
384
Robb,
Major General,
378
Roberts, Lord
(1832-1914), 14
Robertson, General Sir William
(1860-
933)454735539
Rocroi, burning of,
3^.4, 361
Roentgen,
Wilhelm,
signs Manifesto,
322
Rolland, Romain,
letter to
Hauptmann,
321
Rominten,
Imperial German hunting pre¬
serve,
62, 66, 268
Rondoney, General,
241
Roosevelt, Theodore
(1858-1918), 7, 36,
76, 113;
at funeral of Edward
VII,
2,
4;
Kaiser complains to,
6;
concept of
war,
311
Rossignol,
fighting at,
241
Ruffey, General, commands
3rd
Army in
Ardennes,
222, 239-243;
apostle of
heavy artillery,
239;
proposes airplanes
as offensive arm,
239;
Joffre takes troops
from,
242;
anger at GQG,
242;
casual¬
ties in Army high,
345;
counteroffen-
sive in Briey basin,
353;
retreats,
376;
removed from command,
386-387
Rumania, Crown Prince of,
3
Rupprecht, Prince, Grand Duke of Ba¬
varia
(1869-1955),
at funeral of Ed¬
ward
VII,
3;
commands 6th Army in
Lorraine,
207;
characteristics,
207-208;
requests permission to attack,
215-216;
begins counteroffensive,
229;
atrocities
of army in Nomeny,
232;
counterattack
in Lorraine,
232, 234;
offensive toward
Trouée de Charmes,
2.33, 234;
army
deadlocked in Lorraine with Castelnau
and Dubail,
341;
at Epinal,
363;
or¬
dered to cross Moselle,
363;
launches
attacks in Lorraine,
364;
increases pres¬
sure,
375;
conflicting opinions at HQ
of,
397;
renews attack on Moselle,
420;
deadlocked in Lorraine,
431;
attack of
Sept.
3rd, 437
Russia, yearns for Constantinople,
8,
138;
role in Schlieffen plan,
19, 25, 26,
27;
as steam roller, concept of,
56—57;
Índex
railways inadequate,
58-59;
Black Hun¬
dreds in,
60;
Revolution of
1905
in,
60;
Tchinovniki in,
60;
Constitutional Mani¬
festo in,
64;
foresees short war,
119;
offers Turkey guarantee,
160;
declares
war on Turkey,
161;
difficulties of mo¬
bilization in,
265-267;
lack of east-
west railroad,
268;
railway gauge,
269;
effect of
Tannenberg
disaster in,
308-
309.
See also Nicholas II; Russian Army
Russian Army, prewar concepts and strat¬
egy,
56-68
passim,
65;
military defects,
58;
doctrine of offensive in,
58-59;
mobilization difficulties,
58-59, 72;
shortage of artillery and shells,
64, 270;
plan of campaign sold to Germany in
1902, 67;
prepares for offensive in East
Prussia,
263-267;
state of, at outbreak,
265—270;
venality in,
266;
communica¬
tions and transport difficulties,
266,
277, 286;
launches offensive into East
Prussia,
267-289;
fighting in East Prus¬
sia,
268-289
passim, and Chap.
16;
use of aviation,
269;
High Command
senses disaster,
295-296;
Russian Gen¬
eral Staff Headquarters at Baranovichi,
296, 297;
wireless messages intercepted,
307;
steam roller falls apart,
308-309.
See also Russia; individual generals
Russo-Japanese War,
44, 56, 58, 59, 63,
71, 155, 189, 232
Russo-Turkish War of
1877, 61
Ryckel, Colonel
de, 107-108
Sack strategy,
21, 217
Saint-A void, Rupprecht at,
215
St. Cyr, officer dress worn in battle,
241
Ste.
Geneviève,
7 5
-hour bombardment of,
233
St.
Quentin,
Anglo-French staff meetings
at,
361.
See also Guise-St.
Quentin
Salisbury, Lord,
139
Sambre
and
Meuse,
fighting along. See
Charleroi,
Battle of
Sambre
et Meuse,
marching song of
French Army,
223, 380
Samsonov, General
Aleksandr
(1859-
1914),
commands
2nd
Army in East
Prussia,
268-289
passim; at Battle of
Tannenberg,
Chap.
16
passim; charac¬
teristics,
269, 286;
composition of army
in East Prussia,
286-287;
poor condi¬
tion of army,
294;
strategy for Tannen-
berg,
294-295;
orders general retreat,
304;
suicide of,
305-306, 385
Sarajevo,
137, 138, 143
Sarrail, General Maurice
(1856-1929),
241, 386-387
Sarrebotirg,,
206, 231, 234
Sars-le-Bruyère,
Smith-Dorrien s HQ at,
258
Saturday Evening Post,
227
Saxe-Coburg, Grand Duke of,
3
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Grand Duke of,
3
Saxony, Grand Duke of,
3
Sazonov, Sergei
(1866—1927),
Russian
Foreign Minister, receives German dec¬
laration of war,
82-83;
offer to Turkey,
160;
on German imperialism,
323-324
Scapa
Flow,
93;
at outbreak of war,
326-
328
Scharnhorst,
121, 328
Schleswig-Holstein,
Grand Duke of,
3
Schlieffen, Count Alfred
von (1833-
1913),
characteristics,
17-18;
on Bel¬
gian neutrality,
17-19;
on two-front war,
19-21, 22, 23-27;
strategy derived from
Battle of Cannae,
20, 22;
strategy of
decisive battle,
22-23;
on heavy artillery,
24;
right-wing tactics of,
25;
formula
for East Prussia,
68;
and Moltke,
78;
Ludendorff disciple of,
168;
envelop¬
ment strategy of,
177, 198;
vision of
OHL,
213;
on inexperienced comman¬
ders,
239;
genius proved,
262;
Hin-
denburg served under,
283;
quoted,
396.
See also Schlieffen plan
Schlieffen plan,
18—21, 23-27
passim,
34,
35, 40, 342;
betrayed,
41-42;
and East
Prussia,
66-67;
Moltke departs from,
214-215, 293, 363-364;
failure of,
438,
439.
See also Schlieffen, Count
von
Schneider, Commandant, Lanrezac s Chief
of Operations,
369
Schoen,
Baron
Wilhelm
Eduard,
German
ambassador in Paris,
76-77, 87, 89, 122
Schoenburg-Waldenburg,
Prince,
361
Scholtz, General, commands German
XXth Corps in East Prussia,
277, 280,
287, 288, 289,
and at
Tannenberg,
Chap.
16
passim
Schopenhauer, Arthur,
31
Schrecklichkeit, 173-174, 313-318
Sedan,
29, 31, 209, 253, 349;
Day,
342,
408
Seely, Colonel John, Secretary of War,
92
Selliers de
Moranville, General
de,
Bel¬
gian Chief of Staff,
107-108, 169, 170
Sembat, M., 384
Senlis,
401, 423
Index
509
Serbia, Austria s ultimatum to,
71, 84-85;
Austria declares war on,
140
Serbia, Crown Prince of,
3
Shaw, George Bernard, on German mili¬
tarism,
312
Short war, concept of,
22, 118-11
g
Siarn,
Prince of,
3
Sidi
Brahmin, La,
364
Siege cannon of German Army,
166-168,
180, 191—192, 199
Simon, Sir John,
96, 115
Sirelius, General, mounts last Russian at¬
tack at
Tannenberg, 305
Skoda, firm of,
166, 167
Socialism, in Germany,
74
Soldau,
Martos
captures,
287
Sordet, General, cavalry in Belgium,
177,
189-190;
Sir John French requests
troops of,
219;
cavalry in Battle of
Charleroi,
251, 252;
aids British,
354;
encounters
von
Kluck,
358;
corps at
Compiègne,
402
Souchon, Admiral
Wilhelm,
commands
flight of Goeben and
Breslau
to Con¬
stantinople,
137, 142—159
passim; char¬
acteristics,
142-143;
ships shell
Philippe-
ville
and
Bòne,
149
Smith,
F. E.
(Lord Birkenhead), urges
Amiens dispatch on The Times,
387
Smith-Dorrien, General Sir Horace
(1858-
1930),
replaces Grierson,
221, 248;
commands II Corps in Battle of Mons,
254, 255, 258;
fights rearguard action
to
Le
Cateau,
354-355;
at
Le Cateau,
356-358;
at Noyon,
359;
at St.
Quen¬
tin,
359;
countermands Sir John French s
orders,
371
Snow, General, commands 4th Division
at
Le
Cateau,
3 57
Spears, Lieutenant, liaison officer with
French 5th Army,
212, 230, 257—
258, 474, 477, 488, 490
Spee, Admiral
Graf von, 121, 328
Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil
(1859-1918),
am¬
bassador to Washington,
335, 339
Staab, General
von,
German Chief of
Railway Division,
80, 82
Stallupönen,
battle at,
272-273
Stein, General
von,
at OHL,
216, 281,
282, 283, 363
Strasbourg, statue of, in Place
de la
Con¬
corde,
90
Stumm, Wilhelm von,
Political Secretary,
101, 123
Submarine warfare,
328, 332, 333, 340
Sudermann,
Hermann, signs Manifesto,
322
Suez,
161
Sukhomlinov, Vladimir
(1848-1926),
Minister of War,
264, 265, 270, 295;
characteristics of,
61-64
Sultan
Osman,
seized by Britain,
140
Sûreté,
concept of,
33, 34
Taft,
William Howard,
76, 336
Tag,
Der, 78, 82, 106
Talaat Bey,
138, 161
Tamines,
226, 314
Tanant, Colonel,
345, 387
Tannenberg,
Battle of, Gumbinnen pre¬
liminary to,
276;
Chap.
16;
naming of,
307;
myth of,
397
Tannenberg,
village of,
288;
battle at, in
1410, 66;
German staff confers at,
289
Tappen,
Colonel, at OHL,
216, 363, 364;
sees decisive battle in Lorraine,
234;
promises aid to Eastern Front,
293;
sees danger to German flank,
420
Taube,
bombs Paris,
385
Tchinovniki (bureaucrats),
60
Temps, Le,
188
Terror, German theory of,
313-322
pas¬
sim
Thann,
230
Times, The (London),
45, 96, 178;
quoted,
181;
on fall of Namur,
262;
prints Amiens dispatch,
387-388
Tintigny, fighting at,
241, 242
Tirpitz, Admiral
von (1849-1930), 52,
121;
on
von Bülow, 6;
fluent Eng¬
lish of,
77;
on declarations of war,
83,
110;
at dinner for King Albert,
106;
on
Bethmann s blunder,
128;
complains
of English,
130;
orders to Souchon,
142,
149, 152, 153;
composition of High
Seas Fleet,
322;
Kaiser and,
329, 330;
on plight of navy,
340
Tirpitz, Wolf,
340
Tokyo, mourns Edward
VII,
12
Toul,
364, 397
Touron,
M.,
382-383
Trakehnen stud,
66
Treaty of Westphalia,
30
Treitschke,
Heinrich
von, 10, 22
Trench warfare,
345, 438
Tribune (New York), on sack of Louvain,
320-321
Triple Alliance,
2
Trois Vierges,
Luxembourg, invaded by
Germany,
82, 96
Sio
Index
Troisième Bureau,
at
Vitry-le-François,
184
Trouée de Charmes,
233, 234, 365
Troubridge,
Rear Admiral Sir
Ernest
(1862-1926),
commands British Medi¬
terranean squadron,
147, 154-155;
char¬
acteristics,
154-155;
cleared by court of
inquiry,
161-162
Tsia-tao, Prince,
3
Tsushima, Battle of,
326
Turkey, alliance with Germany,
137;
posi¬
tion at outbreak,
137-141;
defeat in
Balkan Wars,
140,
permits entry of
Goeben,
159;
buys Goeben,
160;
forced
into war,
161
U-15, sunk by British cruiser,
328
Uhlans, invade Belgium,
171;
defeated at
Haelen,
191;
in Brussels,
228;
defeated
at Soignies,
248
Ulflingen,
see
Trois Vierges
United States of America, effect of German
practice of terror on,
315;
position at
outbreak of war,
336—339;
attitude to
blockade,
337-338;
economic interest in
war,
337-338;
anti-English sentiment
in,
338
Usdau, artillery bombardment of Russian
ist Corps
at,
300—301
Verdun, center of French line,
182;
Crown
Prince deadlocked before,
431
Verdun-Toul,
181
Verhaeren,
Emile, on
effect of war,
310,
440
Versailles Treaty of
1871, 29, 31
Victor Emmanuel III
(1869-1947), 6
Victoria, Empress of Germany,
2
Victoria, Queen
(1819-1901), 4, 5
Villers-Cotterets, British meet
von Kluck
at,
400
Virton,
239, 241
Vise,
123, 172, 315
Vitry-le-François, GQG
at,
183
Viviani,
René (1863-1925),
Premier, pro¬
poses ten-kilometer withdrawal,
84—85;
visits Russia,
84-85, 86;
pressed by Rus¬
sians,
88, 89;
learns of German declara¬
tion of war,
122;
speech in Parliament,
126, 132;
meets British staff,
217;
feeble
ministry of,
350;
Gallieni s opinion of,
374;
at Kitchener-French talks,
393
Vladimir Alexandrovich,
Grand Duke,
61
Vodka, prohibition of,
266
Wake, Major Sir Hereward,
205
Waldeck-Pyrmont, Grand Duke of,
3
Waldersee, General Count
von,
Deputy
Chief of Staff,
75, 271, 277, 280, 284
Wagenheim,
Baron, German ambassador
to Turkey,
141, 158—159
Warrior, cruiser,
154
Warsage, 171, 173
Waterloo,
248
Watteau,
Lieutenant,
412
Wellington, Duke of,
18
Wells,
H. G.,
312, 314
Westminster Gazette,
201
Wetterlé, Abbé,
316
W
eymouth, light cruiser,
156
Whitlock, Brand, American Ambassador
to Belgium,
123;
in Brussels Parlia¬
ment,
125;
reports on ruins of Vise,
315;
on German terror,
319
William I, Emperor of Germany,
9, 31,
William II. See Kaiser
William, Crown Prince of Germany. See
Crown Prince
Wilson, Admiral Sir Arthur,
51
Wilson, General Henry Hughes
(1864-
1922),
characteristics of,
48—49;
confers
with
Foch,
48-49;
at War Office,
49-
50;
tours in Belgium and France,
49,
53-54;
plans for
BEF,
50;
visits Dubail
in Paris,
50;
consulted by Grey and
Haldane,
51;
on Castelnau and Joffre,
53-54;
at
1913
maneuvers,
54;
in
Russia,
54;
exhorts aid to France,
95;
diary of,
132;
works out staff plan,
194;
in
War Council,
200;
clashes with Kitch¬
ener,
201;
Haig s opinion of,
203;
at
Amiens,
205;
in Paris,
217;
at French-
Lanrezac talks,
219-220;
diary quoted,
231;
dominates British staff,
245, 392;
estimate of German strength opposing
British,
248;
reliance on Plan
17, 257,
378;
quoted on Battle of Mons,
258-
259;
horrified at British position,
354;
at St.
Quentin
staff meeting,
360;
in
British retreat,
372;
meets Joffre in
Rheims,
379;
opinion of Sir John
French,
393;
on German haste,
411;
at Anglo-French conference at Bray,
425;
at British HQ,
429;
receives
Order No.
6
from Huguet,
433;
at
M
elun
conference,
433—434
Wilson, President Woodrow
(1856-
1924),
offers to mediate,
179-180, 322;
Kaiser sends telegram to,
322;
on neutral
role of U.S.A.,
336-337;
on neutrals
rights,
336-337;
on destruction of Lou-
vain,
338
Index
S11
Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow, death of,
338,
339
Windsor Castle, Kaiser at,
2-
Winterfeld,
Major, German military
at¬
taché
in Paris,
107
Witte,
Count Sergei,
59, 60, 308-309
Witte,
General
de, 191
Wittelsbach, Duke of,
103
Wood, Sir Evelyn,
14
Wright, Captain,
256
Württemberg, Duke
of, commands 4th
Army against
Neuf château,
239;
army
shells Bazeilles,
345;
ordered to advance
to Epernay,
363
Württemberg,
Grand Duke of,
3
Wussow, General
von, 175
Yanushkevich, General, Russian Chief of
Staff,
265, 295, 296
Young Turk Revolution,
138
Ypres, Battle of, monument to British
valor,
438
Yuan Shi-kai, President of China,
271
Yussuf, Prince,
3
Zabern Affair,
30
Zeppelin L-Z, bombs
Liège,
176, 178
Zimmermann,
Arthur, German Under¬
secretary,
77, 101
Zollner,
Major,
216
Zouaves, of 45 th Algerian, in Paris,
405
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim 1912-1989 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)115594728 |
| author_facet | Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim 1912-1989 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim 1912-1989 |
| author_variant | b w t bw bwt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV018230074 |
| classification_rvk | NP 4440 |
| contents | (1. print.)<br>New York: Macmillan 1962. XII, 511 S. m. Kt., 8 Taf. |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)438447898 (DE-599)BVBBV018230074 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1914 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1914 |
| format | Book |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim 1912-1989 Verfasser (DE-588)115594728 aut The guns of August 1962 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (1. print.)<br>New York: Macmillan 1962. XII, 511 S. m. Kt., 8 Taf. Geschichte 1914 gnd rswk-swf Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Geschichte 1914 bsbaltswk Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Campaigns Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsbeginn (DE-588)4133592-2 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Geschichte 1914 z DE-604 Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 s 1\p DE-604 Kriegsbeginn (DE-588)4133592-2 s 2\p DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011000818&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011000818&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim 1912-1989 The guns of August (1. print.)<br>New York: Macmillan 1962. XII, 511 S. m. Kt., 8 Taf. Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Geschichte 1914 bsbaltswk Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Campaigns Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 gnd Kriegsbeginn (DE-588)4133592-2 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4138921-9 (DE-588)4133592-2 (DE-588)4079163-4 |
| title | The guns of August |
| title_auth | The guns of August |
| title_exact_search | The guns of August |
| title_full | The guns of August |
| title_fullStr | The guns of August |
| title_full_unstemmed | The guns of August |
| title_short | The guns of August |
| title_sort | the guns of august |
| topic | Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Geschichte 1914 bsbaltswk Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Campaigns Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 gnd Kriegsbeginn (DE-588)4133592-2 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Weltkrieg 1914-18 Geschichte 1914 Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Campaigns Vorgeschichte Kriegsbeginn Erster Weltkrieg |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011000818&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011000818&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tuchmanbarbarawertheim thegunsofaugust |