Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations:
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1980
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| 100 | 1 | |a Spencer, Lewis Van Clief |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations |
| 264 | 1 | |c 1980 | |
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| 505 | 0 | |a (Washington/D.C.): U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Nat. Bureau of STandards: (U.S. Government. Print. Office [in Komm.]) 1980. XVI, 967 S. m.Abb.u.Taf. 4<br>(NBS special Pub-lication. 570). | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chilton, Arthur B. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Eisenhauer, Charles D. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | y
STRUCTURE SHIELDING AGAINST FALLOUT GAMMA RAYS
FROM NUCLEAR DETONATIONS
L V Spencer, A B Chilton, and C M Eisenhauer
Conversion Table xiii
Acknowledgments y xv
I HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 1
• A Elementary Aspects of the Radiation Source, Detectors, and
Attenuation 1
1 Radioactive Fallout: Background and Early History 1
2 Measurement of Gamma Rays 9
a Early Developments 9
b Other Types of Detectors 12
3 Early Gamma-Ray Penetration Studies 14
B Development of Fallout Radiation Shielding Methods and Programs 17
1 Early Technical Work 1 7
2 Early Policy on Fallout Shelters (1951-1961) 22
3 Experiments on Buildings (1951-1961) 27
4 Later Experiments (1962-1973) , 34
5 Continued Development of Engineering Procedures (1958-1961) 35
6 The Federal Surveys of Existing Fallout Shelter 37
7 More Recent Trends 42
II PHYSICAL AND SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE FALLOUT PHENOMENON 49
A Radioactive Debris Formation by Nuclear Bursts 49
1 Introductory Description of Fission-Generated Nuclear
Processes 49
2 Nuclear Bursts and Fallout Formation 54
t 3 Some Fallout Particle Characteristics 58
a Component Particle Types and Origins 58
b Particle Activity - Fractionation 62
B Intensity of Fission Product Nuclear Activity 65
1 Theoretical Procedures for Investigating Activity of
Fission Products 65
2 ,Gamma Rays from Fission Products 70
3 S Gamma Ray Intensities A 73
4 Gamma Ray Spectra from Fission Products 85
C Some Properties of Residual Radiation 96
1 Effects of Fractionation on Fallout Gamma Ray Properties 96
a The Portion of Activity Deposited in Local Fallout 96
b Variation of Activity with Particle Size and Position 100
c Effect of Fractionation on the Spectrum 105
2 Neutron-Capture Gamma Rays 107
3 Penetration of Fallout Gamma Rays 117
4 Beta-Ray Spectra and Penetration from Fallout 120
v
D Debris Transport and Deposition • 125
1 Computation of Fallout Surface Distributions 125
a The WSEG Model 129
b The Miller Model 129
c The DELFIC Model 131
d SEER Models 133
2 Continuing Problems of Fallout Phenomena 133
a Effects of Small Changes in Burst Height or Depth 134
b Problems of Fallout Formation 134
j c Problems of Fallout Transport 135
d Problems of the Radiation Field 135
e Long Term Fallout Problems 136
E Biological Hazards from Fallout Radiations 136
1 The Direct External Threat 137
2 Direct Internal Hazards 141
3 Food Chain and Other Indirect Hazards 144
; 4 Ecological Problems 146
5 Late Problems 147
III ELEMENTARY CONCEPTS OF PHOTON TRANSPORT 163
A Interaction Probability Functions 163
1 Basic Gamma-Ray Interactions 163
2 Cross Sections 166
3 Exponential Attenuation 169
4 Gamma Ray Scattering 177
B Flux Density, Current Density and Energy Deposition 182
1 Flux Definitions and Current Density Definitions 182
2 Energy Deposition in the Medium 189
3 Source Descriptions and Superposition 193
C Energy Balance Concepts 198
1 The Energy Degradation Problem 198
2 Energy-Loss Calculations 201
3 The Transport Equation 207
4 Fano s Theorem 210
D Dosimetry and Related Biophysical Matters 212
1 Basic Concepts of Gamma-Ray Dosimetry 212
2 Some Aspects of Radiation Biophysics 216
E The Stochastic Approach to Radiation Transport 219
1 Schematized Photon Trajectories 219
2 A Monte Carlo Model 223
a The Case History Loop 226
b The Scattering Loop 230
c Evaluation of the Albedo Probability Distribution 232
3 Other Stochastic Procedures and Problems 234
F Radiation Quantities and -Units 236
vi
IV TRANSPORT PROBLEMS AND SHIELDING CONCEPTS 244
A Unscattered Photons from Simple Source Types 244
1 Introductory Comments 244
2 Point Isotropic Source 246
3 Plane Oblique Source - 249
4 Plane Isotropic Source 252
5 Circular Disk and Ring Sources 254
B Density Scaling Theorems, and Detectors Near an Interface 255
1 Introductory Comments 255
2 The Theorem on Plane Density Variations 256
3 D ensity Scaling Theorem 261
4 Elementary Detectors Near an Interface 265
i
C Aspects of the Photon Field in Infinite Homogeneous Media 270
1 Once-Scattered Photons from Simple Source Types 270
a Plane Oblique Source 270
b Plane Isotropic Source 276
c Point Isotropic Source 278
2 Trends for Small Penetrations 284
a Plane Oblique Source 284
b Point Isotropic Source 289
c Plane Isotropic Source 290
3 Trends for Deep Penetrations 291
D Moments Method of Calculation 293
1 Derivation of Moment Equations * 295
2 Calculation of Solutions to the Moment Equations 299
3 Construction of Penetration Trends 302
a Point Isotropic Source 303
b Plane Isotropic Source 304
c Plane Oblique Source 305
4 Construction of Angular Distributions 307
a Direct Approach 307
b Early Fission Source Calculations 308
c 60Co- and 137Cs Source Calculations 309
d More Recent Procedures for the Plane Isotropic Source 310
5 Remarks on Accuracy 310
E Adjoint Calculations 312
1 The Adjoint Equation 312
2 Remarks on the Adjoint Approach 315
V PENETRATION DATA FOR SHIELDING APPLICATIONS 320
* oon A Introduction : 320
B Definitions of Shielding Variables 320
1 Protection Factors (PF) and Reduction Factors (RF) 320
2 Effective Mass Thickness 323
3 Solid Angle Fraction (u)) 329
4 Types of Shielding Factor 333
C Types of Differential Penetration Distribution 340
1 Plane Isotropic Source (_£) 340
2 Point Isotropic Source (p) 342
3 Plane Oblique Source (s) 345
4 Albedo Data (a) 349
vii
D Integral Shielding Data: Standard Fission Product Source » 350
1 Reduction Factors for Plane Isotropic Sources (L) 350
a Barrier Factors 353
b Geometry Factors 356
2 Reduction Factors for Point Isotropic Sources (P) 357
a Barrier Factors 357
b Geometry Factors - 362
3 Vertical Wall/Window Reduction Factors (W) 368
a Barrier Factors 368
b Geometry Factors 374
4 Skyshine and Foxhole Reduction Factors (S_ E) 376
a Barrier and Attenuation Factors 376
,b Geometry Factors 382
c Special Data for Foxhole Lip Contributions 382
VI FREE FIELD EXPERIMENTS 388
A Introduction 388
B Use of Artificially-Radioactive Sources 389
C Free Field 3 90
1 Experiments with Point Sources 390
2 Determination of Exposure at the Standard Unprotected
Location 395
3 Plane Isotropic Source in an Infinite Medium 401
a Exposure from Uncollided Radiation 401
b Total Exposure 403
c Exposure from Skyshine Radiation 406
d Angular Distributions 408
e Energy Distributions 411
f Energy-Angular Distributions 411
4 Effects of Ground-Air Interface 413
a Air/Condensed Air 413
b Ground-Air Interface 420
5 Limited Field Effects 421
a Total Exposure 421
b Skyshine Exposure 422
D The Foxhole 428
1 Skyshine • 428
2 Lip Effects 438
E Ground Irregularities 443
1 Ground Roughness • 443
a Standard Unprotected Location 443
b Spatial Trends 445
c Effect on Angular Distribution 451
d Effect on Energy Distribution 453
2 Macroscopic Variations 453
viii
VII SHIELDING ANALYSIS FOR SIMPLE STRUCTURES IN AN IDEALIZED FIELD 465
A Introduction 465
B Elementary Blockhouses 467
1 Standard Method 467
2 Other Methods of Blockhouse Analysis 493
a Spencer s Method 493
b Point Kernel Method 495
c Monte Carlo Method 498
C Blockhouses with Floor Level not on Grade 499
1 Detector Above Grade 499
2 Detector Below Grade 499
D Blockhouse with Variable Thickness Roofs and Walls 503
1 Preliminary 503
2 Roofs 504
3 Walls 514
4 Apertures 531
5 Ceiling-Shine , 533
6 Ribbed Structural Elements 536
E Off-Center Detector Positions 538
F Summary 539
L VIII Experimental Data on Simple Blockhouses 543
A Introduction 543
B Horizontal Barrier 543
1 Barrier Factor; Experiment 543
2 Geometry Effects; Inverted Roof Experiment 548
C Vertical Barrier 553
1 Barrier Factor, Infinite Source 553
a Experiments 553
i b Calculations 559
c Skyshine through Vertical Barrier 562
2 Barrier Factor, Finite Sources 565
D Simple Blockhouse 573
1 NDL Experiments 573
a Roof Source 573
-b Ground Source 576
, 2 RTF Experiments 577
a Roof Source 577
b Ground Source 584
3 Kansas State University Blockhouse 587
4 Blockhouse Models 590
5 Calculations for Cylindrical Blockhouse 594
6 Apertures 594
E Blockhouse Shape Effects 598
1 Discussion of Method for Evaluating Shape Effects 598
2 Experiments to Determine Shape Effects 600
a Tech/Ops Experiments 600
b NDL Experiments 603
ix
F Ceiling Shine 606
G Ribbed Structural Elements 614
1 RTF Experiments 614
2 Experiments at University of Illinois 619
3 Calculations at University, of Illinois 619
IX SHIELDING ANALYSIS FOR COMPLEX SITUATIONS 623
A Introduction 623
B Complications in Source • 624
1 Limited Fields of Ground Contamination 624
a Direct Ground Contribution (Zero-Thickness Wall) 625
(1) Blockhouse with Symmetric Courtyard 625
(2) Other Cases -- General Comments 625
(3) Parallel Outer Boundary on One Side 627
(4) Perpendicular Outer Boundary on,One Side 630
(5) Oblique Outer Boundary on One Side 631
(6) Sector-Independent Approaches 632
b Skyshine and Ceiling-Shine Contributions 633
c Wall-Scattered Contribution 635
(1) Square Blockhouse/Square Courtyard 639
(2) Rectangular Blockhouse/Geometrically Similar
Courtyard Boundary 641
(3) Parallel Outer Boundary on One Side (Unlimited) 643
(4) Limited Parallel Outer Boundary on One Side 64 5
(5) Non-Parallel Outer Boundaries on One Side 648
(6) Estimation of Limited Field Length 648
(7) Final Comment on Incremental Wall Area Approach 656
d Additional Comments on Limited Fields 656
2 Slightly Buried Sources (Ground Roughness) 658
3 Elevated Ground Sources 660
4 Sloping Source Planes 669
a Standard Approach 670
b Alternate Approach 674
C Complications in Structure 675
1 Internal Compartmentation 675
a Introduction 675
b Roof Source, Interior Floor Barriers 678
c Roof Source, Interior Wall Barriers 681
d Ground Source, Interior Floor Barrier (In-and-Down) 683
e - Ground Source, Interior Barriers Parallel to Outer Wall 686
f Ground Source, Interior Wall Barrier Perpendicular to
Outer Wall 692
g Ground Source, Combination of Parallel and Perpendicular
Interior Wall Barriers 692
h Combination of Floor Barriers with One or More Interior
Wall Partitions 693
2 Roof Complexities 693
a Non-Horizontal Overhead Roofs 693
b Non-Horizontal Roofs of Adjacent Buildings 697
c Roof Overhang 697
d Set-Back Roofs 699
x
3 Non-Rectangular Wall Plan 701
a Non-Reentrant Structures 701
b Reentrant Structures 703
c Round and Quasi-Round Structure Plans 703
4 Ducts, Passageways, Shafts, and Tunnels 705
a Introduction • 705
b Penetration from a Ground Source 706
(1) horizontal Passageways 706
(2) Vertical Shafts 708
(3) Multilegged Ducts 710
! (4) Shielded Openings 710
EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON COMPLEX STRUCTURES 713
A Introduction 713
B Limited Fields 714
1 Background of Problem 714
2 Experiments at the Radiation Test Facility 714
3 Steel Model Study by Technical Operations Inc 720
C Compartmented Blockhouse 723
1 Roof Sources and Horizontal Barriers 723
2 Ground Sources and Vertical Barriers 727
3 Ground Sources and Horizontal Barriers 732
4 Peripheral Roof Contribution 736
5 Apertures and Interior Partitions 743
6 Core Structure Below Grade 746
D In-and-Down 754
1 Background 754
2 Skyshine Attenuation 757
3 In-and-Down Attenuation 764
4 Calculations of In-and-Down Attenuation 768
E Residential and Commercial Structures 773
1 Residential Structures at Nevada Test Site 774
2 Boston Harbor Building 778
3 General Structures at Nevada Test Site 779
4 Other Structures at Nevada Test Site 782
a CP-40 Building, Communications Building 782
b CP-45 Building, Light Laboratory 783
c CP-1, Main Control Building 794
d CP-2, Rad-Safe Building 794
y5 AEC Headquarters Building, Germantown, Maryland 800
a Roof Sources 800
b Ground Sources 803
6 Brookhaven National Laboratory Medical Research Center 806
7 Los Angeles Buildings 809
a UCLA Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine 812
b Home Fallout Shelter 814
c _ Los Angeles Police Department Building 814
d Classroom Building at North Hollywood High School 814
F Summary 816
xi
XI PROBLEMS IN THE APPLICATION OF THE FALLOUT SHIELDING METHODOLOGY 821
A Introduction 821
B Factors Relating to the Source 822
1 Non-Uniform Deposition of Source 822
2 Hold-Up in Trees and Shrubs 823
3 Fallout Deposition on Window Sills and Other Wall
Projections 824
4 Fallout Ingress Through Windows 826
5 Ground Contour Variations 826
6 Irregular or Curved Limits to Finite Fields 827
C Factors Relating to the Structure 827
1 Simplification of Very Complex Structures 827
2 , Handling of Curved Structural Elements 829
3 Unusual Shapes of Wall Panels, Roof Panels, and Apertures 829
4 -Small, Irregularly Placed Masses 830
5 Approach Based on Small Azimuthal Sectors of Arbitrary Size 830
6 Alternative Approaches 832
7 Accurate Input Data 834
D The Question of Accuracy 835
1 Types of Investigation 835
2 Studies Oriented Primarily Toward Accuracy Questions 838
3 Further Comments 843
XII SHELTER PROGRAMS AND SYSTEMS 848
A Sensitivity Studies of Shelter PF Criteria 848
1 Hypothetical Effectiveness of PF in Large Nuclear Disasters 848
2 Overall Impact of Errors in Shielding Estimates 850
B Fallout and Other Burst Phenomena 853
C Fallout Shelters and Strategic Evacuation 860
APPENDIX A PROPERTIES OF IMPORTANT SPECIAL FUNCTIONS, AND CONSTRUCTION
METHODS 864
1 Spherical Functions 864
a Description 864
b Some Other Important Properties 865
c Application to the Point-to-Plane Source Conversion 867
2 U-Functions 868
a Description 868
b Recursion Formulae for Coefficients 872
3 Function Fitting Representations 873
4 Plural Series Representations 875
APPENDIX B^ 6°C0 AND 137CS DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL PENETRATION
DISTRIBUTIONS 878
APPENDIX C CHARTS FROM OCD STANDARD METHOD FOR FALLOUT GAMMA RADIATION
SHIELDING ANALYSIS 925
GLOSSARY 942
INDEX OF AUTHORS 948
INDEX 952
xii
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| spelling | Spencer, Lewis Van Clief Verfasser aut Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations 1980 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (Washington/D.C.): U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Nat. Bureau of STandards: (U.S. Government. Print. Office [in Komm.]) 1980. XVI, 967 S. m.Abb.u.Taf. 4<br>(NBS special Pub-lication. 570). Chilton, Arthur B. Sonstige oth Eisenhauer, Charles D. Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010930624&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Spencer, Lewis Van Clief Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations (Washington/D.C.): U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Nat. Bureau of STandards: (U.S. Government. Print. Office [in Komm.]) 1980. XVI, 967 S. m.Abb.u.Taf. 4<br>(NBS special Pub-lication. 570). |
| title | Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations |
| title_auth | Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations |
| title_exact_search | Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations |
| title_full | Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations |
| title_fullStr | Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations |
| title_short | Structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations |
| title_sort | structure shielding against fallout gamma rays from nuclear detonations |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010930624&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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