Verfügbarkeit: Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord

Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord: 1 Primary afferent neurons and the spinal dorsal horn

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Willis, William D. (VerfasserIn), Coggeshall, Richard E. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York [u.a.] Kluwer Acad./Plenum 2004
Ausgabe:	3. ed.
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXIII, 560 S., S. XXV - XLV
ISBN:	0306480336

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245	1	0	\|a Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord \|n 1 \|p Primary afferent neurons and the spinal dorsal horn \|c William D. Willis and Richard E. Coggeshall
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS Volume 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Sensory Modalities and Channels 1 Specificity versus Pattern Theories of Sensation 2 Historical Perspective 2 Specificity Theory 2 Pattern Theory 4 Gate Theory of Pain 5 Supporting Evidence 7 Molecular Basis of Specificity of Primary Afferent Neurons 7 Sinclair s Challenge and Evidence for Specificity from Microneurography 9 Sensory Role of Single Tactile Afferents in Human Subjects 9 Criticism of Microneurography Results 11 Rebuttal of this Criticism 12 Microneurography and Pain 14 Somatosensory System Dualities 14 Epicritic versus Protopathic Sensations 14 Lemniscal versus Non lemniscal Systems 15 Large versus Small Fiber Systems 15 Conclusions 16 Chapter 2: Sensory Receptors and Peripheral Nerves 19 Composition of Peripheral Nerves 19 Sensory Receptors 22 Cutaneous Receptors 31 Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors 32 Mechanoreceptors in the Glabrous Skin of the Primate Hand 32 Cutaneous Displacement and Velocity Detectors 34 SAI Receptors 34 SAII Receptors 37 Cutaneous Velocity Detectors 39 FA I receptors 39 Hair Follicle Receptors 41 Field Receptors 43 C Mechanoreceptors 44 Cutaneous Transient Detectors 44 viH Contents FA II Receptors 45 Gi Hair Follicle Receptors 46 Sinus Hairs 47 The Role of Growth Factors in the Regulation of Mechanoreceptors 47 SAI (Merkel Cell) Endings 47 FA I (Meissner Corpuscle) Receptors 48 FA II (Pacinian Corpuscle) Receptors 48 Hair Follicle Receptors 48 Transduction in Mechanoreceptors 48 Cutaneous Nociceptors 50 A8 Nociceptors 50 C Nociceptors 53 Transduction in Nociceptors 57 Sensitization of Nociceptors 58 Neurogenic Inflammation 63 Peptidergic and Non Peptidergic Nociceptors 63 Nociceptors and Neurogenic Inflammation 63 Interaction of Growth Factors with Nociceptors 64 Inhibitory Interactions with Peripheral Cutaneous Nociceptor Endings 66 Cutaneous Chemoreceptors Possibly Responsible for Itch 67 Cutaneous Thermoreceptors 67 Cold Receptors 68 Warm Receptors 69 Transduction in Thermoreceptors 70 Muscle Receptors 70 Stretch Receptors 70 Muscle Spindles 71 Golgi Tendon Organs 72 Pressure Pain Endings and Muscle Nociception 73 Group in Muscle Afferents 73 Group IV Muscle Afferents 74 Sensitization of High Threshold Muscle Afferents 74 Joint Receptors 75 Joint Mechanoreceptors 76 Slowly Adapting Joint Receptors 76 Rapidly Adapting Joint Receptors 77 Joint Nociceptors 77 Sensitization of Joint Nociceptors 77 Peptide Content of Fine Joint Afferents 78 Joint Inflammation 78 Role of Dorsal Root Reflexes in the Neurogenic Inflammation of Arthritis 79 Visceral Receptors 80 Visceral Mechanoreceptors 81 Visceral Nociceptors 82 Peptides in Visceral Afferents 85 Growth Factors and Visceral Afferents 85 Contents ix Sensitization of Visceral Afferents 85 Visceral Thermoreceptors 86 Conclusions 87 Chapter 3: Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells and their Processes 91 Dorsal Root Ganglion Cell Bodies 91 DRG Cell Classifications 92 Cytologic and Size Classifications 92 Myelination 93 Axon Conduction Velocity 93 Action Potentials and After Polarizations 94 Classifications by Chemical Neuroanatomical Criteria 94 Topographic Organization 95 Innervation of Ganglion Cell Bodies, Pericellular Baskets 96 Dorsal Root Ganglion Cell Processes 98 Dermatomes 98 Branching 98 Ventral Root Afferent Fibers 98 Spinal Cord 99 Blind Fibers 99 Looping Fibers 99 Pial Fibers 100 Function 100 Segregation of Dorsal Root Fibers 100 Conclusions 101 Chapter 4: Chemical Anatomy of Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells 103 Amines 103 Catecholamines (CAs) 103 Histamine 103 Serotonin 103 Amino Acids 104 Glutamate 104 Aspartate 104 GABA 104 Glycine 105 Channels 105 Calcium Channels 105 Sodium Channels 105 Voltage Gated Sodium Channels 105 Cell Size 106 Co localizations 107 P Subunits 107 Development 107 Inflammation 107 Peripheral Axotomy 108 Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) 108 x Contents Peripheral Sensory Axons 108 Non voltage Gated Sodium Channels 108 Enzymes 109 Alkaline Phosphatase 109 Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) 109 Cholinergic Enzymes 110 ChAT 110 ACHE 110 Cytochrome Oxidase 110 Fluoride resistant Acid Phosphatase (FRAP) 111 Monoamine Oxidase 112 Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) and NADPHd 112 Ca++ Calmodulin Kinase II 113 Other Kinases 113 Hormones 113 Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF) 113 Insulin 113 Peptides 113 Angiotensin 113 Atrial and Brain Natriuretic Peptide 114 Bombesin 114 Cholycystokinin (CCK) 114 Calcitonin Gene related Peptide (CGRP) 114 Classification 116 Age 116 Development 116 Co localizations 116 SP 116 GAL 117 SOM 117 CCK 117 VIP 117 Bombesin, ENK, DYN, VIP, NT, and NPY 117 FRAP 117 Cysteine Proteases 117 Amino Acids 117 IB4 117 Peripherin 118 BDNF 118 GDNF 118 TrkA 118 P75 118 Experimental Manipulations or Disease 118 Dorsal Rhizotomy 118 Peripheral Nerve Lesions 118 Inflammation 119 Diabetes 119 Hypoxia 120 Contents xi Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy 120 Capsaicin 120 Axonal Transport Blockers 120 NGF Treatment 120 Female Steroid Hormones 120 Sympathectomy 121 Dorsal Roots 121 Periphery 121 Somatic Innervation 121 Visceral Innervation 122 Endothelin (ET) 122 Galanin 122 Nerve Lesions 123 Inflammation 124 Resiniferatoxin 124 Axonal Transport Blockers 124 Co localizations 124 CGRP 124 SP 124 VIP 124 NPY 124 5 HT 124 Glucocorticoid Receptors 125 Dorsal Roots 125 Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) 125 Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Polypeptide Y (PPY), and Peptide YY 125 Peripheral Axotomy or Compression 125 Trophic Factors 125 Development 126 Co localizations 126 Peripheral Innervation 126 Neurotensin (NT) 126 Opioids 126 Dynorphin (DYN) 126 Endomorphin 127 Endorphin 127 Enkephalin 127 Nociceptin 128 Oxytocin and Vasopressin 128 Secretoneurin and the Chromagranins 128 Somatostatin 128 Co localizations 129 GDNF and Peripheral Axotomy 129 Development 129 Periphery 129 Substance P (SP) 130 Segmental Levels 130 Age and Development 130 xjj Contents Co localizations 130 Tachykinins 130 CGRP 130 GAL 131 SOM 131 CCK 131 ENKandDYN 131 Bombesin, VIP, NT, and NPY 131 FRAP 131 NOS 131 Glutamate 131 IB 4 131 200 KD Neurofilament Protein 132 Peripherin 132 GDNF 132 Opioid Receptors 132 Experimental Manipulations 132 Dorsal Rhizotomy 132 Peripheral Nerve Lesions 132 Inflammation 133 Trophic Factors 134 Adrenalectomy 134 Resiniferatoxin 134 Periphery 134 Somatic Innervation 134 Visceral Innervation 135 VIP 135 Proteins 136 Calcium Binding Proteins 136 Glutamate Transporters 136 Reg 2 137 Bone Matrix Proteins 137 p arrestin 137 Receptors 137 Aminergic Receptors 137 Adrenergic Receptors 137 Dopamine Receptors 138 Histamine Receptors 138 5 HT Receptors 138 5 HT1A Receptors 138 5 HT1B Receptors 138 5 HTlc Receptors 138 5 HT1D Receptors 139 5 HTiE Receptors 139 5 HT1F Receptors 139 5 HT2 Receptors 139 5 HT3 Receptors 139 5 HT4, 5 HT5, and 5 HT7 Receptors 139 Contents xiii Amino Acid Receptors 139 Glutamate Receptors 139 Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors 139 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 141 GABA Receptors 141 Glycine Receptors 141 Cholinergic Receptors 141 Nicotinic Receptors 142 Muscarinic Receptors 142 Hormone Receptors 142 Androgen Receptors 142 Estrogen Receptors 143 Gender Differences 143 Development 143 Castration 143 Glucocorticoid Receptors 144 Insulin Receptors 144 TRH Receptors 144 Vitamin D Receptors 144 Peptide Receptors 144 Angiotensin Receptors 144 Bombesin Receptors 144 Bradykinin Receptors 145 Cannabinoid Receptors 145 CCK Receptors 145 CGRP Receptors 145 Endothelin (ET) Receptors 146 Galanin Receptors (GALR) 146 Neuropeptide Y Receptors (Y Rs) 146 Neurotensin Receptors (NT R) 147 Neurokinin 1 Receptors (NKRls) 147 NPFF Receptors 147 Opioid Receptors 147 MORs, DORs, and KORs 147 Co localizations 148 Peripheral Axotomy 148 Inflammation 148 Development 148 Periphery 149 Endomorphin Receptors 149 Endorphin Receptors 149 Opioid like Receptor 1 (ORL1) 149 Sigma Receptors 149 Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptors 149 Somatostatin Receptors 150 Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) Receptors 150 Purinergic Receptors or Purinoceptors 150 Adenosine Receptors 150 ATP (P) Receptors 150 xiv Contents P2X Purinoceptors 150 P2Y Purinoceptors 151 Vanilloid Receptors (VRs) 151 Conclusions 153 Chapter 5: Structure of the Dorsal Horn 155 Lamina I 155 Cell Types 156 Classic Types: Marginal and Smaller Cells 156 Modern Types 157 Primary Afferent Input into Lamina I 158 The Marginal Plexus 158 Large versus Small Fibers 158 A8 versus C Fibers 159 Propriospinal versus Primary Afferent Fibers 159 Cutaneous, Muscular, and Visceral Afferent Input 159 Neuropil Organization 160 Lamina II (The Substantia Gelatinosa) 161 Cell Types 161 Classic Cell Types 162 Limiting (Limitrophe, Border) Cells 162 Central Cells 162 Funicular Cells 162 Short Axoned Cells 163 The Gelatinosa as a Closed System? 163 Modern Cell Types 163 Stalked Cells 165 Islet Cells 167 Other Cell Types 167 Arboreal Cells 167 n m Border Cells 167 Spiny Cells 167 Filamentous Cells 168 Curly Cells 168 Stellate Cells 168 Adequacy of Dendritic Classifications for Lamina II Cells 168 Axonal Projections 169 Primary Afferent Input 169 Coarse Primary Afferents 169 Fine Primary Afferents 170 Fine Myelinated (A8) Primary Afferents 171 Neuropil Organization 172 Glomeruli 172 Central Terminals 172 Dense or Dark Terminals 172 Light (Electron lucent or Regular Synaptic Vesicle) Terminals 172 Large Dense Core Vesicle Terminals 172 Peripheral Dendrites 173 Contents xv Peripheral Terminals 173 Chemical Markers 174 Nonglomerular Synapses 175 Lamina in 175 Cell Types 175 Axonal Projections 176 Primary Afferent Input 177 Neuropil Organization 178 Fine Structure of Terminals of Identified Axons 178 Lamina IV 179 Cell Types 179 Axonal Projections 180 Primary Afferent Input 180 Neuropil Organization 181 Lamina V 181 Cell Types 181 Axonal Projections 182 Primary Afferent Input 182 Lamina VI 183 Cell Types 183 Axonal Projections 184 Primary Afferent Input 184 Conclusions 184 Chapter 6: Chemical Anatomy of the Dorsal Horn 187 Amines 187 Catecholamines (CA) 187 Dopa 187 Dopamine (DA) 187 Noradrenaline (NA) 187 Adrenaline 188 Histamine 188 Serotonin (5 HT) 188 Laminar Localizations and Intrinsic Cells 188 Synaptic Organization 189 Co localizations 190 Experimental Manipulations 190 Development 190 Amino Acids 190 Glutamate 190 Laminar Localizations 191 Synaptic Organization 191 Aspartate 192 Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) 192 Laminar Localizations 192 Intrinsic Cells 192 Synaptic Organization 193 Axoaxonic Synapses 193 xvj Contents Dendrodendritic, Dendrosomatic, and Dendroaxonic Synapses 194 Postsynaptic Targets 194 Co localizations 195 Glutamate 195 Glycine 195 ChAT 195 NOS and NADPH Diaphorase 195 CGRP 195 Enkephalin 196 Galanin 196 NeuropeptideY 196 Neurotensin 196 Somatostatin 196 SP 196 Thyrotropin releasing Hormone 196 Parvalbumin 196 Glycine Receptor 196 MORs 196 Experimental Manipulations and Development 197 Glycine 197 Laminar Localizations 197 Synaptic Organization 197 Co localizations 197 Gephryin 197 GABA 198 Glycine Transporter GLYT2 198 NADPH Diaphorase 198 ChAT 198 Somatostatin 198 Taurine 198 Channels 198 Calcium Channels 198 Sodium Channels 198 Enzymes 199 Cholinergic Enzymes (ChAT and ACHE) 199 ChAT 199 AChE 199 Cytochrome Oxidase 199 Fluoride Resistant Acid Phosphatase (FRAP) 200 Monoamine Oxidase 201 Nitric Oxide (NO) 201 Laminar Localizations 201 Co localizations 201 Experimental Manipulations 202 Dorsal Rhizotomy 202 Spinal Damage 202 Inflammation 202 Development 203 Protein Kinase C 203 Contents xvii Hormones 203 Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF) 203 Thyroid releasing Hormone (TRH) 204 Peptides 204 Angiotensin 204 Atrial and Brain Natriuretic Peptide 204 Bombesin 204 Cholycystokinin (CCK) 205 Calcitonin Gene related Peptide (CGRP) 206 Laminar Localizations 206 Intrinsic Neurons 206 Synaptic Organization 206 Dorsal Column Organization 207 Descending Fibers 207 Experimental Manipulations 207 Deafferentation 207 Peripheral Nerve Lesions 208 Spinal Hemisection 208 Inflammation 208 Morphine and Tolerance 209 Electrical Stimulation 209 MK 801 209 Dietary Calcium 209 Development and Age 209 Sprouting 209 Endothelin (ET) 210 Galanin 210 Laminar Localizations 210 Synaptic Organization 210 Experimental Manipulations 210 Hypocretin 211 Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) 211 Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Pancreatic Polypeptide (PPY) and Peptide YY 212 Laminar Localizations 212 Synaptic Organization 212 Co localizations 212 Experimental Manipulations 212 Dorsal Rhizotomy or Spinal Transection 212 Peripheral Axotomy 213 Inflammation 213 Neurotensin (NT) 213 Opioids 214 Dynorphin (DYN) 214 Laminar Localizations 214 Intrinsic Cell Types 214 Co localizations 215 Synaptic Organization 215 Experimental Manipulations 215 xviii Contents Dorsal Rhizotomy and Peripheral Axotomy 215 Spinal Injury 215 Inflammation 215 Endomorphins 217 Endorphin 217 Enkephalin (ENK) 218 Laminar Localizations 218 Segmental Levels 218 Cell Types 219 Synaptic Organization 219 Development 219 Experimental Manipulations 219 Deafferentation 219 Spinal Injury 220 Nerve Transection 220 Inflammation 220 Ovariectomy and Noxious Stimuli 221 Co localizations 221 Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ) 221 Oxytocin (OXY) and Vasopressin (VP) 221 Secretoneurin 222 Somatostatin 222 Laminar Localizations and Intrinsic Cells 222 Deafferentation and Peripheral Axotomy 222 Synaptic Organization 222 Development 223 Substance P (SP) 223 Laminar Localizations 223 Intrinsic Cells 223 Synaptic Organization 224 Experimental Manipulations 224 Deafferentation 224 Peripheral Nerve Lesions 225 Spinal Lesions 226 Inflammation 226 Nerve Growth Factor 226 Local Anesthesia 226 Capsaicin 227 MK 801 227 Thiamine Deficiency 227 Electrical Stimulation 227 Prostate Stimulation 227 SP Antisera 227 Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy 227 Age and Development 227 Vasointestinal Polypeptide (VIP) 228 Laminar Localizations 228 Intrinsic Cells 228 Synaptic Organization 228 Contents xix Experimental Manipulations 228 Dorsal Rhizotomy 228 Peripheral Nerve Section or Crush 228 Spinal Transection 229 Proteins 229 Calcium Binding Proteins 229 Glutamate Transporters 230 Receptors 231 Aminergic Receptors 231 Adrenergic Receptors 231 3 Adrenergic Receptors 231 aj Receptors 231 a2 Receptors 231 Dopamine Receptors 232 5 HT Receptors 232 5 HT1 and 5 HTlA Receptors 232 5 HTlB Receptors 233 5 HTlc Receptors 233 5 HTlD Receptors 233 5 HTls Receptors 233 5 HT2 Receptors 234 5 HT3 Receptors 234 5 HT7 Receptors 234 Amino Acid Receptors 234 Glutamate Receptors 234 Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors 235 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 242 GABA and Benzodiazepine Receptors 244 GABAA Receptors 244 GABAB Receptors 246 Glycine Receptors 247 Cholinergic Receptors 248 Nicotinic Receptors 248 Muscarinic Receptors 248 Hormone Receptors 249 Androgen Receptors 249 Corticosteroid Receptors 249 Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF) Receptors 249 Estrogen Receptors 249 Insulin Receptors 250 TRH Receptors 250 Peptide Receptors 250 Angiotensin Receptors 250 Bombesin Receptors 250 Bradykinin Receptors 251 Cannabinoid Receptors 251 CCK Receptors 252 CGRP Receptors 252 Endothelin Receptors 252 xx Contents Galanin Receptors 253 Neurokinin Receptors 253 Laminar Localizations 253 Segmental Localizations 253 Intrinsic Neurons 254 Synaptic Organization 255 Experimental Manipulations 256 Neurotoxicity and Therapy 256 Neural Injuries 257 Development 257 Other Neurokinin Receptors 257 Neuropeptide Y Receptors (Y Rs) 258 Neurotensin Receptors 258 NeuropeptideFF (NPFF) Receptors 259 Opioid Receptors 259 MORs, DORs, and KORs 259 Laminar Localizations 259 Autoradiographic Binding 259 Immunocytochemical Labeling 259 Segmental Variability 260 Proportions of Opioid Receptor Subtypes 260 Primary Afferent Input 260 Intrinsic Neurons 261 Synaptic Organization 261 Co localizations 262 Experimental Manipulations 263 Development 264 Estrus 264 Other Opioid Receptors 264 Endomorphin Receptors 264 Endorphin Receptors 265 ORL1 Receptors 265 Sigma Receptors 265 Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptors 265 Somatostatin (SRIF) Receptors 265 Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) Receptors 266 Purinoceptors 266 Vanilloid Receptors 267 Conclusions 267 Chapter 7: Functional Organization of Dorsal Horn Interneurons 271 Electrophysiological Recordings from Interneurons 271 Recording Techniques 271 In Vivo Preparations 272 Extracellular Recordings from Interneurons 272 Intracellular Recordings from Interneurons 273 In Vitro Preparations 274 Responses of Interneurons to Peripheral Nerve Volleys Evoked by Electrical Stimulation 276 Contents xxi Volleys in A Fibers 276 Volleys in A and C Fibers 277 Population Responses 277 Cord Dorsum Potentials and Intraspinal Field Potentials 277 Cord Dorsum Potentials 277 Negative Field Potentials 278 Population Responses to Muscle Afferent Volleys 280 Population Responses to Joint Afferent Volleys 282 Population Responses to Visceral Afferent Volleys 283 Positive Cord Dorsum Potential and Primary Afferent Depolarization 283 Primary Afferent Depolarization 283 Changes in Metabolic Activity and Intracellular Signaling 285 2 Deoxyglucose 285 Expression of Immediate, Early Genes 286 Summary 291 Afferent Projections to the Dorsal Horn 291 Laminae I IV 291 Laminae V, VI, and X 292 Responses to Electrical Stimulation 293 Lamina I 293 Lamina II 293 Laminae m VI 294 Responses to Natural Stimulation 295 Lamina I 295 Lamina II 296 Laminae III VI 298 Lamina X 299 Classification of Dorsal Horn Interneurons 300 Monosynaptic Input 300 PAD related 300 Laminar Position 301 A or A Plus C Input 301 Bandwidth 301 Cluster Analysis 303 Dorsal Horn Neurons in Unanesthetized, Behaving Animals 303 Summary 304 Pharmacology of Dorsal Horn Interneurons 305 Pharmacological Techniques 305 Systemic Drug Administration 305 Superfusion of the Spinal Cord 305 Intrathecal Administration 306 Microdialysis 306 Microiontophoresis 306 Limitations of Electrophysiological Recordings in Drug Studies 307 Excitatory Transmitters in the Dorsal Horn 307 Excitatory Amino Acids: Glutamate and Aspartate 307 Release of Excitatory Amino Acids in the Spinal Cord 308 xxii Contents Excitatory Action of Glutamate and Aspartate 309 Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors 309 Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors 309 Functions of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors 311 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 314 Functions of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 315 ATP 315 Purinergic Receptors 316 Functions of Purinergic Receptors 316 Excitatory Neuropeptides 317 Substance P (SP) 317 Other Neurokinins: Neurokinin A (NKA) and Neurokinin B (NKB) 324 Calcitonin Gene related Peptide (CGRP) 325 Combined Action of Excitatory Amino Acids and Peptides 328 Other Excitatory Peptides 329 Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) 329 Neurotensin 330 Cholecystokinin (CCK) 330 Thyrotropin releasing Hormone (TRH) 331 Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) 331 Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase activating Polypeptide (PACAP) 331 Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP or Amylin) 331 Inhibitory Transmitters in the Dorsal Horn 332 Inhibitory Amino Acids 332 Gamma aminobutyric Acid (GABA) 332 Glycine 337 Acetylcholine (ACh) 337 Inhibitory Peptides in the Dorsal Horn 340 Opioid Peptides 340 Other Inhibitory Peptides 343 Nocistatin and Nociceptin 343 Somatostatin 344 Galanin 344 Bombesin 345 NeuropeptideY(NPY) 345 Pharmacology of PAD 346 Role of Excitatory Amino Acids 346 Role of GABA 346 Ionic Mechanism 346 Other Transmitters 347 Potassium Release 348 Summary 349 Modulation of the Responses of Dorsal Horn Neurons 350 Receptive Fields and Alterations in their Sizes 350 Excitatory Receptive Fields 350 Cascade Theory 350 Somatotopic Organization 350 Changes in Receptive Fields 354 Long term Potentiation and Long term Depression 356 Contents xxiii Inhibitory Receptive Fields 357 Gate Theory and Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls 357 Gate Theory of Pain 357 Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls 360 Summary 362 Models of Human Disease 362 Inflammatory Pain 363 Experimental Arthritis 363 Kaolin and Carrageenan Model 363 Adjuvant Model 364 Cutaneous Inflammation 365 Mustard Oil 365 Carrageenan 365 Complete Freund s Adjuvant 365 Formalin Injection 366 Bee Venom Injection 367 Intradermal Injection of Capsaicin 368 Neuropathic Pain 370 Deafferentation 370 Spared Root Paradigm 370 Nerve Transection 371 Autotomy 373 Models of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain 373 Bennett Model 374 Seltzer Model 375 Chung Model 375 Models of Central Neuropathic Pain 377 Cordotomy Model 377 Contusion Injury Model 377 Spinal Cord Hemisection Model 378 Quisqualic Acid Model 378 Ischemia Model 378 Summary 378 Genetic Influences on Spinal Cord Sensory Processing 379 Genetic Basis of Spinal Cord Sensory Functions 379 Mechanoreceptor related Genes 379 Cold related Gene 380 Nociception related Genes 380 TrkA and Congenital Insensitivity to Pain 380 Deletion of Neurokinin 1 Receptors 382 Deletion of CGRP 383 Changes in Signal Transduction Molecules 383 Opiate Receptors 383 Summary 383 Conclusions 384 References 389 Index xxv
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spellingShingle	Willis, William D. Coggeshall, Richard E. Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord
title	Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord
title_auth	Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord
title_exact_search	Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord
title_full	Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord 1 Primary afferent neurons and the spinal dorsal horn William D. Willis and Richard E. Coggeshall
title_fullStr	Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord 1 Primary afferent neurons and the spinal dorsal horn William D. Willis and Richard E. Coggeshall
title_full_unstemmed	Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord 1 Primary afferent neurons and the spinal dorsal horn William D. Willis and Richard E. Coggeshall
title_short	Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord
title_sort	sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord primary afferent neurons and the spinal dorsal horn
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010722572&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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