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1. Verfasser:	Ciesla, William M. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Rome FAO 2002
Schriftenreihe:	Non-wood forest products 15
Schlagworte:	Laubbaum Gemäßigte Zone Nichtholzprodukt
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XII, 125 S. Ill.
ISBN:	925104855X

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Titel: Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees Autor: Ciesla, William M. Jahr: 2002 Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees CONTENTS FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................................................ill ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................................................IV CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................................................v TABLES............................................................................................................................................................................ix TEXTBOXES...................................................................................................................................................................ix ILLUSTRATIONS............................................................................................................................................................ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS................................................................................................................XII INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1...............................................................................................................................................................3 AN OVERVIEW OF TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FORESTS...............................................................................3 THE TEMPERATE ZONE...................................................................................................................................3 TEMPERATE FORESTS.....................................................................................................................................3 SCLEROPHYLLOUS FORESTS.....................................................................................................................................6 WARM TEMPERATE EVERGREEN FORESTS...........................................................................................................6 TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS.........................................................................................................................8 BOREAL FORESTS.........................................................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 2.............................................................................................................................................................11 TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED TREES IN HUMAN CULTURE.....................................................................11 FOLKLORE. MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION................................................................................................// SYMBOLS..........................................................................................................................................................14 HISTORY...........................................................................................................................................................15 HISTORICAL ANECDOTES.........................................................................................................................................15 HISTORIC TREES AND FORESTS..............................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 3.............................................................................................................................................................19 WHOLE TREES........................................................................................................................................................19 LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES....................................................................................................19 HISTORICAL ASPECTS................................................................................................................................................19 BENEFITS.......................................................................................................................................................................19 DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS..............................................................................................................................20 Genetic variability.......................................................................................................................................................20 Foliage colour..............................................................................................................................................................20 Growth.........................................................................................................................................................................21 Colourful flowers and fruits........................................................................................................................................21 Ability-to tolerate harsh conditions.............................................................................................................................21 USES................................................................................................................................................................................22 Shade and roadside trees.............................................................................................................................................22 Specimen and character trees......................................................................................................................................23 Shelters, screens and buffers.......................................................................................................................................23 Wall trees.....................................................................................................................................................................23 PESTS AND DISEASES.................................................................................................................................................23 BONSAI..............................................................................................................................................................24 TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED TREES USED IN BONSAI...................................................................................24 CHAPTER 4.............................................................................................................................................................25 FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE.....................................................................................................................................25 HONEY..............................................................................................................................................................25 FORMS OF HONEY.......................................................................................................................................................25 RELATED PRODUCTS.................................................................................................................................................25 NECTAR SOURCES.......................................................................................................................................................25 Eucalyptus spp.............................................................................................................................................................26 Cashiticd sativa............................................................................................................................................................26 Llrlod jndron tulipitera................................................................................................................................................26 vssit ogechc...............................................................................................................................................................2 Prosopis spp................................................................................................................................................................2 Robin in p.seiti/ocicucia.................................................................................................................................................2 Tiliu spp.......................................................................................................................................................................2 PRODUCTION AND TRADE........................................................................................................................................2S Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees LEAF OILS AND FLAVOURINGS...................................................................................................................28 EUCALYPTUS OILS......................................................................................................................................................28 Types of oils and uses..................................................................................................................................................29 Production and trade....................................................................................................................................................30 BAY LAUREL................................................................................................................................................................31 MINOR LEAF OILS.......................................................................................................................................................32 YERBAMATE....................................................................................................................................................33 DECORATIVE FOLIAGE.................................................................................................................................34 MINOR AND TRADITIONAL USES OF FOLIAGE........................................................................................35 CHAPTER 5.............................................................................................................................................................37 SAP AND RESIN......................................................................................................................................................37 SYRUPS, SUGAR AND CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS..............................................................................37 MAPLE SYRUP AND RELATED PRODUCTS...........................................................................................................37 Historical aspects.........................................................................................................................................................37 Species.........................................................................................................................................................................37 Products.......................................................................................................................................................................38 Sap collection..............................................................................................................................................................39 Production and trade....................................................................................................................................................40 Grading........................................................................................................................................................................41 Pests and diseases........................................................................................................................................................42 BIRCH SYRUP AND RELATED PRODUCTS............................................................................................................42 STYRAX..............................................................................................................................................................44 USES................................................................................................................................................................................44 COMPOSITION..............................................................................................................................................................44 SPECIES..........................................................................................................................................................................44 HARVESTING................................................................................................................................................................44 PRODUCTION AND TRADE........................................................................................................................................45 MASTIC GUM...................................................................................................................................................45 HARVESTING, PRODUCTION AND TRADE............................................................................................................45 USES................................................................................................................................................................................45 CHAPTER 6.............................................................................................................................................................47 BARK........................................................................................................................................................................47 CORK.................................................................................................................................................................47 HISTORICAL ASPECTS................................................................................................................................................47 CORK OAK.....................................................................................................................................................................48 STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS...................................................................................................................49 Density.........................................................................................................................................................................49 Elasticity......................................................................................................................................................................49 Impermeability.............................................................................................................................................................50 Low conductivity.........................................................................................................................................................50 Other desirable characteristics....................................................................................................................................50 HARVESTING AND PROCESSING.............................................................................................................................50 USES................................................................................................................................................................................51 PRODUCTION AND TRADE........................................................................................................................................51 PESTS AND DISEASES.................................................................................................................................................52 TANNIN.............................................................................................................................................................52 HISTORICAL ASPECTS................................................................................................................................................52 COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES............................................................................................................................52 PRINCIPAL SOURCES..................................................................................................................................................53 MINOR SOURCES.........................................................................................................................................................54 DYES..................................................................................................................................................................54 QUERCITRON................................................................................................................................................................54 TRADITIONAL DYES...................................................................................................................................................55 CASCARA..........................................................................................................................................................56 SAPONIN...........................................................................................................................................................56 MINOR AND TRADITIONAL USES.................................................................................................................56 CHAPTER 7.............................................................................................................................................................59 FRUITS......................................................................................................................................................................59 TUNG OIL.........................................................................................................................................................59 HISTORICAL ASPECTS................................................................................................................................................59 COMPOSITION..............................................................................................................................................................59 VI Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees I SIS............................................................................................................................................................................60 HARM SIINCi...............................................................................................................................................................W) PRODI XTION AM) 1RADI.......................................................................................................................................M) CAROB..............................................................................................................................................................60 PROSOPISPODS.............................................................................................................................................61 MOLXTAIX ASHAXD RELATED TREES SORBUS SI P...........................................................................62 PERSIMMOXS..................................................................................................................................................6.-! I/AHTHORX.....................................................................................................................................................6.1 SEA BUCKTHORX...........................................................................................................................................« BLACK ELDER.................................................................................................................................................64 MEDLAR............................................................................................................................................................65 BLACK RASPBERRY........................................................................................................................................65 OTHER M1SOR FRUITS..................................................................................................................................65 CHAPTERS.............................................................................................................................................................67 NITS.........................................................................................................................................................................67 ACORXS............................................................................................................................................................6T I UMAX CONSUMPTION............................................................................................................................................67 DYES...............................................................................................................................................................................69 FOOD FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE...............................................................................................70 BEECH SUTS....................................................................................................................................................70 HUMAN CONSUMPTION............................................................................................................................................70 BEECH NUT OH.............................................................................................................................................................71 FOOD FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE...............................................................................................71 CHESTSUTS.....................................................................................................................................................71 HISTORICAL ASPECTS................................................................................................................................................7\| IMPORTANT SPECIES.................................................................................................................................................71 NUTRITIONAL VALUE................................................................................................................................................~2 PRODUCTION AND TRADE........................................................................................................................................~3 China............................................................................................................................................................................7? Korea............................................................................................................................................................................74 Japan............................................................................................................................................................................74 Europe..........................................................................................................................................................................T5 United Slates of America............................................................................................................................................75 Australia.......................................................................................................................................................................?6 CULTIVATION............................................................................................................................................................... 6 HARVESTING AND STORAGE...................................................................................................................................^7 PREPARATION AND USE............................................................................................................................................77 XUTS OF CASTAXOPSISAXD CHRYSOLEP1S.............................................................................................?S HAZELXUTS...................................................................................................................................................... * HICKORY XUTS...............................................................................................................................................T9 PISTACHIOS.....................................................................................................................................................79 UALXUTS.........................................................................................................................................................SO HUMAN CONSUMPTION............................................................................................................................................SO DYE..................................................................................................................................................................................SO OTHER PRODUCTS......................................................................................................................................................SI HARVESTING AND PROCESSING.............................................................................................................................SI PRODUCTION AND TRADE........................................................................................................................................S2 ALMOXDS.........................................................................................................................................................X2 MISORXUTS....................................................................................................................................................S2 CHAPTER 9.............................................................................................................................................................85 NON-WOOD PRODUCTS FROM ORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED TREES.......................................................................................................................................................................H5 EDIBLE MUSHROOMS...................................................................................................................................5 BOLETUS EDU.IS..........................................................................................................................................................S5 Distribution..................................................................................................................................................................86 Historical aspects.........................................................................................................................................................6 Harvesting and use........................................................-.............................................................................................Sfi TRICHOLOMA MAGX1VELARE....................................................................................................................................S TRUFFLES.....................................................................................................................................................................S Important species........................................................................................................................................................S~ Historical aspects.........................................................................................................................................................SH Commercial cultivation...............................................................................................................................................!s8 VII Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees Harvesting....................................................................................................................................................................88 Production, trade and regulation.................................................................................................................................88 SHIITAKE.......................................................................................................................................................................89 Historical background.................................................................................................................................................89 Cultivation...................................................................................................................................................................90 Harvesting and processing...........................................................................................................................................90 Production and trade....................................................................................................................................................90 Uses..............................................................................................................................................................................91 MORELS..........................................................................................................................................................................91 CYTARRIA SPP................................................................................................................................................................92 TRAMETES VERSICOLOR.............................................................................................................................................93 MINOR FUNGI...............................................................................................................................................................93 INSECTS............................................................................................,...............................................................94 SILK.................................................................................................................................................................................94 Historical aspects.........................................................................................................................................................94 Silkworm culture........................................................................................................................................................95 Production....................................................................................................................................................................96 Wild silk.......................................................................................................................................................................96 DYES...............................................................................................................................................................................97 GALL NUTS....................................................................................................................................................................98 Aleppo gall...................................................................................................................................................................99 Other galls..................................................................................................................................................................100 MISTLETOES...............................................................................................................................................................100 CHAPTER 10.........................................................................................................................................................103 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................103 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................................105 APPENDIX 1..........................................................................................................................................................Ill GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS...............................................................................................................................Ill APPENDIX 2..........................................................................................................................................................113 SELECTED RECIPES............................................................................................................................................113 APPENDIX 3..........................................................................................................................................................117 SUMMARY OF MAJOR NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS OF TEMPERATE BROAD-LEAVED TREES BY FAMILY. GENUS AND SPECIES..................................................................................................................117 vni Table 1.1 Table 3.1 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 8.1 Table 8.2 Table 8.3 Table 8.4 Table 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees TABLES Principal families and genera of temperate broad-leaved trees. 5 Some temperate broad-leaved trees used in bonsai culture. 24 Honey production potentials of two temperate broad-leaved trees compared to several herbaceous plants with good reputations as honey producers. 26 Eucalyptus species used for essential leaf oils. 30 Exports of eucalyptus oils from Chile, 1987-1992 31 Nutritional value of a tablespoon of maple syrup. 38 Maple syrup production - Canada, 1985-1995 41 Canadian exports of maple syrup and sugar, 1988-1995 41 Grades of maple syrup in Canada and the USA. 41 Area of Quercus suber forests by country 49 Range of colours available from quercitron, a commercial dye from the inner bark of Quercus velutina. 55 Traditional dyes produced from the bark of trees of the family Fagaceae. 55 Traditional and contemporary uses of acorns for human consumption 69 Nutritional value of chestnuts 73 Annual chestnut production by principal producer countries 74 Edible nuts from temperate forest species of Castanopsis 78 Asian wild silkworms that feed on temperate broad-leaved trees and shrubs 96 North American wild silkworms that feed on temperate broad-leaved trees and shrubs 97 Chemical content of the Aleppo gall. 99 TEXTBOXES Legends of the aspen 13 Sourwood honey: Pride of the Appalachian Mountains. 28 The headache tree 32 The sugaring-off party, a maple country tradition. 39 Alaskan birch syrup industry 43 The traditional cork stopper is challenged by synthetic substitutes 48 Aspirin, the modern miracle drug 58 Acorns as a natural food. 70 Chestnut blight: A devastating disease. 72 Shiitake production: A family enterprise. 91 Silk culture comes to India. 95 Silkworms and the gypsy moth. 97 An ancient recipe for ink. 100 ILLUSTRATIONS (Photos by author unless otherwise noted) Figure 1.1 Comparison of the Earth climatic zones as defined by latitude (A) and temperature (B) (Adopted from Bailey 1996). 4 Figure 1.2 A Quercus ilex dominated sclerophyllous forest on the island of Sardinia, Italy. 6 Figure 1.3 The warm temperate, Nothofagus dominated forests of southern Chile contain both deciduous and evergreen species. 7 Figure 1.4 High elevation Central American cloud forests, such as this one near the summit of the Volcan Mombasha in western Nicaragua, contain several species of Quercus. 8 Figure 1.5 Spectacular coloration of deciduous foliage prior to leaf fall in autumn 8 IX Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees Figure 1.6 Pure forest of European beech in the Apennine Mountains, Tuscany Region, Italy Figure 1.7 A mixed deciduous temperate forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States Figure 2.1 Redbuds or Judas trees, Cerc/s siliquastrum, line a street in Padria, on the Italian island of Sardinia. According to legend, this was the tree on which Judas, the disciple who betrayed Christ, hanged himself. Figure 2.2 The Evangeline Oak, St. Martinsville, Louisiana, USA. Figure 2.3 Sign describing the historical significance of the Evangeline Oak, St. Martinsville, Louisiana, USA. Figure 3.1 The flowering dogwood, Cornus florida, is a popular ornamental tree because it produces attractive flowers in spring and brilliant red fruits in autumn. Figure 3.2 Plane trees, Platanus x acerifolia provide welcome shade in a marketplace in Hefei, Anhui Province, China. Figure 3.3 American elms, Ulmus amerlcana, on the campus of Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. This graceful tree was once widely planted as a street tree throughout the eastern and midwestern USA but most have succumbed to Dutch elm disease. Figure 4.1 Flowers of honey producing temperate broad-leaved trees. Right, black locust, Robina pseudoacacia. Left, European linden, Tilia cordata Figure 4.2 Honey produced from the flowers of black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia. In Italy, where this native North American tree has become naturalized, it is marketed as Acacia honey. Figure 4.3 Grading of dried bay leaves in Turkey Figure 4.4 The foliage of the Oregon myrtlewood, Umbellularia californica, is aromatic and has been used as a substitute for foliage of Laurus nobilis as a flavouring for soups and stews. However its principle oil constituent, umbellulone, has been shown to be a mucous irritant and has some toxicological properties. Figure 4.5 The foliage of the yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, is used in a tea that is a popular regional beverage in southern Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Figure 4.6 Yerba mate is usually drunk from a traditional cup, made of wood, with a built-in drinking straw Figure 4.7 Temperate broad-leaved trees with their branches looped for fodder in northern Iran Figure 4.8 Degraded temperate forests from overgrazing in northern Iraq Figure 5.1 Grade A, dark amber maple syrup produced in Vermont, USA and packaged for retail sale. Figure 5.2 A traditional sugaring off party in Quebec, Canada (Photo courtesy of Victor Brunette, La Federation des Productuers de Bois du Quebec, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada). Figure 5.3 An evaporator in a sugarhouse in Quebec, Canada (Photo courtesy of Victor Brunette, La Federation des Productuers de Bois du Quebec, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada). Figure 5.4 A sugarhouse in Quebec, Canada (Photo courtesy of Victor Brunette, La Federation des Productuers de Bois du Quebec, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada). Figure 5.5 Birch trees being tapped in Alaska and a jar of birch syrup Figure 6.1 Harvesting cork on a large Quercus suber tree in Portugal Figure 6.2 A cork oak in Tuscany (Italy), from which planks of cork have recently been harvested Figure 6.3 Graded cork slabs ready for next stage of processing. Wine stoppers cut Out from cork planks Figure 6.4 A leather merchant in Rabat, Morocco. The fine quality of Moroccan leather is attributed to the use of tannins from cork oak during the curing process. 9 9 13 17 17 21 22 23 27 28 31 32 33 33 35 35 38 39 40 40 43 49 50 51 53 Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees Figure 6.5 The bark of the North American paper birch, Betula papyrifera. Birch bark had many traditional uses in northern Europe, Siberia and across northern North America. 57 Figure 7.1 Tung oil with fruits. A wood finish made from tung oil on a table finished with this product 60 Figure 7.2 Pods of the carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua, near Limassol, Cyprus 61 Figure 7.3 Clusters of bright red fruits of the European mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia. These berry-like fruits have been used for a wide variety of purposes 62 Figure 7.4 Fruits and foliage of the strawberry tree, Arbutus unedo, a tree found in Mediterranean Europe. The fruits are moderately sweet and can be eaten ripe or as a jelly. 65 Figure 7.5 Fruits of Black raspberry, Mulberry, Dogwood, Persimmon, Hawthorn, and Sea Buckthorn 66 Figure 8.1 A dried fruit and nut market in Quetta, Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Most of the products sold here from temperate broadleaf trees. While many of these products are grown in orchards as agricultural crops, others are still gathered in natural or planted forests. 67 Figure 8.2 Acorns of Quercus aegilops, an oak indigenous to the Mediterranean region of Europe. Isle of Naxos, Greece. 67 Figure 8.3 A grove of blue oak in the Coast Range of California 68 Figure 8.4 Foliage and nuts of the European beech, Fagus sylvatica, Parco Nazionale Abruzzo, Abruzzo Region, Italy. 70 Figure 8.4. Burrs of the Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollisima, Henan Province, China 73 Figure 8.5 Castanea sativa orchard, Lago di Vico, Lazio Region, Italy. 76 Figure 8.7 A street vendor selling fresh roasted chestnuts, Piazza di Spagna, Rome, Italy. 77 Figure 8.8 Juglans neotropica growing near Otovalo, on the Ecuadorean altiplano. The nut hulls of this tree are an important local dye source. 81 Figure 8.9 Wool is dyed a rich brown colour in a dyebath made from the nut hulls of Juglans subtropica, Otovalo, Ecuador 81 Figure 8.10 Nuts of: Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Carya spp., Pterocarya spp., Aesculus spp. and Castanopsis spp. 83 Figure 9.1 Dried Boletus edulis mushrooms in Orvieto, Umbria Region, Italy 86 Figure 9.2 Fruiting bodies of Boletus edulis, Tricholoma magnivelare, Tuber melanosporum, Morchella conica, Lentinula edodes and Cytarra darwinii 93 Figure 9.3 Workers remove diseased larvae and provide fresh mulberry foliage to a domestic silkworm colony, Daton Cooperative, Hanoi, Vietnam. 95 Figure 9.4 Mature larvae and cocoons of the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori, Daton Cooperative, Hanoi, Vietnam. 95 Figure 9.5 Domestic silkworms, Bombyx mori, being raised in large, flat baskets - Daton Cooperative, Hanoi, Vietnam. 96 Figure 9.6 A stand of kermes oak on the isle of Crete, Greece 98 Figure 9.7 Insect galls on oak near Dunrobbia, Umbria Region, Italy. Galls such as these have a high tannic and gallic acid content and have been widely used in the production of inks, dyes and tannin. 99 Figure 9.8 Berries of Viscum album 101 XI
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series	Non-wood forest products
series2	Non-wood forest products
spelling	Ciesla, William M. Verfasser aut Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees by William M. Ciesla Rome FAO 2002 XII, 125 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Non-wood forest products 15 Laubbaum (DE-588)4123615-4 gnd rswk-swf Gemäßigte Zone (DE-588)4130032-4 gnd rswk-swf Nichtholzprodukt gnd rswk-swf Nichtholzprodukt f Laubbaum (DE-588)4123615-4 s Gemäßigte Zone (DE-588)4130032-4 g DE-604 Non-wood forest products 15 (DE-604)BV012342362 15 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010649115&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Ciesla, William M. Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees Non-wood forest products Laubbaum (DE-588)4123615-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4123615-4 (DE-588)4130032-4
title	Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees
title_auth	Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees
title_exact_search	Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees
title_full	Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees by William M. Ciesla
title_fullStr	Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees by William M. Ciesla
title_full_unstemmed	Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees by William M. Ciesla
title_short	Non-wood forest products from temperate broad-leaved trees
title_sort	non wood forest products from temperate broad leaved trees
topic	Laubbaum (DE-588)4123615-4 gnd
topic_facet	Laubbaum Gemäßigte Zone Nichtholzprodukt
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010649115&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV012342362
work_keys_str_mv	AT cieslawilliamm nonwoodforestproductsfromtemperatebroadleavedtrees

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