Cyberscience: research in the age of the internet
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vienna
Austrian Acad. of Sciences Press
2003
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 490, 79 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3700131887 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804130410191388672 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Cyberscience
Autor: Nentwich, Michael
Jahr: 2003
VII
CONTENT OVERVIEW
Foreword........................................................................................................................................V
Content overview.........................................................................................................................VII
Detailed list of contents.............................................................................................................VIII
List of tables................................................................................................................................XV
List of figures..............................................................................................................................XVI
List of overviews.......................................................................................................................XVII
Executive summary....................................................................................................................XIX
Part one: METHODS AND THEORY..............................•..................................................................1
0 Project outline and background......................................................................................................3
1 Conceptual framework: definitions and a model.........................................................................21
Part Two: TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES AND STATUS QUO...........................................65
2 Cyberscience: the new tools - the new working environment.....................................................67
3 Cyber-sciences — cyber-humanities — cyber-social-sciences.......................................................107
Part three: IMPACT ASSESSMENT...............................................................................................183
4 Cyberscience and the spatial dimension....................................................................................185
5 Cyberscience and the distribution of roles in academia............................................................235
6 Cyberscience and knowledge representation.............................................................................257
7 Cyberscience and publishing......................................................................................................317
8 Cyberscience, quality control and crediting academic output...................................................367
9 Cyberscience: economic and legal aspects..................................................................................399
10 Cyberscience and the substance of research..............................................................................439
Part four CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................463
11 Cyberscience and politics............................................................................................................465
12 Overall conclusions.....................................................................................................................479
Annexes............................................................................................................................................A-l
Abbreviations..............................................................................................................................A-3
Annexes I-VI...............................................................................................................................A-8
References.................................................................................................................................A-41
Index.........................................................................................................................................A-67
Detailed list of contents
VIII
DETAILED LIST OF CONTENTS
Foreword........................................................................................................................................
VTT
Content overview.........................................................................................................................
Detailed list of contents.............................................................................................................
YV
List of tables................................................................................................................................AV
YVT
List of figures..............................................................................................................................AV1
List of overviews.......................................................................................................................^VI1
VTY
....................................................................................................................AiA
Executive summary
1
Part one: METHODS AND THEORY................................................................................................
0 Project outline and background......................................................................................................3
0.1 The status quo of research on cyberscience..........................................................................4
0.1.1 Various research streams pertinent for the study of cyberscience..........................5
0.1.2 STS and cyberscience................................................................................................7
0.1.3 TA and cyberscience.................................................................................................8
0.2 Innovative aspects of the project, aims and methodology.....................................................8
0.3 Outline of the empirical research.......................................................................................11
0.3.1 The selection of disciplines.....................................................................................11
0.3.2 The Internet enquiry..............................................................................................12
0.3.3 The interviews........................................................................................................13
0.3.3.1 In-depth interviews versus anonymous questionnaire...........................13
0.3.3.2 The interviewees......................................................................................14
0.3.3.3 Practical aspects and transcription.........................................................15
0.3.4 Practical tests of E-tools.........................................................................................16
0.3.4.1 Interactive link collections.......................................................................17
0.3.4.2 Hypertext writing....................................................................................17
0.3.4.3 E-conferencing..........................................................................................18
0.3.4.4 Digital brainstorming at distance and chatting......................................19
0.3.4.5 E-publishing and E-archiving..................................................................19
0.4 Outline of the book..............................................................................................................20
1 Conceptual framework: definitions and a model.........................................................................21
1.1 What is cyberscience?..........................................................................................................21
1.1.1 Cyberscience as an encompassing phenomenon....................................................23
1.2 Modelling ICT impact on academia....................................................................................26
1.2.1 The basic model.......................................................................................................29
1.2.1.1 Information and communication technologies........................................30
1.2.2 Scholarly communication and its dimensions........................................................31
1.2.2.1 Functions of the publication system........................................................35
1.2.3 The diffusion of ICT in the scholarly communication system................................37
1.2.3.1 Institutional factors.................................................................................38
1.2.3.2 Technical and functional factors..............................................................41
1.2.3.3 Actor-related factors................................................................................43
1.2.3.4 The intervening factors at work..............................................................45
1.2.3.5 Qualitative trend extrapolation...............................................................47
1.2.4 Impact assessment..................................................................................................50
1.2.4.1 Changes of the scholarly communication system....................................52
1.2.4.2 General impact on academia...................................................................59
1.2.4.3 Impact on research substance.................................................................60
1.2.5 The complete model................................................................................................63
Detailed list of contents
Part Two: TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES AND STATUS QUO...........................................65
2 Cyberscience: the new tools - the new working environment.....................................................67
2.1 Basics...................................................................................................................................67
2.1.1 Computers: stand-alone and networked.................................................................67
2.1.2 Internet and WWW.................................................................................................68
2.1.2.1 The future of the Internet........................................................................71
2.2 Machine-to-machine communication..................................................................................72
2.2.1 Distributed computing............................................................................................72
2.2.2 Semi-autonomous information retrieval................................................................73
2.2.2.1 On the path to the Semantic Web: meta-data, XML et al.......................73
2.2.2.2 Knowbots, infobots, software agents.......................................................75
2.2.2.3 Knowledge discovery: data mining, web mining, bibliomining...............75
2.3 People-to-machine communication.....................................................................................75
2.3.1 Screen technology...................................................................................................76
2.3.2 Interactive electronic reading devices....................................................................77
2.3.3 Telework and ubiquitous computing......................................................................77
2.3.4 Databases: digital libraries, archives et al.............................................................78
2.3.4.1 Typology...................................................................................................78
2.3.4.2 Access to databases..................................................................................81
2.3.4.3 Cross-linking............................................................................................83
2.3.5 Web search-engines and directories.......................................................................84
2.3.6 Web forms...............................................................................................................84
2.3.7 Remote control et al................................................................................................85
2.3.8 Speech recognition..................................................................................................85
2.4 People-to-people communication.........................................................................................86
2.4.1 E-mail......................................................................................................................86
2.4.2 E-lists......................................................................................................................87
2.4.3 Homepages et al......................................................................................................89
2.4.4 Academic E-publishing...........................................................................................91
2.4.4.1 Formats....................................................................................................91
2.4.4.2 Tools for editors and publishers..............................................................93
2.4.4.3 Tools for authors......................................................................................94
2.4.4.4 Print-on-demand and electronic document delivery...............................95
2.4.5 E-conferencing........................................................................................................96
2.4.6 Content management systems...............................................................................98
2.4.7 Groupware..............................................................................................................99
2.4.8 E-teaching tools....................................................................................................100
2.4.9 Translation tools on the web................................................................................102
2.5 Archiving...........................................................................................................................103
2.6 Outlook..............................................................................................................................105
3 Cyber-sciences — cyber-humanities — cyber-social-sciences.......................................................107
3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................107
3.2 (Sub-)disciplinary case studies..........................................................................................109
3.2.1 Humanities and cultural studies..........................................................................109
3.2.1.1 Language studies...................................................................................110
3.2.1.2 Philosophy..............................................................................................113
3.2.1.3 History....................................................................................................114
3.2.1.4 Classical studies (papyrology)...............................................................116
3.2.1.5 Anthropology..........................................................................................117
3.2.2 Social sciences.......................................................................................................118
3.2.2.1 Political science......................................................................................118
3.2.2.2 Sociology.................................................................................................120
3.2.2.3 Economics...............................................................................................120
3.2.3 Natural sciences and applied/engineering sciences.............................................122
3.2.3.1 Physics...................................................................................................122
3.2.3.2 Life sciences I: biology...........................................................................123
3.2.3.3 Life sciences II: medicine.......................................................................125
Detailed list of contents
3.2.4 Formal sciences..................................................................................................126
3.2.4.1 Mathematics..........................................................................................126
3.2.4.2 Law.........................................................................................................127
3.3 Cross-disciplinary comparison: the status quo.................................................................129
3.3.1 E-mail as standard communication channel........................................................129
3.3.2 E-journals fighting for recognition.......................................................................131
3.3.3 The early days of hyper/multimedia applications................................................135
3.3.4 E-conferencing only in exceptional cases.............................................................136
3.3.5 Importance of E-lists varies..................................................................................137
3.3.6 E-(pre-)print servers established in some fields...................................................139
3.3.7 Disciplinary databases as a standard tool............................................................141
3.3.8 Digital libraries spreading....................................................................................I42
3.3.9 Groupware not yet well-known.............................................................................143
3.3.10 Growing number of virtual institutes and extended research groups.................144
3.3.11 Synopsis: how cyber is academia today?............................................................145
3.4 Explaining the differences: a few hypotheses under scrutiny..........................................148
3.4.1 General co-ordinates of disciplines.......................................................................149
3.4.1.1 Size of the scientific community............................................................149
3.4.1.2 Distribution of the relevant community around the globe....................151
3.4.2 Functional explanations.......................................................................................152
3.4.2.1 Embeddedness in physical locales......................................................152
3.4.2.2 Visual orientation..................................................................................153
3.4.2.3 Data and model driven fields.................................................................155
3.4.2.4 Time pressure - rhythms - pace of discovery.......................................156
3.4.2.5 Geographical focus of the subject..........................................................159
3.4.3 Economic factors...................................................................................................160
3.4.3.1 Closeness of the (sub-)discipline to economic applications...................160
3.4.3.2 Competitiveness.....................................................................................162
3.4.3.3 Funding..................................................................................................163
3.4.4 The disciplinary culture........................................................................................163
3.4.4.1 A general natural science versus social sciences/humanities
cleavage?................................................................................................164
3.4.4.2 Collaborative culture, multi-authorship and interconnectedness........168
3.4.4.3 Cumulative knowledge production.....................................................170
3.4.4.4 Publishing traditions in a discipline......................................................172
3.4.4.5 Discipline-wide uniform method, style and paradigm..........................174
3.4.5 Agency...................................................................................................................175
3.4.5.1 Cyber-entrepreneurs..............................................................................175
3.4.5.2 Reputation..............................................................................................177
3.5 Summary...........................................................................................................................178
Part three: IMPACT ASSESSMENT...............................................................................................183
4 Cyberscience and the spatial dimension....................................................................................185
4.1 Elements of a new spatial layout of academia..................................................................185
4.2 Key issues on the path to the new spatial layout of academia.........................................189
4.2.1 On the suitability of E-mail for academic communication...................................189
4.2.2 Prospects of virtual seminars and conferences....................................................192
4.2.2.1 Functions of scholarly conferences........................................................192
4.2.2.2 Organisational and technical aspects of E-conferencing.......................194
4.2.3 Can multimedia eventually replace face-to-face?.................................................196
4.2.4 Informal research activities: the importance of the Cafe ..................................198
4.2.5 Establishing virtual contacts................................................................................201
4.3 Impact assessment of the new apatiality..........................................................................202
4.3.1 Distant collaboration............................................................................................203
4.3.1.1 Increase of collaboration........................................................................203
4.3.1.2 New collaboration patterns in cyberspace.............................................205
4.3.1.3 More communication vs. increasing isolation.......................................208
Detailed list of contents
4.3.2 Enhanced efficiency..............................................................................................209
4.3.2.1 Productivity of the researchers..............................................................210
4.3.2.2 Productivity of the academic system.....................................................214
4.3.3 Written culture.....................................................................................................217
4.3.4 Academic infrastructure in the future.................................................................220
4.3.4.1 The future of the university...................................................................220
4.3.4.2 New information infrastructure: digital libraries.................................222
4.3.4.3 Digital unity? Perspectives for peripheral research..............................224
4.3.5 The virtual re-constitution of scientific communities..........................................227
4.3.5.1 Transforming invisible colleges.............................................................228
4.3.5.2 Building international scientific communities......................................229
4.3.5.3 Sub-field fragmentation?.......................................................................229
4.3.5.4 Worldwide synchronisation/co-ordination of research?.........................231
4.4 On balance: De-materialisation of research?....................................................................232
Cyberscience and the distribution of roles in academia............................................................235
5.1 Scholars: new skills, new roles..........................................................................................235
5.2 Researchers as teachers....................................................................................................238
5.3 From librarian to cybrarian..............................................................................................241
5.3.1 Information brokering, consultancy, information management..........................244
5.4 Role dynamics in the publishing sector............................................................................246
5.4.1 The age of outsourcing..........................................................................................247
5.4.2 Slow re-definition of institutional roles................................................................247
5.5 The changing role of academic computer departments....................................................249
5.6 Democratisation? Status and hierarchy in cyberscience..................................................250
5.6.1 The case in favour of democratisation..................................................................251
5.6.2 The Matthew effect in contrast to democratisation.............................................253
5.6.3 Empirical evidence and conclusions.....................................................................254
5.7 Conclusions: the new distribution of roles in the age of cyberscience..............................255
Cyberscience and knowledge representation.............................................................................257
6.1 Knowledge representation today......................................................................................258
6.2 Cyberscience developments...............................................................................................259
6.2.1 Digitisation...........................................................................................................260
6.2.2 Multimedia — hypermedia - new forms of visualisation......................................260
6.2.2.1 Examples of academic multimedia implementations............................262
6.2.3 Hypertext..............................................................................................................263
6.2.3.1 Modularity..............................................................................................264
6.2.3.2 Links......................................................................................................266
6.2.3.3 Paths......................................................................................................269
6.2.3.4 Examples of academic hypertexts..........................................................269
6.3 From text to knowledge base - one plus five scenarios....................................................270
6.3.1 Scenario 1: Layered E-publications...................................................................272
6.3.2 Scenario 2: Field-wide thematic hyperbases .....................................................273
6.3.3 Scenario 3: Open disciplinary hyperdiscussions ................................................274
6.3.4 Scenario 4: Hyperbooks ......................................................................................275
6.3.5 Scenario 5: Consolidated knowledge bases...........................................................276
6.4 Impact assessment of cyber-knowledge representation...................................................277
6.4.1 Changing character and type of texts...................................................................278
6.4.1.1 Digital production..................................................................................278
6.4.1.2 Length irrelevant?.................................................................................279
6.4.1.3 Fluidity...................................................................................................280
6.4.1.4 Modularisation.......................................................................................286
6.4.1.5 Match of object and description.............................................................291
6.4.2 Effects on authors.................................................................................................292
6.4.2.1 New writing - new skills.......................................................................292
6.4.2.2 Authorship blurred?...............................................................................293
6.4.2.3 Merger of authoring, information seeking and analysis.......................295
Detailed list of contents
6.4.3 Readability of digital media..................................................................................295
6.4.3.1 Potential advantages of hypertext reading...........................................297
6.4.3.2 Known problems of hypertext reading..................................................298
6.4.3.3 New reading and empowerment of the reader?..................................301
6.4.4 Enhanced communication?...................................................................................304
6.4.4.1 The communicative potential................................................................304
6.4.4.2 Enhanced connectivity...........................................................................306
6.4.4.3 New doors for the academic ivory tower................................................308
6.4.5 On balance............................................................................................................309
6.5 Analysis of factors influencing the development..............................................................310
6.5.1 Technical and functional factors...........................................................................310
6.5.2 Institutional factors..............................................................................................312
6.5.3 Agency...................................................................................................................313
6.5.4 The likelihood of the scenarios.............................................................................313
6.6 Conclusions........................................................................................................................314
7 Cyberscience and publishing......................................................................................................317
7.1 The status quo: P-publishing, E-publishing and hybrid forms........................................317
7.1.1 The increase of academic publishing, its reasons and its consequences..............318
7.1.2 E-publishing today................................................................................................319
7.2 What is new about E-publishing?.....................................................................................322
7.2.1 Speeding up publishing and dissemination..........................................................323
7.2.2 Advantages for searching.....................................................................................325
7.2.3 New modes of distribution and enhanced reach..................................................326
7.2.4 New forms of academic publishing.......................................................................327
7.2.4.1 Innovative journal formats....................................................................327
7.2.4.2 Special web publishing formats.............................................................330
7.2.4.3 Databases and archives.........................................................................331
7.2.4.4 Scholarly skywriting ...........................................................................332
7.2.4.5 Crossover publications ........................................................................333
7.2.5 Quoting E-publications.........................................................................................334
7.3 The end of scholarly publications on paper?.....................................................................335
7.3.1 The future of print publications and their digital alternatives...........................337
7.3.1.1 The alternative technologies to paper...................................................337
7.3.1.2 Academic publications are different......................................................337
7.3.1.3 Academic books......................................................................................338
7.3.1.4 Journals..................................................................................................345
7.3.1.5 Grey literature.......................................................................................348
7.3.2 Discussion.............................................................................................................349
7.3.2.1 Technical and functional factors............................................................349
7.3.2.2 Actor-related factors..............................................................................351
7.3.2.3 Institutional factors...............................................................................352
7.3.3 The P-to-E scenario matrix...................................................................................356
7.3.4 Expectations within the academic community.....................................................358
7.4 Archiving scholarly E-publications...................................................................................359
7.4.1 What is to be archived?.........................................................................................360
7.4.2 Responsibility........................................................................................................362
7.5 Assessment and outlook....................................................................................................365
8 Cyberscience, quality control and crediting academic output...................................................367
8.1 The traditional quality control system.............................................................................367
8.1.1 Quality criteria and prestige................................................................................368
8.1.2 Traditional quality control systems......................................................................369
8.2 Cyberscience developments and opportunities.................................................................371
8.2.1 New forms of ex ante quality control....................................................................371
8.2.1.1 Open peer review/commentary..............................................................371
8.2.1.2 Mixed systems........................................................................................373
8.2.1.3 Differentiated refereeing standards......................................................374
8.2.1.4 Selection of reviewers............................................................................375
Detailed list of contents XIII
8.2.2 New forms of ex post quality control....................................................................376
8.2.2.1 Online (ex post) commenting/annotation..............................................376
8.2.2.2 Rating/scoring........................................................................................378
8.2.2.3 New perspectives for scientometrics: access and citation counts,
use tracking............................................................................................379
8.2.3 Quality labelling, selective databases, levelled archives and the
control zone ........................................................................................................381
8.2.4 Miscellaneous new aspects...................................................................................383
8.2.4.1 Speeding-up............................................................................................384
8.2.4.2 Increase of non-reviewed publications...................................................384
8.2.4.3 Obfuscation of origin?............................................................................384
8.2.4.4 Plagiarism and priority claims..............................................................385
8.2.5 Outlook..................................................................................................................386
8.3 The path to a cyberscience certification system...............................................................386
8.3.1 Does E-publishing lead to less quality?................................................................387
8.3.2 Re-establishing and reforming peer-review.........................................................389
8.3.3 Implementation issues..........................................................................................390
8.4 Academic credentials for online publications...................................................................392
8.4.1 Publication record and E-publications.................................................................393
8.4.2 Credentials for new forms of cyber-scholarliness.................................................394
8.5 Conclusions........................................................................................................................396
9 Cyberscience: economic and legal aspects..................................................................................399
9.1 Economics of E-publishing................................................................................................399
9.1.1 Cost comparisons between E- and P-publishing..................................................399
9.1.1.1 E-journals...............................................................................................402
9.1.1.2 E-books...................................................................................................403
9.1.1.3 E-pre-print archives...............................................................................404
9.1.1.4 Cybraries and long-term archives.........................................................404
9.1.2 Charging mechanisms for E-publications............................................................406
9.1.3 (Re-)De-commodification of academic publishing?...............................................407
9.1.3.1 Three phases of scholarly communication.............................................408
9.1.3.2 The crisis of phase II..............................................................................410
9.1.3.3 The developments towards phase III.....................................................411
9.1.3.4 De-commodification?..............................................................................422
9.1.3.5 Phase III in the making.........................................................................426
9.2 Legal aspects of academic cyber-publishing.....................................................................427
9.2.1 Intellectual property law......................................................................................428
9.2.1.1 General questions..................................................................................430
9.2.1.2 Fair use and applicability of exemptions for libraries and
academic research..................................................................................431
9.2.1.3 IP law enforcement issues.....................................................................434
9.2.2 Academic providers: link setting, liability and data protection...........................435
9.2.3 Legal rules for archiving E-publications..............................................................436
9.3 Conclusions........................................................................................................................437
10 Cyberscience and the substance of research..............................................................................439
10.1 Introductory remarks........................................................................................................439
10.2 Effects due to changes in methodology.............................................................................441
10.2.1 Outcomes, otherwise impossible...........................................................................441
10.2.2 Initial input changes.............................................................................................442
10.2.3 Impact on choice of topic.......................................................................................444
10.2.4 Creative potential of the new media.....................................................................445
10.2.5 Favouring inter- and transdisciplinarity.............................................................447
10.3 Effects due to changes in work modes..............................................................................449
10.3.1 Collaboration effects.............................................................................................449
10.3.2 Time effects...........................................................................................................451
10.4 Effects due to representational changes...........................................................................452
10.4.1 The shadow of the format.....................................................................................453
10.4.2 Standardisation....................................................................................................456
Detailed list of contents
10.4.3 Preliminarily.........................................................................................................457
10.4.4 Transparency........................................................................................................458
10.4.5 Connectivity/interconnectedness..........................................................................459
10.5 Does ICT influence thinking and analysis?......................................................................460
Part four: CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................463
11 Cyberscience and politics............................................................................................................465
11.1 The politics of cyberscience: arenas, actors and issues.....................................................465
11.2 Salient policy issues..........................................................................................................467
11.2.1 Cyberscience infrastructure and access...............................................................467
11.2.1.1 Technical needs......................................................................................467
11.2.1.2 Organisational needs.............................................................................469
11.2.1.3 Universal access.....................................................................................470
11.2.2 E-publishing environment....................................................................................471
11.2.2.1 Intellectual property..............................................................................471
11.2.2.2 Integrity, quality control, credentialing and incentives........................472
11.2.2.3 Archiving and digitisation.....................................................................474
11.2.2.4 De-commodification................................................................................474
11.2.3 Information management.....................................................................................475
11.2.3.1 Systems..................................................................................................475
11.2.3.2 Training..................................................................................................476
11.3 Policy recommendations....................................................................................................477
12 Overall conclusions.....................................................................................................................479
12.1 The cyberscience scenario(s).............................................................................................480
12.2 Meta-level conclusions......................................................................................................486
12.3 Coda...................................................................................................................................489
Annexes............................................................................................................................................A-l
Abbreviations..............................................................................................................................A-3
Annex I: Data-sets..................................................................................................................A-8
Annex II: Interviewees...........................................................................................................A-11
Annex III: Interview questionnaire and guide........................................................................A-13
Annex IV: Note to the interviewees in advance of the interview............................................A-18
Annex V: Definitions of key conceptual terms (glossary)......................................................A-19
Annex VI: CYBERLINKS database: linear, static transcript....................................................A-21
References................................................................................................................................A-41
Index.........................................................................................................................................A-67
List of tables
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: Changes in academia on the path to cyberscience.........................................................25
Table 1-2: Functions of the scholarly publication system...............................................................36
Table 1-3: Comparing properties of typical traditional and non-traditional media of
scholarly communication................................................................................................55
Table 1-4: Computer networks redefine time and space.................................................................56
Table 2-1: Necessary bandwidth for selected Internet services......................................................71
Table 2-2: Typology of electronic people-to-people communication tools in academia...................86
Table 2-3: Academic format and current standard in technical implementation of
E-publications.................................................................................................................92
Table 2-4: Features of E-conferencing tools.....................................................................................97
Table 3-1: Disciplines and sub-disciplines included in the comparative study............................108
Table 3-2: E-mail use.....................................................................................................................129
Table 3-3: Prestige of E-journals...................................................................................................134
Table 3-4: Spread of hyper/multimedia.........................................................................................135
Table 3-5: Spread of E-conferencing..............................................................................................136
Table 3-6: Perceived importance of E-mail lists............................................................................139
Table 3-7: Status of pre-publications versus number of (grey) pre-publications..........................140
Table 3-8: Spread of disciplinary databases..................................................................................141
Table 3-9: Answers with regard to the existence of digital libraries............................................143
Table 3-10: Spread of virtual institutes...........................................................................................144
Table 3-11: Size dynamics of sub-disciplines...................................................................................150
Table 3-12: Distribution of communities.........................................................................................151
Table 3-13: Visual orientation of sub-disciplines............................................................................153
Table 3-14: Dependency on (numeric) data in sub-disciplines........................................................155
Table 3-15: Time-pressure in sub-disciplines..................................................................................157
Table 3-16: Pace of discovery in sub-disciplines..............................................................................157
Table 3-17: Economic applications in sub-disciplines.....................................................................161
Table 3-18: Competitiveness of sub-disciplines...............................................................................162
Table 3-19: Culture of collaboration in sub-disciplines...................................................................169
Table 3-20: Cumulating knowledge in sub-disciplines....................................................................171
Table 3-21: Status of books..............................................................................................................173
Table 3-22: Uniform method and style in sub-disciplines...............................................................175
Table 3-23: Cyber-entrepreneurs.....................................................................................................176
Table 5-1: Academia and communication medium........................................................................252
Table 7-1: Increase of peer-reviewed E-journals 1991-2000..........................................................320
Table 7-2: Cycle time in academic journal production..................................................................324
Table 7-3: The P-to-E scenario matrix...........................................................................................357
Table 9-1: Shifting main responsibilities for publishing tasks.....................................................425
Table 12-1: Effects of cyberscience tools on traditional tools in the short, medium and long term... 483
Table 12-2: Ideal-typical cyberscience scenarios.............................................................................485
Table A-l: Fuzzy values for disciplines and groups of disciplines.................................................A-8
Table A-2: Fuzzy values for sub-disciplines...................................................................................A-9
Table A-3: Fuzzy values for two dimensions of cyberness ........................................................A-10
Table A-4: Proxies for size of disciplines......................................................................................A-ll
Table A-5: Distribution of interviewees, sorted by field..............................................................A-ll
XVI
List of figures
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 0-1: Relationship between research aims...............................................................................9
Figure 1-1: Types of scholarly activities and framework conditions...............................................24
Figure 1-2: Four overlapping circles of thought informing this study............................................27
Figure 1-3: The basic model of the impact of ICT on academia ( impact model )...........................30
Figure 1-4: Modelling ICT-induced change of the scholarly communication system
( change model )............................................................................................................38
Figure 1-5: The chain of impact from SCS changes to research substance.....................................52
Figure 1-6: The complete chain of impact with details....................................................................63
Figure 1-7: The complete model of the impact of ICT on scholarly communication,
academia and the research substance...........................................................................64
Figure 3-1: E-only journals in a few disciplines.............................................................................131
Figure 3-2: Electronically available journals (E-only and P+E-journals) in a few disciplines......133
Figure 3-3: Spread of E-mail lists in selected disciplines, sorted by absolute numbers...............137
Figure 3-4: Spread of electronic discussion lists in selected disciplines,
sorted by relative numbers..........................................................................................138
Figure 3-5: Measuring cyberness in two dimensions for sub-disciplines....................................146
Figure 3-6: Measuring cyberness in two dimensions for disciplines..........................................147
Figure 3-7: Comparing cyber-co-operation with size of discipline ...........................................149
Figure 3-8: Comparison between groups of disciplines:
formal, natural and social sciences and the humanities.............................................165
Figure 3-9: Disparities within the natural sciences: biology, physics and medicine.....................165
Figure 3-10: Similarities of disciplines of different disciplinary groups: history and biology........166
Figure 3-11: Similarities between sub-disciplines of different disciplinary groups I:
number theory and analytical philosophy...................................................................167
Figure 3-12: Similarities between sub-disciplines of different disciplinary groups II:
early modern history and molecular oncology.............................................................167
Figure 7-1: Access to E-journals 1993-1997...................................................................................319
Figure 7-2: Monthly submission rate statistics for arXiv (as of 7 July 2003)...............................321
List of overviews
XVII
LIST OF OVERVIEWS
Overview 1-1: Information and communication technologies.........................................................31
Overview 1-2: Communication partners in academia.....................................................................32
Overview 1-3: Media of academic communication...........................................................................33
Overview 1-4: Properties of academic communication....................................................................34
Overview 1-5: Four types of functions of academic communication................................................35
Overview 1-6: Institutional factors..................................................................................................40
Overview 1-7: Technical and functional factors..............................................................................43
Overview 1-8: Actor-related factors.................................................................................................45
Overview 1-9: Changes of the scholarly communication system as regards partners,
media, properties and functions...............................................................................58
Overview 1-10: General impact of the changing SCS on academia in four dimensions...................60
Overview 2-1: Formats (technical) of E-publications......................................................................92
Overview 3-1: Status quo of cyberness ........................................................................................145
Overview 3-2: Summary of (sub-)disciplinary factors in the change model ...............................148
Overview 3-3: Explanatory power of disciplinary factors..............................................................179
Overview 3-4: Influencing factors for cyberness .........................................................................180
Overview 4-1: Elements of the new spatial layout........................................................................189
Overview 4-2: Significant properties of E-mail.............................................................................192
Overview 4-3: New collaboration patterns....................................................................................207
Overview 4-4: Aspects related to productivity of researchers.......................................................213
Overview 4-5: Aspects related to the productivity of the academic system..................................217
Overview 4-6: ICT-enabled and/or reinforced changes for the university....................................222
Overview 5-1: New roles and skills for scholars............................................................................237
Overview 5-2: Researcher as teachers...........................................................................................240
Overview 5-3: Roles of cybrarians..................................................................................................244
Overview 6-1: Modular structure for electronic scientific articles in physics according to
Harmsze et al. 1999................................................................................................265
Overview 6-2: Meaningful links according to Harmsze et al. 1999...............................................268
Overview 6-3: Types of discourse tags according to Rost 1996.....................................................268
Overview 6-4: Hypertext scenarios................................................................................................272
Overview 6-5: History E-book layers according to Darnton 1999.................................................273
Overview 7-1: Comparing P- and E-publishing.............................................................................323
Overview 7-2: Innovative E-publishing formats............................................................................334
Overview 7-3: Typology of academic books....................................................................................339
Overview 8-1: Functions and types of academic quality control system......................................370
Overview 8-2: Phases of a mixed review process as practised by JIME.......................................373
Overview 9-1: Charging mechanisms for E-publications..............................................................406
Overview 9-2: Three phases of scholarly communication..............................................................408
Overview 10-1: ICT-related impact on research substance.............................................................461
Overview 11-1: Recommendations for cyberscience politics............................................................478
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Nentwich, Michael |
| author_facet | Nentwich, Michael |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nentwich, Michael |
| author_variant | m n mn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV017670652 |
| classification_rvk | AK 25000 AK 39950 QH 500 ST 200 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)249135735 (DE-599)BVBBV017670652 |
| dewey-full | 001.4202854678 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 001 - Knowledge |
| dewey-raw | 001.4202854678 |
| dewey-search | 001.4202854678 |
| dewey-sort | 11.4202854678 |
| dewey-tens | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| discipline | Allgemeines Informatik Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Book |
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| publisher | Austrian Acad. of Sciences Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Nentwich, Michael Verfasser aut Cyberscience research in the age of the internet Michael Nentwich Vienna Austrian Acad. of Sciences Press 2003 XXII, 490, 79 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd rswk-swf Elektronisches Publizieren (DE-588)4014363-6 gnd rswk-swf Internet (DE-588)4308416-3 gnd rswk-swf Scientific Community (DE-588)4255573-5 gnd rswk-swf Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd rswk-swf Information Retrieval (DE-588)4072803-1 gnd rswk-swf Informationstechnik (DE-588)4026926-7 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 gnd rswk-swf Neue Medien (DE-588)4196910-8 gnd rswk-swf Qualitätskontrolle (DE-588)4047968-7 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 gnd rswk-swf Kommunikation (DE-588)4031883-7 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4005227-8 Umfrage gnd-content Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 s Information Retrieval (DE-588)4072803-1 s DE-604 Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 s Internet (DE-588)4308416-3 s Informationstechnik (DE-588)4026926-7 s Neue Medien (DE-588)4196910-8 s Elektronisches Publizieren (DE-588)4014363-6 s Qualitätskontrolle (DE-588)4047968-7 s 2\p DE-604 Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 s Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 s 3\p DE-604 Scientific Community (DE-588)4255573-5 s Kommunikation (DE-588)4031883-7 s 4\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010626177&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Nentwich, Michael Cyberscience research in the age of the internet Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Elektronisches Publizieren (DE-588)4014363-6 gnd Internet (DE-588)4308416-3 gnd Scientific Community (DE-588)4255573-5 gnd Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd Information Retrieval (DE-588)4072803-1 gnd Informationstechnik (DE-588)4026926-7 gnd Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 gnd Neue Medien (DE-588)4196910-8 gnd Qualitätskontrolle (DE-588)4047968-7 gnd Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 gnd Kommunikation (DE-588)4031883-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4017894-8 (DE-588)4014363-6 (DE-588)4308416-3 (DE-588)4255573-5 (DE-588)4196864-5 (DE-588)4072803-1 (DE-588)4026926-7 (DE-588)4066562-8 (DE-588)4196910-8 (DE-588)4047968-7 (DE-588)4066567-7 (DE-588)4031883-7 (DE-588)4005227-8 |
| title | Cyberscience research in the age of the internet |
| title_auth | Cyberscience research in the age of the internet |
| title_exact_search | Cyberscience research in the age of the internet |
| title_full | Cyberscience research in the age of the internet Michael Nentwich |
| title_fullStr | Cyberscience research in the age of the internet Michael Nentwich |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cyberscience research in the age of the internet Michael Nentwich |
| title_short | Cyberscience |
| title_sort | cyberscience research in the age of the internet |
| title_sub | research in the age of the internet |
| topic | Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Elektronisches Publizieren (DE-588)4014363-6 gnd Internet (DE-588)4308416-3 gnd Scientific Community (DE-588)4255573-5 gnd Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd Information Retrieval (DE-588)4072803-1 gnd Informationstechnik (DE-588)4026926-7 gnd Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 gnd Neue Medien (DE-588)4196910-8 gnd Qualitätskontrolle (DE-588)4047968-7 gnd Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 gnd Kommunikation (DE-588)4031883-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Forschung Elektronisches Publizieren Internet Scientific Community Anwendung Information Retrieval Informationstechnik Wissenschaft Neue Medien Qualitätskontrolle Wissenschaftler Kommunikation Umfrage |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010626177&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nentwichmichael cyberscienceresearchintheageoftheinternet |