Policing international trade in endangered species: the CITES treaty and compliance
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Earthscan Publ.
2002
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 346 S. |
| ISBN: | 1853838802 1853838756 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Policing International Trade
in Endangered Species
The CITES Treaty and Compliance
Rosalind Regve
THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF Sustainable Development
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Programme
EAIRITIHSICIAIN
Earthscan Publications Ltd, London
Contents
List of figures, tables and boxes xii
Foreword by Peter Sand xiv
About the author xv
Acknowledgments jrvi
Acronyms and abbreviations xvii
Parti
Setting the scene
1 Introduction 5
Rationale and structure of the book 5
Disappearing wildlife 7
Biodiversity crisis 7
Threats 8
Nature and role of international trade 8
Protection versus sustainable use 14
2 Overview of compliance control 16
Definitions and distinctions 16
Elements of a compliance system: the necessary tools 19
Management versus enforcement 22
Part II
CITES compliance system: primary rules and information
3 Primary rules 27
Origin and objectives - 27
Principles and trade provisions 29
CITES Appendices: definitions and trade controls 29
Amending Appendices I and II 31
Tracking shipments: permits, certificates and marking systems 32
Trade with non-parties 34
Exemptions, special provisions and export quotas 35
International institutions 37
Conference of the Parties 38
Functions and structure 38
vi , Contents
COP recommendations: resolutions and decisions 40
Secret ballots 42
Secretariat and partner NGOs 43
Standing Committee 47
Technical committees 49
National measures 52
Funding
t y 54
CITES Trust Fund 54
External funding 55
Strategic Vision through 2005 60
4 Information system 62
National reporting 62
Information from NGOs 68
Information on infracgions/illegal trade and wildlife crime 69
Reports on alleged infractions 70
TIGERS 72
CITES Alerts 72
Loss of public access to information 73
On-site verification through ad hoc missions 75
Information management strategy 76
Elephants and ivory: a special case 77
Verification of the 1999 ivory auctions 77
ETIS and MIKE 81
£775 81
MIKE 83
Rationale 87
Part HI
CITES compliance system: non-compliance response
5 Problem countries 91
Introduction 91
Procedure for parties experiencing major implementation problems 91
Country case studies 95
Bolivia and Paraguay 95
Japan 100
United Arab Emirates 103
Thailand 110
European Union 112
Contents vii
Italy 120
Greece 123
Indonesia 125
Democratic Republic of Congo 127
Non-parties 129
Singapore 129
Macau 131
El Salvador 131
Equatorial Guinea 132
Grenada 132
6 Problem issues 134
National legislation project 134
1992-1994 134
1994-1997 135
1997-2000 136
2000-2002 139
Balancing carrot and stick 147
Non-submission of annual reports 147
Non-designation of Scientific Authorities 152
Non-payment of dues to the Trust Fund 154
Debate on non-compliance response measures 156
7 Significant Trade Review 159
1981-1989: first review of fauna 159
1990-1992: second review of fauna 162
1992-2000: introduction of continuing review and non-compliance
response 162
2000-2002: inclusion of plants : 166
New models shaping the review 173
Sturgeon: the caviar story 173
Madagascar: the first country-based review 178
Is the Review effective? - 181
Proposed revision of the mechanism 181
Suggestions for improving the mechanism 184
Linking national reporting with the Review 184
Incorporating illegal trade 185
Verification 185
Transparency, public comment and peer Review 186
viii Contents
Incorporating the precautionary principle 187
A review of the Review 187
8 High-profile Appendix I species 189
Rhinos 189
Tigers 200
9 Enforcement, technical assistance and capacity-building 206
National enforcement 206
A snapshot of capacity in 15 countries 206
Cambodia 206
Canada 208
China 208
India 209
Indonesia^ 210
Japan j 211
Malaysia : 212
Myanmar 212
Nepal 212
The Netherlands 214
Russian Federation 214
South Africa 214
United Kingdom 216
United States 218
Vietnam 220
Specialized wildlife law enforcement units 220
International enforcement 221
Enforcement assistance from the Secretariat 221
Tiger Enforcement Task Force 223
Failure to establish a permanent enforcement group 225
International cooperation 227
World Customs Organization and Interpol 227
UN Environment Programme 230
INECE 231
Regional cooperation 232
Africa: The Lusaka Agreement Task Force 232
North America: NAWEG 237
Technical assistance 237
Early recognition 237
Contents ix
Identification manual 238
Assistance with national reporting and drafting legislation 238
Capacity-building 239
Training seminars and Secretariat missions 239
Legal capacity-building programme 240
Information management and assistance to Scientific Authorities 241
Part IV
Weaknesses, lessons and potential conflict
10 Weaknesses in the CITES compliance system 245
National implementation 245
Legislation 246
National institutions 247
Reporting on trade and infractions, and verification 248
Enforcement 249
Achilles heel of CITES 249
Bias towards science and management 252
Funding priorities 252
Exclusion of enforcement expertise 253
Cooperation and coordination 254
Judicial awareness and non-deterrent penalties 255
International institutions 257
The Secretariat: a chequered history 258
The Standing Committee 266
The missing leg: a Compliance Committee 268
Funding mechanism 272
11 Learning from other compliance systems 277
Reporting and verification in other MEAs 277
Montreal Protocol 277
Ramsar Convention 279
Climate Change Convention and Kyoto Protocol 280
Non-compliance response in other MEAs 283
Montreal Protocol 284
LRTAP Convention 287
Kyoto Protocol 288
International Labour Organization 292
National reporting and regular review 292
Ad hoc non-compliance procedures 293
x Contents
Representation procedure 293 •
Complaints procedure 294
Freedom of association procedure 294
Effectiveness of the ILO compliance system 295
North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation 295
12 Relationship with the WTO 298
Interface between the multilateral trading system and the
environment 298
MEAs and the multilateral trading system 304
Potential conflict with CITES measures 311
Implications for the CITES compliance system 312
PartV
Looking to the future
13 Conclusions and recommendations 319
Primary rule system* 320
Trade provisions 320
International institutions ^ 320
Funding 322
Compliance information system 322
National reporting and review 322
Information on infractions, illegal trade and wildlife crime 323
Non-compliance response system 324
Problem countries 324
Problem issues 325
Significant Trade Review 326
High-profile Appendix I species 328
Enforcement 328
Expansion of non-compliance response measures 330
National CITES action plans 331
A coordinated non-compliance mechanism 331
Relationship with the WTO 332
Closing comment 333
Part VI
Annexes
1 Key dates of CITES meetings 337
Conferences of the Parties 337
Standing Committee meetings 337
Contents xi
2 Interpol ECOMESSAGE 339
3 Countries and species affected by Standing Committee
recommended import suspensions under the Significant Trade
Review as of 9 April 2002 341
4 Preliminary report form 345
|
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| spelling | Reeve, Rosalind Verfasser aut Policing international trade in endangered species the CITES treaty and compliance Rosalind Reeve 1. publ. London Earthscan Publ. 2002 XXI, 346 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen 1973 März 03 (DE-588)4242663-7 gnd rswk-swf Bedreigde soorten gtt Conventie van Washington gtt Espèces en danger - Droit Internationale handel gtt Nakoming gtt Recht Welthandel Endangered species Law and legislation Tierhandel (DE-588)4204561-7 gnd rswk-swf Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 gnd rswk-swf Handelsabkommen (DE-588)4158980-4 gnd rswk-swf Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen 1973 März 03 (DE-588)4242663-7 u Tierhandel (DE-588)4204561-7 s DE-604 Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 s Handelsabkommen (DE-588)4158980-4 s HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010622009&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Reeve, Rosalind Policing international trade in endangered species the CITES treaty and compliance Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen 1973 März 03 (DE-588)4242663-7 gnd Bedreigde soorten gtt Conventie van Washington gtt Espèces en danger - Droit Internationale handel gtt Nakoming gtt Recht Welthandel Endangered species Law and legislation Tierhandel (DE-588)4204561-7 gnd Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 gnd Handelsabkommen (DE-588)4158980-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4242663-7 (DE-588)4204561-7 (DE-588)4112598-8 (DE-588)4158980-4 |
| title | Policing international trade in endangered species the CITES treaty and compliance |
| title_auth | Policing international trade in endangered species the CITES treaty and compliance |
| title_exact_search | Policing international trade in endangered species the CITES treaty and compliance |
| title_full | Policing international trade in endangered species the CITES treaty and compliance Rosalind Reeve |
| title_fullStr | Policing international trade in endangered species the CITES treaty and compliance Rosalind Reeve |
| title_full_unstemmed | Policing international trade in endangered species the CITES treaty and compliance Rosalind Reeve |
| title_short | Policing international trade in endangered species |
| title_sort | policing international trade in endangered species the cites treaty and compliance |
| title_sub | the CITES treaty and compliance |
| topic | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen 1973 März 03 (DE-588)4242663-7 gnd Bedreigde soorten gtt Conventie van Washington gtt Espèces en danger - Droit Internationale handel gtt Nakoming gtt Recht Welthandel Endangered species Law and legislation Tierhandel (DE-588)4204561-7 gnd Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 gnd Handelsabkommen (DE-588)4158980-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen 1973 März 03 Bedreigde soorten Conventie van Washington Espèces en danger - Droit Internationale handel Nakoming Recht Welthandel Endangered species Law and legislation Tierhandel Artenschutz Handelsabkommen |
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