A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Routledge
2002
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge studies in business organizations and networks
20 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 257 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0415267803 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA |c Solomon Karmel and Justin Byron |
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| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Routledge |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 257 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Routledge studies in business organizations and networks |v 20 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Entrepreneurship -- Europe | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Small business -- United States | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804130393190825984 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of figures viii
List of tables xii
List of contributors xv
List of sponsors xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xx
Introduction 1
Focus of inquiry 1
Other subordinate questions and hypotheses 2
Central findings 3
More general findings 13
Central assumptions tested 18
Definitions 20
Outline 24
Notes 25
1 An overview of SMEs in Europe and the USA 26
Theories on comparative advantages of large firms
vs. SMEs 26
Number of SMEs in Europe and the USA 28
Business start ups in Europe and the USA 31
Business failures in Europe and the USA 38
Small business employment in Europe and the USA 42
Economic impact of SMEs 44
Financing of SMEs 45
Conclusions on SME development 46
Notes 49
vi Contents
2 Private equity and venture capital in Europe and the
USA 50
What are the sources of US leadership and what does
leadership imply for SMEs? 51
On US angel and venture capital activity 52
Angel and VC activity in Europe 68
Conclusion: common denominators and differences 83
Notes 88
3 Markets for SME publicly quoted stocks in Europe and
the USA 89
Overview of small cap growing pains in Europe and the
USA 92
SME equity markets in the US and Europe compared 98
Small cap regulatory requirements 112
The Neuer Markt: the next NASDAQ? 115
Further analysis and prospects for small cap exchanges 119
Conclusion: on culture, taxes and cycles 121
Notes 125
4 Institutional policy towards SMEs in Europe and the USA 127
Tax and savings policies: EU and US 128
The United States 135
SME policy in Europe 139
Case study: the EU Commission s structural fund
donations 150
Executives perceptions of government obstacles to
success 158
Conclusions 161
Notes 165
5 SME development and constraints: comparisons within
the EU 167
On SMEs and wealth levels in the EU 169
On SMEs and the size of EU states 175
On SMEs and employment in the EU 179
Homing in on larger SMEs measured by employment and
turnover 180
Opinions of SME representatives on capital and financing 183
Policy trends towards SMEs in the EU: specific cases 184
Notes 189
Contents vii
6 Private equity and venture capital in the European
Union 191
A comparative overview of VC industries 194
Europe s largest markets: the UK, France and Germany
compared 198
Southern Europe compared: Italy, Spain, Greece and
Portugal 206
Markets in northern Europe 210
Other dynamic continental markets 212
Conclusion 215
Notes 216
7 Capital markets in the European Union 218
European exchanges: an overview of a dispersed market 219
Highlights within two countries: the UK and Germany 227
Highlights of other large markets 232
Conclusion 237
Notes 240
Conclusions 242
Glossary 250
Index 254
Figures
1.1 Institutional investor base (1996) (percentage GDP) 3
1.2 Size of institutional investor base (1996) (US $) 4
1.3 Pension fund assets (1996) (percentage GDP) 5
1.4 Increase in size of institutional investor base (1990 6) 6
1.5 Per capita income Europe and the USA (1997) (US $) 8
1.6 Per capita income Europe and the USA (1997) (US $) 8
1.7 Average annual change in GDP (1990 8) 9
1.8 US and EU Internet revenue forecast (1998 2003)
(US ) 10
1.9 Number of companies by major sector Italy vs. Germany,
the UK and France (1995) 12
1.1 Rate of growth in number of SMEs (1993 7) (percentage) 29
1.2 Europe NASE density (1995) (per 000 capita) 31
1.3 Europe SME density (1995) (per 000 capita) 32
1.4 US SME density (1996) (per 000 capita) 32
1.5 European business start up activity (1995) (percentage
stock) 33
1.6 European NASE start up activity (1995) (percentage
stock) 34
1.7 US business start ups by region (1995) ( 000s) 36
1.8 US business start ups by sector (1995) 36
1.9 EU business start ups by sector (1995) 37
1.10 High growth companies in the EU and the USA (1998/9)
(percentage total) 37
1.11 EU combined NASE and SME start ups (1995)
(percentage stock) 39
1.12 European combined NASE and SME failure activity
(1995) (percentage stock) 39
1.13 US business failure activity by region (1995) (per 10,000
businesses) 40
1.14 US business failure activity by sector (1995) (per 10,000
businesses) 41
1.15 US all business failure profile (1995) 41
Figures ix
1.16 EU NASE and SME employment by country (1995) 43
1.17 EU share of turnover by country (1995) 45
1.18 Debt equity ratios for German SMEs (1994)
(percentage) 46
2.1 Private equity under management by country (1998) 53
2.2 Capital under management (1979 99) (US ) 54
2.3 US accumulated capital commitments by type (1979 99)
(percentage) 55
2.4 US capital commitments by type (1999) (percentage) 56
2.5 Distribution of firms by capital managed (1999)
(US ) 57
2.6 Capital under management by major state (1999)
(US ) 58
2.7 Northern California venture capital investments (1996 9)
(US ) 59
2.8 Companies funded in Northern California by year
(1995 9) 60
2.9 Capital commitments by location (1999) (percentage) 60
2.10 Investments by region (1980 99) (percentage) 61
2.11 Investments by stage (1990 8) (percentage) 62
2.12 Investments by stage (1999) (US ) 63
2.13 Investments by sector (1999) (US ) 63
2.14 European new funds raised (1989 99) (€ billion) 69
2.15 New funds raised by country (1999) (€ billion) 69
2.16 Private equity raised by type of investor (1999)
(percentage) 70
2.17 Geographic origin of new funds raised (1998 9)
(€ billion) 71
2.18 Change in source of new funds raised (1995 9) (€ billion) 71
2.19 European investments by stage (1995 9) (percentage) 72
2.20 UK investments by stage (1999) (percentage) 73
2.21 Growth in amount invested (1995 9) (percentage) 73
2.22 Investment by country (1998 9) (€ billion) 75
2.23 Syndication of investments (1995 9) (€ billion) 76
2.24 Divestments (1995 9) (€ billion) 81
2.25 European investment portfolio (December 1999)
(€ million log scale) 82
2.26 Private equity under management per capita (1999) (€) 82
3.1 Percentage of exchanges with a separate SMB market
(1999) 91
3.2 Gross annual return by asset (1926 95) 93
3.3 NASDAQ Composite and Russell 2000 indices (1990 2000) 94
3.4 NASDAQ Composite and Russell 2000 indices (1990 2000) 95
3.5 S P 500 core growth shares (1996 9) 95
3.6 US exchange IPO activity (1990 2000) 96
x Figures
3.7 London Stock Exchange delistings (1997 9) 98
3.8 NASDAQ market makers (2000) 100
3.9 NASDAQ IPOs (1990 2000) 100
3.10 NASDAQ IPOs number and average offering value
(1990 2000) 101
3.11 Average company market capitalisation (December
2000) (€ million) 106
3.12 Turnover ratio (2000) 106
3.13 NASDAQ research analyst coverage (April 1999) 113
3.14 How people save in the largest economies (1996) 120
3.15 European stock exchange turnover (1999) (US ) 121
3.16 US/European corporate bond issues by classification
(1998) 122
4.1 Total tax receipts as a proportion of GDP (1996)
(percentage) 129
4.2 Origins of the tax burden (1990 6) (EU) 129
4.3 Tax rates in OECD (1970 96) 131
4.4 Effective vs. headline tax rates (1990 6) (EU) 133
4.5 EU corporate tax rates (1999) 133
4.6 Shareholder capital gains taxes in Europe (1999) 134
4.7 EU structural fund assistance (1994 9) (€ million) 151
4.8 European structural fund assistance (1994 9) (€ million) 155
4.9 Government obstacles to SMEs quantified (1997) 159
4.10 SME executives perceived tax regulatory and payment
burdens(1997) 159
4.11 SME executives perceived government burden of
labour regulations (1997) 160
4.12 Satisfaction levels of European SMEs and LSEs (1997) 161
5.1 €17.1 trillion EU enterprise turnover by size of
enterprise (1995) 170
5.2 EU 15 average turnover by enterprise size (1995) (€ 000s) 171
5.3 Number of SMEs in the EU (1995) ( 000s) 172
5.4 All SME gross value added (€ billion) 173
5.5 Relative labour productivity (1996) (percentage) 174
5.6 Residents per NASE and SME 10 largest EU countries
(1995) 175
5.7 SMEs (excluding NASE) per 000 capita (1995) 176
5.8 Inter relationship of key SME indicators by country
(1995) 178
5.9 Average employment base of all sized non primary
private enterprises (1995) 180
5.10 Average SME turnover by country (1995) (€ million) 181
5.11 Number of small enterprises (10 49 employees) by
country (1995) ( 000s) 182
5.12 Total medium sized enterprises (1995) ( 000s) 183
Figures xi
5.13 Short term constraints on business expansion, percentage
by class size (1996) 184
5.14 Long term constraints on business expansion, percentage
by size (1996) 185
5.15 Number of procedures for company registration (1996) 188
6.1 SME turnover (1995) and new VC funds in the EU (1999) 193
6.2 New funds raised and investments (1989 98) (€ billion) 194
6.3 Stage distribution by percentage of private investment
(1998) 196
6.4 Penetration of buy outs in Europe (1997) (buy out activity
as percentage GDP) 196
6.5 Number of buy outs by country in Europe, excluding the
UK (1997) 197
6.6 Private equity raised by investor type (1999) 197
6.7 Percentage of VC money by investment type Germany,
the UK and France compared (1999) 198
6.8 VC funding by stage (excluding buy outs) (1999)
(€ million Germany, France and the UK) 199
6.9 Location of VC firms in Germany (1998) 201
6.10 Number and total value of £ 10m + buy outs (1994 2000) 204
6.11 French private equity commitments by source (1999) 205
6.12 Stage distribution of Italian VC investments (1999) 207
6.13 Divestment of Italian VC investments by type (1999) 207
6.14 VC investments by type of investor (1999) 209
6.15 Private equity raised by investor type (1998) 215
7.1 European and US small cap stock performance
compared (5 years to March 2001) 218
7.2 Market small cap index performance in European
countries, the US and Japan (December 1997 March 2001) 219
7.3 European market caps in January 2000 (€ billion) 220
7.4 German small cap performance vs. Europe and the US
(1996 2001) 230
7.5 Spread of share ownership in Germany (1999) (percentage) 231
7.6 Growth segment for high tech companies in the Neuer
Markt (1998) 232
7.7 Spanish small cap performance (1996 2001) 233
7.8 Dutch small cap performance (1996 2001) 234
7.9 EASDAQ composition by country (IPOs to March 2001) 236
7.10 NASDAQ Europe market performance
(March 2000 March 2001) 236
Tables
I.I Productivity comparisons (1997) (the UK, France,
Germany and the US) 15
1.1 Non agricultural self employment (NASE) (1993 7)
(million) 28
1.2 NASE as a proportion of total enterprises (1993 7)
(percentage) 28
1.3 Total SME numbers (1993 7) (million) 29
1.4 SME density (1993 7) (SMEs/thousands) 30
1.5 NASE and SMEs in Europe by country (1995) 30
1.6 European start ups (1995) 33
1.7 US business start ups by sector (1995) 35
1.8 EU NASE employment by country (1995) 42
1.9 EU SME employment by country (1995) 43
1.10 SME employment by sector (1995) (thousands and SME
percentage of total employment) 44
1.11 Sales/receipts by region (1995) 44
1.12 SME debt equity ratios for Germany and the USA (1994)
(percentage) 47
2.1 Private equity under management by region (1998 9) 51
2.2 Definition of venture backed firms 53
2.3 Capital under management by US venture funds (1980 99) 56
2.4 Capital under management by firm type (US )
(1980 99) 58
2.5 Venture capital disbursements (1980 99) (first/follow on
US ) 62
2.6 IT related investments by stage (1999) 64
2.7 Medical, health and life science related investments by
stage (1999) 64
2.8 High tech related investments by subsector (1999)
(US ) 65
2.9 US venture backed IPOs (1995 9) 65
2.10 Best and worst performing IPOs in the US (2000) 66
2.11 Venture economics PEPI returns (12/99) (percentage) 67
Tables xiii
2.12 Number of European investments (1999) 74
2.13 Average deal size (1998 9) (€ million) 75
2.14 Investments by investor type (1997) 76
2.15 Investments by sector (1999) 77
2.16 Average size of European high tech investment (1995 9) 78
2.17 European high technology clusters (1999) 79
2.18 Investment by company size (1999) 80
3.1 NASDAQ key statistics (1995 2000) 99
3.2 US intermarket trading system exchanges (2000) 102
3.3 Feature comparison of OTC board and electronic
exchange (2000) 103
3.4 European SMB market key statistics (2000) (€ million) 105
3.5 SME capital markets (February 2001) 107
3.6 Euro NM alliance members (December 2000) 110
3.7 European small cap alliance developments (February 2001) 112
3.8 Key statistics for the Neuer Markt (to December 2000)
(€ million) 118
4.1 US capital gains tax rates (1999) 134
4.2 SBA loans and loan guarantees (1999) 138
4.3 SME loans and loan guarantees (1999) 146
4.4 Other special financial support programmes 147 8
4.5 Information technology related special financial support
programmes 149
4.6 SME driven financing schemes 149
4.7 EU structural fund assistance (1994 9) (€ million) 154
5.1 Correlations in the EU (1995) 178
5.2 Size class structure of non primary private enterprise by
country (1996) 179
5.3 Medium enterprises proportion: EU four leading countries
(1995) (percentage) 182
6.1 EU statistical correlations on new funds raised (1995) 192
6.2 VC portfolios at cost (1999) (€ million) 195
6.3 Location of VCs in the UK (1999) (number) 202
6.4 Major UK management buy outs (1998) 203
6.5 Top UK private equity investors by deals (1996 8) 203
6.6 Top UK private equity investors by value (1996 8) 203
6.7 Divestment of Italian VC investments by type (1999) 208
6.8 Belgian private equity raised by source (1998) 214
6.9 Belgian expected allocation of funds raised (1998) 214
6.10 Geographical breakdown of Belgian VC commitments
(1998) 215
7.1 European stock exchanges (2000) 221
7.2 European capital markets by focus and exchange (2000) 222
7.3 Trading mechanisms for small cap markets in the EU and
the US (1999) 224
xiv Tables
7.4 Pan European exchanges (2001) 225
7.5 Transnational European exchange alliances (2000) 225
7.6 Comparisons of large and small cap indices (1999) 228
7.7 Fund manager criteria for judging small caps in the UK
(2001) 228
7.8 New issues: the LSE (1994 8) 229
|
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| dewey-sort | 3338.642094 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europa USA Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa USA |
| id | DE-604.BV017647526 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:20:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0415267803 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2001048328 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010613457 |
| oclc_num | 59478615 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-521 |
| physical | XVIII, 257 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Routledge studies in business organizations and networks |
| series2 | Routledge studies in business organizations and networks |
| spelling | Karmel, Solomon Mark Verfasser aut A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA Solomon Karmel and Justin Byron 1. publ. London [u.a.] Routledge 2002 XVIII, 257 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in business organizations and networks 20 Includes bibliographical references and index Kleinbedrijf gtt Ondernemerschap gtt Small business -- Europe Entrepreneurship -- Europe Small business -- United States Entrepreneurship -- United States Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 gnd rswk-swf Europa USA Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 s USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g DE-604 Bryon, Justin Verfasser aut Routledge studies in business organizations and networks 20 (DE-604)BV023554823 20 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010613457&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Karmel, Solomon Mark Bryon, Justin A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA Routledge studies in business organizations and networks Kleinbedrijf gtt Ondernemerschap gtt Small business -- Europe Entrepreneurship -- Europe Small business -- United States Entrepreneurship -- United States Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4031031-0 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA |
| title_auth | A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA |
| title_exact_search | A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA |
| title_full | A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA Solomon Karmel and Justin Byron |
| title_fullStr | A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA Solomon Karmel and Justin Byron |
| title_full_unstemmed | A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA Solomon Karmel and Justin Byron |
| title_short | A comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in Europe and in the USA |
| title_sort | a comparison of small and medium sized enterprises in europe and in the usa |
| topic | Kleinbedrijf gtt Ondernemerschap gtt Small business -- Europe Entrepreneurship -- Europe Small business -- United States Entrepreneurship -- United States Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kleinbedrijf Ondernemerschap Small business -- Europe Entrepreneurship -- Europe Small business -- United States Entrepreneurship -- United States Klein- und Mittelbetrieb Europa USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010613457&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023554823 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT karmelsolomonmark acomparisonofsmallandmediumsizedenterprisesineuropeandintheusa AT bryonjustin acomparisonofsmallandmediumsizedenterprisesineuropeandintheusa |