Plastics flammability handbook: principles, regulations, testing, and approval
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English German |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Munich
Hanser [u.a.]
2004
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 2. ed. u.d.T.: International plastics flammability handbook |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 748 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1569903565 3446213082 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plastics flammability handbook |b principles, regulations, testing, and approval |c ed. by Jürgen Troitzsch |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Hanser [u.a.] |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 748 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a 2. ed. u.d.T.: International plastics flammability handbook | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics |x Flammability |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804130349512392704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Plastics flammability handbook
Autor: Troitzsch, Jürgen
Jahr: 2004
Contents
Contributors List V
Preface to the Third Edition IX
How to use this book XI
Structure XI
References XI
Illustrations and tables XII
I Fundamentals 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Historical Review 3
1.2 The Present Situation 4
2 The Market Situation 8
2.1 Plastics 8
2.2 Flame Retardants 13
2.2.1 Flame Retardants Market in the United States of America 14
2.2.2 Flame Retardants Market in Western Europe 17
2.2.3 Flame Retardants Market in Japan 21
2.3 Overview of the Flame Retardants Industry 24
2.3.1 Flame Retardants Industry in the United States of America 24
2.3.2 Flame Retardants Industry in Western Europe 27
2.3.3 Flame Retardants Industry in Japan 29
3 The Burning Process and Enclosure Fires 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 General Description of the Process of Combustion 34
3.2.1 A Burning Candle 34
3.2.2 Other Solid Fuels 35
3.3 General Description of Fire Growth in an Enclosure 36
3.4 Factors Influencing the Fire Development in an Enclosure 38
3.5 Engineering Models for Enclosure Fires 41
3.5.1 Energy Evolved and Species Generated 44
3.5.2 Fire-Induced Environment 44
3.5.3 Heat Transfer 45
3.6 Summary 45
4 The Burning of Plastics 47
4.1 The Combustion Process 47
4.1.1 Heating 47
4.1.2 Decomposition 48
4.1.3 Ignition and Smoldering 52
4.1.4 Flame Spread 54
4.1.5 Heat Release Rate 56
4.2 Thermal Properties and Burning Behavior of the Most Important Plastics .. 58
4.2.1 Thermal Properties of Thermoplastics 58
4.2.1.1 Scope 59
4.2.1.2 Techniques to Study the Thermal Degradation of
Thermoplastics 60
4.2.1.3 Thermal Degradation Pathways 61
4.2.1.4 Concluding Comments 73
4.2.2 Thermal Properties of Foam Plastics 76
4.2.2.1 PS Foam 77
4.2.2.2 PVC Foams 78
4.2.2.3 Polyurethane Foams 78
4.2.2.4 Phenolic Foams 82
4.2.2.5 Urea Foams 83
4.2.3 Thermal Degradation of Thermosetting Polymers 83
4.2.3.1 Phenolic Resins 83
4.2.3.2 Unsaturated Polyesters 86
4.2.3.3 Epoxy Resins 87
4.2.3.4 Amino Resins 90
4.2.3.5 Curable Polyimides 92
4.2.4 High Temperature Resistant Plastics 99
4.2.4.1 Organic Polymers 99
4.2.4.2 Inorganic Polymers 105
4.2.5 Geopolymers 107
4.2.6 Thermal Properties of Elastomers Ill
4.2.6.1 Introduction Ill
4.2.6.2 Vulcanizable Elastomers Ill
4.2.6.3 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs) 126
4.2.6.4 Outlook 130
5 Flame Retardant Plastics 133
5.1 Flame Retardants 133
5.1.1 Mode of Action 133
5.1.1.1 Physical Action 133
5.1.1.2 Chemical Action 134
5.1.2 The Most Important Flame Retardants and Their Mode of Action . 134
5.1.2.1 Flame Retardants Acting Through Gas Phase
Mechanism 134
5.1.2.2 Flame Retardant Polymer Interaction in the Condensed
Phase 136
5.1.2.3 Intumescence Flame Retardants and Char Formation ... 139
5.1.2.4 Flame Retardants Acting Through Physical Effects 145
5.1.2.5 Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants 148
5.1.2.6 Flame Retardants Acting Through Combined
Mechanism 148
5.1.3 Outlook 152
5.2 The Most Important Flame Retardant Plastics 158
5.2.1 Plastics with All-Carbon Backbones 162
5.2.1.1 Polyolefms 162
5.2.1.2 Poly(vinyl chloride) 163
5.2.1.3 Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers 164
5.2.2 Plastics with a Heterogeneous Backbone 165
5.2.2.1 Polyurethane Foam 165
5.2.2.2 Thermosetting Resins 167
5.2.2.3 Engineering Plastics 168
5.2.2.4 Inherently Flame Retardant Polymers 170
6 Textiles 173
6.1 Burning Behavior of Textiles 174
6.1.1 Burning Behavior of Fibers 174
6.1.2 Effect of Fabric and Yarn Structures 175
6.1.3 Particularly Hazardous Textiles 177
6.2 Flammability Testing of Textiles 178
6.3 Flame Retardant Textiles 182
6.3.1 Cellulosics 183
6.3.1.1 Flame Retardant Cottons 184
6.3.1.2 Flame Retardant Viscose 184
6.3.1.3 Flame Retardant Wool and Blends 185
6.3.1.4 Flame Retardant Synthetic Fibers 185
6.4 High Heat and Flame Resistant Synthetic Fibers and Textiles 186
6.5 Intumescent Application to Textiles 186
7 Smoke Development and Suppression 189
7.1 Constitution of Smoke 190
7.1.1 Definition of Smoke 190
7.1.2 Origin of Smoke from Polymers in Fire 190
7.1.3 Smoke Production 192
7.2 Smoke Production from the Most Important Polymers 195
7.3 Smoke Suppressants 197
7.4 Smoke Suppressants in Plastics 198
7.4.1 Smoke Suppressants in PVC 198
7.4.2 Smoke Suppressants in Styrene Polymers 200
7.4.3 Smoke Suppressants in Unsaturated Polyester Resins 201
7.4.4 Smoke Suppressants in Polyurethane Foams 201
7.4.5 Miscellaneous 202
II National and International Fire Protection Regulations and Test Procedures.. 207
8 Methodology of Fire Testing 209
8.1 Fire Safety Objectives 209
8.2 Fire Scenarios 210
8.3 Historical Development of Fire Testing 213
8.4 Terminology 214
8.5 Test Methods 215
8.5.1 Design Requirements 215
8.5.2 Laboratory-Scale Tests 217
8.5.3 Large-/Full-/Real-Scale Tests 218
8.5.4 Correlation of Test Methods 219
9 Regulations and Testing 222
9.1 Sets of Regulations 222
9.2 Overview of the Subject 224
9.3 Test Methods 225
10 Building 227
10.1 Introduction 227
10.1.1 Statutory Regulations 228
10.1.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 228
10.1.3 Official Approval 230
10.1.4 Present Situation and Future Developments 230
10.2 United States of America 231
10.2.1 Statutory Regulations 231
10.2.2 New Developments in Statutory Regulations 232
10.2.2.1 International Building Code (IBC) 232
10.2.2.2 International Residential Code (IRC) 232
10.2.3 Classification and Fire Testing of Building Materials
and Components 233
10.2.3.1 Test Methods Referenced in US Building Codes 233
10.2.3.2 Additional Fire Test Standards 235
10.2.3.3 ASTM D 1929-96 Determining Ignition Temperature
of Plastics 236
10.2.3.4 NFPA 268 (1996) Determining Ignitability of
Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Radiant Heat
Energy Source 237
10.2.3.5 NFPA 259 (1998) Potential Heat of Building
Materials 238
10.2.3.6 ASTM D 2843-99 Density of Smoke from the
Burning or Decomposition of Plastics 238
10.2.3.7 ASTM E 84-00a Surface Burning Characteristics of
Building Materials 239
10.2.3.8 ASTM E 970-98 Critical Radiant Flux of Exposed
Attic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy
Source 241
10.2.3.9 ASTM E 119-00 Fire Tests of Building Construction
and Materials 242
10.2.3.10 FM-4880 (1994) Building Corner Fire Test Procedure .. 243
10.2.3.11 NFPA 285 (1998) Flammability Characteristics of
Exterior Wall Using the Intermediate-Scale, Multistory
Test Apparatus 245
10.2.3.12 ASTM E 108-00 Fire Tests of Roof Coverings 246
10.2.3.13 FM 4450 (1989) Approval Standard for Class I
Insulated Steel Roof Decks 247
10.2.3.14 UL 1256 (2000) Fire Test of Roof Deck
Constructions 248
10.2.3.15 ANSI/DASMA 107-1997 Room Fire Test Standard
for Garage Doors Using Foam Plastic Insulation 249
10.2.3.16 NFPA 252 (1999) Fire Tests of Door Assemblies 250
10.2.3.17 ASTM D 2859-96 [Carpet and Rug, 16 CFR,
Part 1630.4, 1631.4] Ignition Characteristics of
Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials 251
10.2.3.18 ASTM E 648-99 Critical Radiant Flux of Floor
Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy
Source 251
10.2.3.19 NFPA 265 (1995) Fire Tests for Evaluation of Room
Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Coverings ... 252
10.2.3.20 NFPA 701 (1999) Fire Tests for Flame Resistant
Textiles and Films 253
10.2.3.21 ASTM D 635-98 Rate of Burning and/or Extent and
Time of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal Position ... 254
10.2.3.22 UL 1975 (1996) Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used
for Decorative Purposes 255
10.2.4 Official Approval 256
10.2.5 Future Developments 256
10.2.5.1 NFPA 5000 Building Code 256
10.2.5.2 Performance-Based Building Codes 257
10.3 Canada 258
10.3.1 Statutory Regulations 258
10.3.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 258
10.3.2.1 CAN4-S114. Determination of the Noncombustibility
of Building Materials 259
10.3.2.2 CAN/ULC-S102. Test for Surface Burning
Characteristics of Building Materials 260
10.3.2.3 CAN/ULC-S 102.2. Test for Surface Burning
Characteristics of Floor Coverings and Miscellaneous
Materials 260
10.3.2.4 ULC-S102.3. Fire Test for Light Diffusers and Lenses.. 261
10.3.2.5 ULC-S127. Corner Wall Test for Flammability
Characteristics of Nonmelting Building Materials 261
10.3.2.6 NBC Requirements for Interior Finish Materials 262
10.3.2.7 ULC- S109. Flame Tests of Flame Resistant Fabrics
and Films 263
10.3.3 Official Approval 265
10.3.4 Future Developments 265
10.4 European Union 266
10.4.1 The Construction Products Directive 266
10.4.2 The Role of Regulators, Notified Bodies, and Standardization
Bodies 267
10.4.3 The Euroclasses 267
10.4.4 Definitions 270
10.4.5 Classification and Fire Testing of Building Products 271
10.4.5.1 EN 13501 Fire Classification and EN 13238 Standard
Substrates 271
10.4.5.2 EN ISO 1716 Calorific Potential 271
10.4.5.3 EN ISO 1182 Noncombustibility Test 271
10.4.5.4 ISO 9705 Room/Corner Test 272
10.4.5.5 EN 13823 Single Burning Item (SBI) Test 274
10.4.5.6 EN ISO 11925-2 Small-Flame Test 276
10.4.5.7 EN ISO 9239-1 Floor Covering Test 276
10.4.6 Future Developments 277
10.5 Austria 278
10.5.1 Statutory Regulations 278
10.5.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 279
10.5.2.1 Noncombustibility Test to ONORM B 3800 Part 1 280
10.5.2.2 Combustibility Class B1: Low Combustibility
According to the Schlyter Test 281
10.5.2.3 Combustibility Class B2: Moderately Combustible
According to the Small Burner Test 281
10.5.2.4 Combustibility Class B3: Highly Combustible 282
10.5.2.5 ONORM B 3 810. Fire Behavior of Floor Coverings ... 284
10.5.3 Official Approval 285
10.5.4 Future Developments 286
10.6 Belgium 286
10.6.1 Statutory Regulations 286
10.6.1.1 Overview of Authorities 286
10.6.1.2 The Federal Level 287
10.6.1.3 Regions and Communities 288
10.6.1.4 Provinces and Communes 289
10.6.1.5 Belgian Standards 289
10.6.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 289
10.6.3 Official Approval 290
10.6.4 Future Developments 291
10.7 Czech Republic 292
10.7.1 Statutory Regulations 292
10.7.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 292
10.7.2.1 CSN 73 0861. Noncombustibility Test for Building
Materials 293
10.7.2.2 CSN 73 0 862. Determination of Flammability of
Building Materials 293
10.7.3 Official Approval 295
10.7.4 Future Developments 296
10.8 France 297
10.8.1 Statutory Regulations 297
10.8.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 297
10.8.2.1 NF P 92-501. Epiradiateur Test 298
10.8.2.2 NF P 92-503. Electrical Burner Test 299
10.8.2.3 NF P 92-504. Rate of Spread of Flame Test 300
10.8.2.4 NF P 92-505. Dripping Test 301
10.8.2.5 NF P 92-506. Radiant Panel Test for Floor Coverings .. 302
10.8.2.6 NF P 92-510. Determination of Calorific Potential 303
10.8.3 Classification of Building Materials 304
10.8.4 The Use of Synthetic Materials 306
10.8.5 Official Approval 306
10.8.6 Future Developments 308
10.9 Germany 309
10.9.1 Statutory Regulations 309
10.9.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 310
10.9.2.1 DIN 4102-1 Building Materials 311
10.9.3 Official Approval 318
10.9.4 Future Developments 323
10.10 Hungary 324
10.10.1 Statutory Regulations 324
10.10.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 325
10.10.2.1 MSZ 14800-2:1994 Noncombustibility Test 325
10.10.2.2 MSZ 14800-3:1982 and MSZ 14800-4:1984. Testing
Building Materials for Low Combustibility and
Moderate Combustibility 325
10.10.2.3 MSZ 14800-6:1980. Fire Propagation Test for
Facades 326
10.10.2.4 MSZ 14800-8:1994. Test for Burning Dripping of
Plastic Building Materials 328
10.10.3 Official Approval 328
10.10.4 Future Developments 329
10.11 Italy 330
10.11.1 Statutory Regulations 330
10.11.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 330
10.11.2.1 UNI ISO 1182 Noncombustibility Test 331
10.11.2.2 UNI 8456 Small Burner Test (Edge Application of
Flame) 331
10.11.2.3 UNI 8457 Small Burner Test (Surface Application of
Flame) 332
10.11.2.4 UNI 9174 Spread of Flame Test 333
10.11.3 Classification of Building Materials 335
10.11.3.1 UNI 9175 Fire Reaction of Upholstered Furniture
Under Small-Flame Action 336
10.11.3.2 Specimen Preparation Before Testing 337
10.11.4 Official Approval 338
10.11.5 Future Developments 339
10.12 The Netherlands 339
10.12.1 Statutory Regulations 339
10.12.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Products and Components 340
10.12.2.1 Test Methods for Reaction to Fire 340
10.12.2.2 Other Important Fire-Related Test Methods 342
10.12.2.3 Classification 342
10.12.2.4 Requirements 343
10.12.3 Official Approval 344
10.12.4 Future Developments 344
10.13 Nordic Countries 345
10.13.1 Statutory Regulations 345
10.13.2 Nordtest Methods 345
10.13.2.1 NT Fire 001 Noncombustibility Test 346
10.13.2.2 NT Fire 002 Ignitability Test 346
10.13.2.3 NT Fire 004 Heat Release and Smoke Generation
Test 347
10.13.2.4 NT Fire 006 Test for Roofings: Fire Spread 349
10.13.2.5 NT fire 007 Test for Floorings: Fire Spread and Smoke
Generation 350
10.13.2.6 NT Fire 025/ISO 9705:1993 Fire tests - Full Scale
Room Tests for Surface Products 351
10.13.2.7 NT Fire 033/ISO 5657:1997 Fire Tests - Reaction to
Fire - Ignitability of Building Products 351
10.13.2.8 NT Fire 036 Pipe Insulation: Fire Spread and Smoke
Production - Full-Scale Test 351
10.13.3 Equivalents of the Nordtest Methods in the Individual Nordic
Countries 352
10.13.4 Classification of Building Products 352
10.13.4.1 Linings 353
10.13.4.2 Roof Coverings 355
10.13.4.3 Floor Coverings 355
10.13.4.4 Pipe Insulation 356
10.13.4.5 Fabrics Used for Tents 356
10.13.4.6 Tests in Conjunction with Production Control 357
10.13.4.7 Modeling Fire Growth 357
10.13.5 Official Approval 357
10.13.5.1 Denmark 358
10.13.5.2 Finland 359
10.13.5.3 Iceland 359
10.13.5.4 Norway 359
10.13.5.5 Sweden 359
10.13.6 Future Developments 360
10.14 Poland 360
10.14.1 Statutory Regulations 360
10.14.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 363
10.14.2.1 Noncombustibility of Building Products to PN-B-02 862 363
10.14.2.2 Gross Calorific Value by Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter
to ISO 1716 363
10.14.2.3 Fire Performance of Building Materials to PN-B-02 874. 363
10.14.2.4 Flame Propagation of Floorings to PN-B-02854 364
10.14.2.5 Testing of Fire Spread Rate of Building Elements 365
10.14.2.6 Evaluation of Toxicity to PN-88/B-02855 366
10.14.2.7 Smoke Density Testing to PN-89/B-02 856 366
10.14.3 Official Approval 367
10.14.4 Future Developments 367
10.15 Spain 368
10.15.1 Statutory Regulations 368
10.15.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 368
10.15.3 Official Approval 372
10.15.4 Future Developments 373
10.15.4.1 Regulations 373
10.15.4.2 Standardization 373
10.15.4.3 Certification 373
10.16 Slovak Republic 374
10.16.1 Statutory Regulations 374
10.16.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 374
10.16.3 Official Approval 375
10.16.4 Future Developments 375
10.17 Switzerland 376
10.17.1 Statutory Regulations 376
10.17.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire performance of Building
Materials and Components 377
10.17.2.1 Fire behavior 377
10.17.2.2 Smoke Developing Behavior 378
10.17.2.3 Classification 378
10.17.2.4 Application of Combustible Building Materials in
Buildings 378
10.17.3 Official Approval 382
10.17.4 Future Developments 383
10.18 United Kingdom 384
10.18.1 Statutory Regulations 384
10.18.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 384
10.18.2.1 BS 476 Part 4 Noncombustibility test 385
10.18.2.2 BS 476 Part 6 Fire Propagation Test 385
10.18.2.3 BS 476 Part 7 Surface Spread of Flame Test 387
10.18.2.4 BS 476 Part 11 Heat Emission Test 388
10.18.3 Test Methods for Thermoplastics 389
10.18.3.1 BS 2782 Method 508A, Rate of Burning 390
10.18.3.2 BS 5438 Flammability of Textile Fabrics 391
10.18.4 Official Approval 393
10.18.5 Future Developments 394
10.19 Australia 395
10.19.1 Statutory Regulations 395
10.19.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 395
10.19.2.1 AS 1530.1 Combustibility Test for Materials 396
10.19.2.2 AS 1530.2 Test for Flammability of Materials 396
10.19.2.3 AS/NZS 1530.3 Simultaneous determination of
ignitability, flame propagation, heat release, and smoke
release (known as the Early Fire Hazard Test) 398
10.19.3 Official Approval 401
10.19.4 Future Fevelopments 402
10.20 New Zealand 403
10.20.1 Statutory Regulations 403
10.20.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 404
10.20.3 Official Approval 404
10.20.4 Future Developments 405
10.21 People s Republic of China 405
10.21.1 Statutory Regulations 405
10.21.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 405
10.21.3 Generally Used Tests and Classifications for Building
Materials 407
10.21.3.1 GB/T 5 464-1999 Noncombustibility of Building
Materials 407
10.21.3.2 GB/T 8625-88 Low flammability of Building
Materials 407
10.21.3.3 GB/T 8626-88 Moderate Flammability of Building
Materials 407
10.21.3.4 GB/T 8627-88 Smoke Density of Building
Materials 408
10.21.4 Specific Tests Used for Plastics, Textiles, and Floor Coverings
and Further Tests to Determine Noncombustibility and Smoke
Toxicity of Building Materials 408
10.21.4.1 GB/T 2406-88 Flammability of Pipe Insulation 409
10.21.4.2 GB/T 2408-1996 Flammability of Plastic Conduit
Pipes 409
10.21.4.3 GB/T 5454-1997 Flammability of Textiles by the
Oxygen Index Test 410
10.21.4.4 GB/T 5455-1997 Flammability of Textiles by Using
a Vertical Bunsen Burner Test 410
10.21.4.5 GB/T 8332-87 Flammability of Cellular Plastics -
Horizontal Burning 411
10.21.4.6 GB/T 8333-87 Flammability of Cellular Plastics -
Vertical Burning 411
10.21.4.7 GB/T 11785-89 Critical Radiant Flux of Floor
Coverings 411
10.21.4.8 GB/T 14402-93 Calorific Potential of Building
Materials 412
10.21.4.9 GB/T 14403-93 Heat Emission of Building Materials .. 412
10.21.4.10GA 132-1996 Smoke Toxicity of Fire Effluents 412
10.21.4.11 Special Requirements for Composite Materials and
Surface Coatings 413
10.21.5 Official Approval 413
10.21.6 Future Developments 413
10.22 Japan 414
10.22.1 Statutory Regulations 414
10.22.2 Classification and Testing of the Fire Performance of Building
Materials and Components 414
10.22.3 Official Approval 417
10.22.3.1 Approval for the Reaction-to-Fire of Building
Materials 417
10.22.3.2 Approval for Fire Resistance 417
10.22.4 Future Developments 417
10.23 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 418
10.23.1 Introduction 418
10.23.2 ISO/TC 92 Fire Related Activities 419
10.23.2.1 TC 92/ SCI Fire Initiation and Growth 421
10.23.2.2 The Present Package of Standards and Technical
Reports from ISO TC 92/SC1 421
10.23.3 Future Developments 432
11 Transportation 433
11.1 Motor Vehicles 433
11.1.1 Statutory Regulations 433
11.1.2 Technical Fire Protection Requirements and Tests 434
11.1.2.1 Materials and Components for Use in Car Interiors .... 435
11.1.2.2 Buses and Coaches 436
11.1.2.3 Bodywork 437
11.1.2.4 Fuel Tanks 438
11.1.2.5 Plastic Windows 440
11.1.3 Future Developments 441
11.2 Rail Vehicles 442
11.2.1 Statutory Regulations 443
11.2.2 Fire Protection Requirements, Classification and Tests on
Railway Vehicles in Selected Countries 443
11.2.2.1 Germany 443
11.2.2.2 Great Britain 448
11.2.2.3 France 450
11.2.2.4 Other European Countries 452
11.2.2.5 United States of America 452
11.2.3 UIC Regulations 453
11.2.4 Future Developments 454
11.3 Aircraft 457
11.3.1 Statutory Regulations 458
11.3.2 Technical Fire Protection Requirements and Tests 458
11.3.2.1 Bunsen Burner-Type Tests 459
11.3.2.2 Fire Behavior and Smoke Tests 463
11.3.2.3 Technical Fire Requirements in the Conditions of
Delivery of the Aviation Industry - Additional
Requirements Relating to Smoke Density and Toxicity
of Combustion Products 468
11.3.3 Future developments 470
11.4 Ships 471
11.4.1 Statistics of Fire on Board Passenger Ships 471
11.4.2 SOLAS Chapter II-2: International Regulations for Fire Safety of
Ships 472
11.4.2.1 Existing SOLAS Fire Safety Regulations and Revision
Activities 472
11.4.2.2 Structure of New Chapter II-2 of SOLAS 473
11.4.3 Fire Test Procedures Code (FTP code) 476
11.4.4 Other Test Methods for High-Speed Craft 485
12 Electrical Engineering 487
12.1 International Fire Regulations and Standards (IEC) 488
12.1.1 Objectives and organization 488
12.1.2 Fire Hazard Testing, IEC/TC 89 489
12.1.2.1 Fire Hazard Assessment 490
12.1.2.2 Fire Statistics 494
12.1.2.3 Fire Hazard Assessment Tests for Electrotechnical
Products 497
12.1.2.4 Combustion Characteristic Tests for Preselection of
Materials, IEC 60695-1-30 (Under Revision) 510
12.1.2.5 Side Effects of a Fire 519
12.1.2.6 Fire Safety Engineering 530
12.1.3 International Certification 531
12.2 Fire Regulations in North America (UL, CSA) 531
12.2.1 Test and Approval Procedures of the Underwriters Laboratories .. 531
12.2.1.1 UL 94. Flammability tests 532
12.2.1.2 Fire Regulations in other UL Standards 538
12.2.2 CSA Test and Approval Procedures 544
12.3 Fire Regulations and Standards in Europe 545
12.3.1 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
(CENELEC) 545
12.3.2 Electrotechnical Products and EU Directives 546
12.3.3 Approval Procedures in Europe 548
12.4 Fire Regulations and Standards in Asia 549
12.5 Fire Hazard Assessment on Cables 551
12.5.1 Small-Scale Testing 551
12.5.2 Large-Scale Testing 555
12.5.3 Side Effects of Cable Fires 563
12.5.4 Fire Resisting Characteristics of Cables 564
12.5.5 Fire Hazard Assessment on Railway Rolling Stock Cables 567
12.5.6 Future Developments in Cable Testing 567
12.6 Other Fire Safety Test Methods 569
12.6.1 Fire Hazard Testing of Cable Management Systems 569
12.6.2 Fire Hazard Testing of Office and Consumer Equipment 569
12.6.2.1 Office equipment 569
12.6.2.2 Consumer Equipment 572
12.6.2.3 Household Appliances 572
12.7 Future Developments 573
13 Furniture and Furnishings 580
13.1 Introduction 580
13.2 Fire Behavior of Upholstered Furniture 584
13.3 Regulations and Test Methods 585
13.3.1 EC Draft Directive and European Tests 585
13.3.2 Tests and Test Development 586
13.3.3 UK Regulations and Tests for Furniture Suitable for Domestic
Use 587
13.3.3.1 Fillings 588
13.3.3.2 Covers and Interliners 589
13.3.3.3 Composites 589
13.3.4 UK Regulations and Tests for Furniture Used in Public Areas 589
13.3.5 ISO Ignition Tests 590
13.3.6 US Regulations and Tests 590
13.3.6.1 Regulatory Test Methods for Mattresses 591
13.3.6.2 Voluntary UFAC Standard Test for Seating 591
13.3.6.3 California Tests 593
13.4 Fire Growth Rate, Heat Release Rate, Smoke Production Rate and
Toxicity Tests 598
13.4.1 The Furniture Calorimeter 599
13.4.2 Furniture Fire Models 600
13.5 Future Developments 602
HI Fire Effluents 609
14 Preliminary Remarks 611
15 Smoke Development of Fire Effluents 612
15.1 Introduction 612
15.2 Fundamental Principles of Smoke Measurement 612
15.2.1 Optical Methods 613
15.2.1.1 Static Methods 616
15.2.1.2 Dynamic Methods 617
15.2.2 Mechanical Methods 617
15.2.3 Electrical Methods 617
15.3 Test Apparatus and Test Procedures in Practical Applications 618
15.3.1 Validity and Differences of Individual Methods 618
15.3.2 Tests Based on Static Methods 619
15.3.2.1 NBS Smoke Chamber Determination of Specific
Optical Density 619
15.3.2.2 XP2 Smoke Density Chamber 621
15.3.2.3 Three Meter Cube Smoke Chamber 622
15.3.2.4 ISO Dual Chamber Box 623
15.3.3 Tests Based on Dynamic Methods 624
15.3.3.1 DIN 4102-15 Brandschacht 624
15.3.3.2 ISO 5660-2 Cone Calorimeter 624
15.3.3.3 DIN 5510-2 Using DB Brandschacht 624
15.3.3.4 ASTM E 84 Steiner Tunnel 625
15.3.3.5 Smoke Generation According to ISO/TR 5659-3 625
15.3.3.6 Single Burning Item Test 626
15.4 Future Developments 626
16 Toxicity of Fire Effluents 628
16.1 Introduction 628
16.2 Toxic Principles of Toxic Agents from Smoke 630
16.2.1 Selection of Test Species for Bioassays 630
16.2.2 Dose-Response and Time-Response Relationships 632
16.2.3 Species Differences and Uncertainty Factors 635
16.3 Endpoints in Acute Toxic Potency Tests of Combustion Products 635
16.3.1 Selection of Endpoints 637
16.3.2 Assessment of Toxic Effects from Irritancy 637
16.3.3 Toxic Species in Blood 639
16.4 Life-Threatening Responses to Toxic Agents from Fires 640
16.4.1 Acute Responses to Toxic Agents 641
16.4.2 Chronic Toxicity and Environmental Exposure of Persistent
Agents from Smoke 642
16.5 Principles of Acute Combustion Toxicity Tests 642
16.5.1 Exposure Systems 642
16.5.2 DIN 53 436 Tube Furnace and Nose-Only Exposure of Animals .. 645
16.5.3 Acute Inhalation Toxicity 646
16.5.4 Calculation of the Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) 647
16.6 Prediction of the Actual Lethal Potency of Fire Effluents 648
16.7 Toxic Potency of Materials and Toxic Hazard from Fire Situations 653
16.8 Combustion Toxicology and Clinical Experience 655
16.9 Future Directions 656
17 Corrosivity of Fire Effluents 660
17.1 Introduction 660
17.2 Principles of Corrosion 661
17.3 Methods for Assessing Corrosivity 662
17.4 Clean-up Procedures 664
17.4.1 Methods to Stop Corrosion Attack After a Fire 665
17.4.2 Special Clean-up Procedures 665
17.4.2.1 Electrical and Electronic Equipment 665
17.4.2.2 Industry Machines 666
17.4.2.3 Buildings 666
17.5 Conclusions 669
IV Appendix 671
1 Suppliers of Flame Retardants and Smoke Suppressants 673
2 Abbreviations for Plastics and Additives 678
2.1 Abbreviations for Plastics 678
2.2 Abbreviations for Additives 679
3 Thermal Characteristics of Selected Thermoplastics 680
4 Terminology of Fire Protection 681
4.1 Definitions of terms connected with fire protection 682
4.2 English, German and French terms frequently used in connetion with fire
protection 684
5 International and National Standards Organizations 689
5.1 International Organizations 689
5.2 National Organizations 689
6 Electrotechnical Safety and Standard Organizations 696
7 Abbreviations 707
8 Journals and Books 717
8.1 Journals 717
8.2 Books 717
Author Index 719
Index of Standards 721
Key Word Index 729
|
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| id | DE-604.BV017587331 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:19:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1569903565 3446213082 |
| language | English German |
| lccn | 2003021691 |
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| physical | XXVI, 748 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
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| publisher | Hanser [u.a.] |
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| spelling | Brandverhalten von Kunststoffen Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval ed. by Jürgen Troitzsch 3. ed. Munich Hanser [u.a.] 2004 XXVI, 748 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 2. ed. u.d.T.: International plastics flammability handbook Plastics Flammability Handbooks, manuals, etc Brandverhalten (DE-588)4130914-5 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Brandverhalten (DE-588)4130914-5 s Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s DE-604 Troitzsch, Jürgen Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010581970&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval Plastics Flammability Handbooks, manuals, etc Brandverhalten (DE-588)4130914-5 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4130914-5 (DE-588)4033676-1 |
| title | Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval |
| title_alt | Brandverhalten von Kunststoffen |
| title_auth | Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval |
| title_exact_search | Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval |
| title_full | Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval ed. by Jürgen Troitzsch |
| title_fullStr | Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval ed. by Jürgen Troitzsch |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval ed. by Jürgen Troitzsch |
| title_short | Plastics flammability handbook |
| title_sort | plastics flammability handbook principles regulations testing and approval |
| title_sub | principles, regulations, testing, and approval |
| topic | Plastics Flammability Handbooks, manuals, etc Brandverhalten (DE-588)4130914-5 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Plastics Flammability Handbooks, manuals, etc Brandverhalten Kunststoff |
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