Surveys in social research:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Routledge [u.a.]
2002
|
| Ausgabe: | 5. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Social research today
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 379 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0415268575 0415268583 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Surveys in social research |c David de Vaus |
| 250 | |a 5. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Routledge [u.a.] |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 379 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Social research today | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Enquêtes sociales | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sciences sociales - Recherche - Méthodologie | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Survey-onderzoek |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sozialwissenschaften | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social sciences |x Research |x Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social surveys | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804130307538944000 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Brief contents
Detailed contents vi
Boxes, figures, web pointers and tables xi
Preface xvii
Part I THE SCOPE OF SURVEY RESEARCH
1 The nature of surveys 3
2 Theory and social research 9
3 Formulating and clarifying research questions 22
Part II COLLECTING SURVEY DATA
4 Developing indicators for concepts 43
5 Ethics and data collection 58
6 Finding a sample 69
7 Constructing questionnaires 94
8 Administering questionnaires 122
Part III SETTING UP THE DATA FOR ANALYSIS
9 Coding 147
10 Preparing variables for analysis 163
11 Building scales 180
Part IV ANALYSING SURVEY DATA
12 Overview of analysis 203
13 Univariate analysis 212
14 Bivariate analysis: nominal and ordinal variables 241
15 Bivariate analysis for interval level variables 271
16 Elaborating bivariate relationships 297
17 Multivariate analysis 318
18 Putting it into practice: a research example 339
Glossary 355
Bibliography 367
Index 374
Detailed contents
Boxes, figures, web pointers and tables xi
Preface xvii
Part I THE SCOPE OF SURVEY
RESEARCH 1
1 The nature of surveys 3
What is a survey? 3
Form of data 3
Methods of analysis 4
Quantitative and qualitative research 5
Practice vs ideal types 7
2 Theory and social research 9
The interaction of theory and research 9
The process of theory construction 10
Establishing the meaning of observations 11
Levels of generality 12
Plausibility and the need for theory
testing 12
The process of theory testing 13
Six stages in theory testing 13
Theory construction and testing:
an ongoing process 15
The need for theory and observation 15
Sources of theories 17
Sociological perspectives 17
Other sources 18
The role of descriptive research 18
The centrality of theory 20
3 Formulating and clarifying
research questions 22
Types of research questions 22
Descriptive research 23
Explanation: searching for causes or
consequences 23
Explanation: exploring a simple
idea 24
Explanation: exploring more ;
complex ideas 25
Using the internet to review existing
information and research 25
Scope of the research 30
Particular but exhaustive or general
but partial? 30
Units of analysis 30
Research design 30
Descriptive research 31
Explanatory research 31
The classic experimental design 32
Panel design 33
Quasi panel design 34
Retrospective panel design 34
Retrospective experimental design 35
Cross sectional or correlation design 36
One group post test only design 36
Why bother about design? 37
Refining research questions:
a checklist 37
Part H COLLECTING SURVEY DATA 41
4 Developing indicators for concepts 43
Clarifying the concepts 43
How to clarify concepts 44
Developing indicators 47
How many indicators to use 50
How to develop indicators 50
Evaluating indicators 52
Reliability 52
Validity 53
The problem of meaning 54
Developing indicators: a checklist 55
5 Ethics and data collection 58
Research participants 59
Voluntary participation 59
Informed consent 60
No harm 61
Anonymity and confidentiality 62
Privacy 64
Colleagues, the profession, sponsors
and the public 64
Colleagues and the profession 64
Sponsors 64
The public 65
Data collection ethics checklist 66
6 Finding a sample 69
Some sampling concepts 69
Types of probability samples 71
Simple random sampling (SRS) 71
Systematic sampling 72
Stratified sampling 74
Multistage cluster sampling 75
Internet samples 77
Types of internet surveys 77
Internet samples and
representativeness 79
The use of internet samples 79
Sample size 80
Non response 83
Weighting samples 84
How to weight a sample on a single
characteristic 85
How to weight a sample on two
or more characteristics 85
Secondary analysis 86
Non probability sampling 88
Sampling checklist 90
Detailed contents ¦ VM
7 Constructing questionnaires 94
Selecting areas 94
Question content 95
Direction, extremity and intensity
of attitudes 96
Principles of question design 96
Reliability 96
Validity 96
Discrimination 96
Response rate 97
Same meaning for all respondents 97
Relevance 97
Wording questions 97
Selecting question type 99
Open and closed formats 99
Response formats and level of
measurement 100
Developing question responses 100
Exhaustiveness (or inclusiveness) 100
Exclusiveness 101
Balancing categories 101
Developing response alternatives for
closed choice questions 101
Numerical rating scales 102
Scores 102
Ranking 103
Checklists 104
Binary choice formats 104
Multiple choice formats 105
Non committal responses 105
No opinion and don t know responses 105
Inclusion of the middle alternative 106
Number of response categories 106
Response sets 107
Social desirability 107
Acquiescent response sets 107
Questionnaire layout 108
Answering procedures 108
Contingency questions 108
Instructions 109
Use of space 110
Order of questions 110
Setting up for coding 111
Questionnaire length 112
Telephone questionnaires: additional
considerations 113
Question wording 113
Layout 113
Viii ¦ Detailed contents
Pilot testing: evaluating questions and
questionnaires 114
Three stages of pilot testing questions 114
Pilot testing items 116
Pilot testing questionnaires 116
How to pilot test 117
Questionnaire design checklist 118
8 Administering questionnaires 122
Main methods of administration 122
Face to face interviews 122
Telephone interviews 122
Postal self administered questionnaires 123
Internet surveys 123
Computer assisted questionnaire
administration 125
Four methods compared: strengths and
weaknesses 126
Response rates 127
Obtaining representative samples 128
Survey method effects on
questionnaire design 129
Quality of answers 130
Implementing the survey 130
Multi mode methods of administration 131
Maximising response rates in personal
interviews 132
Ensuring quality in personal interviews 133
Training and supervision 133
Techniques for personal interviewing 133
Smooth implementation of personal
interviews 134
Maximising response rates in postal surveys 134
The cover letter 135
Preparing the envelopes 136
Using incentives 136
Selecting the mail out date 136
Follow ups 136
Undelivered questionnaires 137
Answering respondents questions 137
Smooth implementation of postal
questionnaires 137
Supplies 137
Identification numbers 137
Staffing 138
Maximising response rates in telephone
surveys 138
Locating the respondent 138
Gaining cooperation 138
Ensuring quality in telephone surveys 139
Smooth implementation of telephone
surveys 139
Maximising response rates in internet
surveys 140
Ensuring quality in internet surveys 140
Smooth implementation of internet surveys 141
Questionnaire administration checklist 141
Part III SETTING UP THE DATA
FOR ANALYSIS 145
9 Coding 147
Classifying responses 147
Precoding 148
Postcoding 148
Allocating codes to each variable 148
Multilevel classification schemes 148
Developing a set of codes from the
answers given 151
Multiple answers 151
Coding multiple responses to closed
questions 153
Multiple responses to open questions 154
Coding numerical data 155
Coding missing data 155
Allocating column numbers to each
variable 156
Producing a codebook 158
Checking for coding errors 158
Entering data 159
Issues that complicate coding 160
Coding checklist 160
10 Preparing variables for analysis 163
Changing categories 163
Collapsing categories 164
Approaches to collapsing categories 164
Rearranging categories 166
Reverse coding 167
Creating new variables 169
Conditional transformations 169
Creating new variables with
arithmetic transformations 170
Standardising variables 171
Standardising using z scores 171
Standardising for different
distributions 173
Adjustments with ordinal level
variables 173
The problem of missing data 175
Checking for missing data bias 175
Minimising the effect of missing values 176
Data preparation checklist 177
11 Building scales 180
Why bother building scales? 180
Summated scaling: the logic 181
Likert scales 182
Construct a rough scale 182
Selecting the best items 184
Creating the final scale 186
Factor analysis 186
Selecting variables for analysis 187
Extracting an initial set of factors 188
Extracting the final factors—rotation 190
Factor scores and scales 191
Issues that complicate scaling 192
Interpreting scale scores 192
Equivalence of items 192
Forcing scales to have meaningful
upper and lower limits 193
The problem of missing data 194
Scaling checklist 195
Part IV ANALYSING SURVEY DATA 201
12 Overview of analysis 203
The number of variables 203
Levels of measurement 203
Interval level 204
Ordinal level 204
Nominal level 205
Influencing the level of measurement 205
Which level of measurement to aim for 205
Methods of analysis 206
Descriptive and inferential statistics 206
Descriptive statistics 207
Inferential statistics 208
Ethics and analysis 208
Overview of analysis: a checklist 210
13 Univariate analysis 212
Descriptive statistics 212
Tabular analysis 212
Graphical analysis 215
Distortions with graphs 219
Summary of descriptive statistics 221
Nominal variables 221
Ordinal variables 223
Interval variables 224
Inferential statistics 228
Significance tests for nominal
and ordinal variables 228
Detailed contents ¦ ix
Interval estimates for nominal and
ordinal variables 231
Significance tests for interval variables 233
Interval estimates for interval variables 233
Selecting the appropriate statistic 234
Univariate analysis checklist 237
14 Bivariate analysis: nominal
and ordinal variables 241
Tables 242
The structure of cross tabulations 242
Percentaging a cross tabulation 244
Reading a cross tabulation 245
The character of relationships 245
Presenting cross tabulations 247
When to use tables 247
Graphs 247
Clustered bar chart 250
Stacked bar chart 250
Line graph 252
Boxplots 253
Using summary statistics 254
Chi square based correlations 254
PRE based correlations 256
Interpreting correlation coefficients:
direction 257
Interpreting correlation coefficients:
strength 258
Correlation coefficients when both
variables are nominal 258
Statistics when both variables are
ordinal 258
Statistics for two ordinal variables
with many categories 259
Statistics for mixed levels of measurement 259
Correlation coefficients for
non linear relationships 260
Weaker than expected relationships 262
Inferential statistics 262
Significance tests 263
Interval estimates 266
Bivariate analysis for nominal and
ordinal variables checklist 266
15 Bivariate analysis for interval level
variables 271
Interval level dependent variables with
categorical independent variables 271
Tabular analysis 272
Graphical 273
Summary statistics: descriptive analysis 275
X U Detailed contents
Summary statistics: inferential analysis 276
Comparing means 276
Didiotomous independent variable 276
Independent variables with three or
more categories 277
Significance of eta 278
Two interval level variables 279
Graphs 279
Summary statistics: Pearson s
correlation 280
Regression analysis 280
Regression coefficients 282
Regression with non interval
variables: didiotomous variables 285
The difference between correlation
and regression 286
When can regression be used? 286
Summary statistics: inference 287
Rank order correlation 289
Correlation matrices 290
Checklist for bivariate analysis of
interval variables 291
16 Elaborating bivariate relationships 297
The logic of statistical controls 297
Experimental controls 297
Cross sectional designs and statistical
controls 298
Multiple statistical controls 299
The purpose of elaboration 299
Types of relationship between three
variables 300
Steps in elaboration analysis 302
Elaboration using summary statistics:
partial correlation 302
Interpreting partial correlation
statistics 302
Using tables for elaboration analysis 304
Spurious relationships 304
Indirect causal relationships 308
Specification 308
Replication 310
Problems with conditional tables 310
Graphical methods of elaboration
analysis 310
Line graphs 311
Line graphs using different scales
on the Y axis 311
Tree diagrams 313
Elaboration checklist 314
17 Multivariate analysis 318
Individual variables 319
Partial correlation 319
Partial regression coefficients 320
Regression for subgroups 323
Models 324
Multiple correlation 324
Multiple regression 324
Cautions 327
Multiple regression with non interval
independent variables: dummy
regression 328
Path analysis 330
Other multivariate methods 333
Multivariate checklist 334
18 Putting it into practice: a research
example 339
The research question 339
Hypotheses 340
Clarifying and operationalising
the concepts 340
Religion 340
Independent and intervening variables 341
Background variables 341
Preparing the variables for analysis 341
Producing the scales 342
Preparing variables for regression
analysis 343
Initial analysis 343
Testing the explanations 345
Workforce participation:
cross tabulation analysis 345
Workforce participation: multiple
regression analysis 346
Stage in the family life cycle: multiple
regression analysis 349
Family focus: multiple regression
analysis 350
Decomposing the gender gap 350
Discussion 352
Summarise relevant results 352
Ex post facto explanations for further
examination 352
Implications 353
Summary 353
Glossary 355
Bibliography 361
Index 314
Boxes, figures, web po
tables
BOXES
2.1 Durkheim s suicide as an example of
inductive reasoning 11
2.2 Gender differences and religion—
plausible explanations 13
2.3 Stages in testing a theory 14
2.4 Urbanism and extended families—
propositions to test a theory 14
2.5 Urbanism and extended family ties—
developing a testable proposition 15
2.6 Perspectives for explaining voting
preference 18
3.1 Dependent, independent and
intervening variables 23
3.2 Focusing a research question about
divorce 24
3.3 Four questions to help focus
explanatory research questions 25
3.4 Software to assist with the development
of a research design 32
3.5 Software to assist the development of
research proposals 37
4.1 Dimensions of social capital 48
4.2 Sets of indicators of concepts 51
5.1 Guidelines for providing informed
consent 60
6.1 Using a table of random numbers 72
inters and
6.2 Selecting a SRS ot ten cases 73
6.3 A representative internet sample 78
6.4 Characteristics of internet users HO
6.5 General principles regarding sample si/e
for which to aim 84
6.6 Calculating sampling weights tor gender 85
6.7 Weighting for three variables at once 86
7.1 Checklist to guide questionnaire content
in explanatory research 95
7.2 Question wording checklist 97
7.3 Reducing social desirability response sets 108
7.4 Stages in pilot testing questionnaires 115
8.1 The technology of administering
questionnaires 123
9.1 Considerations in level of detail when
coding 153
10.1 Steps in trichotomismg a variable using
the distributional approach to recoding 167
10.2 Maximising the level ot measurement
of variables 168
10.3 Standardising item scores 174
10.4 Standardising variables with SPSS 174
10.5 Converting variables to utilc ranks 175
11.1 Set of positive and negative questions
for a future orientation scale 183
11.2 Direction of coding of scale items 184
13.1 Required information in a frequency
table 214
xii B Boxes, figures, web pointers and tables
13.2 Elements of univariate graphs 216
14.1 Elements of a cross tabulation 243
14.2 Steps in detecting relationships in
cross tabulations 245
14.3 Detecting the character of relationships
in cross tabulations 248
14.4 Information to include in a
cross tabulation 249
14.5 Characteristics of correlation coefficients 255
14.6 Interpreting strength of relationship
coefficients 259
14.7 Guidelines in selecting correlation
coefficients appropriate to the level of
measurement of variables 262
14.8 A checklist when obtaining weaker than
expected relationships 263
15.1 Expressing the meaning of r2 282
15.2 Meaning of the regression coefficient 285
16.1 Selecting test variables 302
16.2 Distinguishing between spurious and
indirect causal relationships 308
17.1 Some characteristics of partial regression
coefficients 322
17.2 Using dummy variables 329
17.3 Drawing a path diagram 331
FIGURES
1.1 A range of methods of research and
techniques of data collection 6
2.1 Theory construction and testing 10
2.2 The logic of the research process 16
3.1 A model for the increased divorce rate 25
3.2 Structure of the classic experimental design 32
3.3 Experimental design to ascertain the
effect of a QUIT program on smoking 33
3.4 Panel design to ascertain the effect of a
QUIT program on smoking 34
3.5 Quasi panel design to ascertain the effect
of an anti smoking campaign on smoking 34
3.6 Retrospective panel design to ascertain
the effect of an anti smoking campaign
on smoking 35
3.7 Retrospective experimental design to
ascertain the effect of an anti smoking
campaign on smoking 35
3.8 Cross sectional design to ascertain the
effect of an anti smoking campaign
on smoking 36
3.9 One group post test only design to
ascertain the effect of an anti smoking
campaign on smoking 37
4.1 Descending the ladder of abstraction:
social capital 49
6.1 Moving from population to sample 70
6.2 Selecting a simple random sample from
a sampling frame 71
6.3 Drawing a systematic sample 73
6.4 The effect of periodicity 74
6.5 Stratified random sampling 74
6.6 Steps in multistage cluster sampling 76
6.7 Sample bias in internet surveys of
households 79
6.8 Relationship between sample size,
sample error, population variance and
sample reliability 82
6.9 A data grid 89
7.1 Question format and level of
measurement 101
7.2 Non exclusive responses 101
7.3 Unbalanced response alternatives 101
7.4 Likert style questions in a grid format 102
7.5 Horizontal rating scale 102
7.6 Semantic differential rating scales 103
7.7 Vertical rating ladder 103
7.8 Score out of 10 rating scale 103
7.9 Feeling thermometer 104
7.10 Ranking response format 104
7.11 Checklist response format 104
7.12 Dichotomous response format 105
7.13 Paired comparison response format 105
7.14 Multiple nominal responses 105
7.15 Multiple ordinal responses 105
7.16 Multiple attitude statements 106
7.17 Numeric response format 106
7.18 Respondent initiated don t know
response 106
7.19 Different answering formats for
closed choice questions 109
7.20 An illustration of contingency questions 109
7.21 Simplifying response categories for
telephone surveys 113
7.22 Two step method for reducing question
complexity 114
7.23 Incorporating responses into the question 114
7.24 Use of typefaces to distinguish between
parts of the question 115
8.1 Initial cover letter for a mail survey 135
8.2 First follow up postcard 137
9.1 Two methods of precoding questions 148
9.2 Coding multiple responses to an open
question 155
9.3 Example of allocating codes and coding
columns in a questionnaire 157
9.4 Three records of a data file for questions
in Figure 9.3 157
9.5 An example of a codebook entry for
a single question 158
9.6 A multivariable question 160
9.7 Another type of multivariable question 160
10.1 Different distributions for different
variables 173
11.1 An illustration of scale scores 182
11.2 Graphic representation of the causal
assumptions underlying a two factor
factor analysis 187
11.3 Relative classification of scale scores as
low, moderate and high in three samples 193
12.1 Differences between levels of
measurement 204
12.2 Flow chart for selecting methods of
statistical analysis 206
12.3 Three ways of presenting descriptive
analysis of a single variable 207
13.1 Left—right political position (vertical
bar chart) 215
13.2 Left—right political position (horizontal
bar chart) 215
13.3 Highest level of tertiary education 217
13.4 Left right political position (line graph) 217
13.5 Left right political orientation (area
graph) 217
13.6 Number of years of tertiary education
(histogram) 218
13.7 Left—right political position (histogram
with normal curve) 218
13.8 Religious preference (pie chart) 218
13.9 Left—right political position (horizontal
boxplot of males) 219
13.10 Distorting graphs by changing scales 220
13.11 Working out the median with an odd
number of cases 223
13.12 Working out the median with an even
number of cases 223
13.13 Attributes of the range and interquartile
range 225
13.14 A J shaped and a U shaped
distribution 228
13.15 Distribution of sample estimates 232
Boxes, figures, web pointers and tables ¦ xMi
14.1 Clustered vertical bar chart of interest in
politics by age group indicating a linear
relationship 25(1
14.2 Clustered bar chart of age by income
indicating a curvilinear relationship 25(1
14.3 Horizontal clustered bar chart indicating
a linear relationship 251
14.4 Stacked bar chart of interest in politics
by age 251
14.5 Line graph of left right political
position by gender 252
14.6 Multiple line chart of interest in
politics by age 253
14.7 Boxplot of annual income by gender 253
15.1 Tree diagram of political orientation
by age 273
15.2 Different graphic representations of the
information in Table 15.1 273
15.3 Scatterplot of years of income ( $) by
years of tertiary education 280
15.4 Scatterplots illustrating different types
of relationships 281
15.5 Scatterplot and regression line for
relationship between income and years
of tertiary education 282
15.6 Scatterplots displaying the relationship
between correlation and regression 287
16.1 Types of relationships between three
variables 301
16.2 Graphs illustrating different effects of
a test variable 312
16.3 Tree diagram of relationship of income
by gender by level of workforce
participation (mean annual income) 313
17.1 A diagrammatic representation of the
variables in Table 17.1 319
17.2 Path model without coefficients 331
17.3 Path model with coefficients 332
17.4 Decomposing and calculating direct
and indirect effects of EDUC to INC 332
18.1 Theoretical model to test structural
location theory 340
18.2 Calculating regression estimates for
the belief scale 347
WEB POINTERS
1.1 Units of analysis 4
1.2 Positivism and survey research 6
XJV ¦ Boxes, figures, web pointers and tables
2.1 Inductive and deductive reasoning 10
2.2 Links between theory and research 16
2.3 Sources for social theories and
perspectives 19
3.1 Web reading on types of research and
research questions 23
3.2 Using the internet to review existing
information and research 27
3.3 Illustrations of worked through research
questions 31
4.1 Discovering definitions of social capital 44
4.2 Conceptualising common socio
demographic concepts 47
4.3 Concept mapping 48
4.4 Poverty and social exclusion 49
4.5 Question Harmonisation Project 50
4.6 Questions and questionnaires on the
web 53
5.1 US Census confidentiality guidelines 63
5.2 Codes of ethics of professional
organisations 65
6.1 Sample size calculators 83
6.2 Sources of data sets using probability
samples for secondary analysis 87
6.3 Sources of official aggregate statistics
from which data sets may be constructed 88
7.1 Sets of response alternatives 107
7.2 Three web based questionnaire
construction guides 108
7.3 Computer based answering formats 109
7.4 Software for producing questionnaires 110
7.5 Questionnaire examples on the internet 111
8.1 Web survey software and links 124
8.2 The impact of cyberspace on research 127
8.3 Response rate calculators 128
8.4 Introductory information for survey
respondents 133
8.5 Field manual for National Health
Survey 134
9.1 Coding and classification schemes for
core demographic variables 149
9.2 Multiple response analysis 156
9.3 Online codebooks and manuals 159
11.1 Sources for established scales 185
11.2 Scaling statistics 186
13.1 Software for producing graphs 221
13.2 Reading resources on the web 222
13.3 Links to software suitable for univariate
data analysis 235
13.4 Statistical selection software 237
14.1 Statistical selection guides 259
14.2 Online calculators for bivariate statistics
and further discussion of bivariate
statistics 260
14.3 Bivariate inferential analysis 267
15.1 Pearson s correlation and the scatter
of data points 282
15.2 Correlation and regression: interactive
simulations and further information 283
15.3 Confidence interval calculators for
Pearson s r 289
16.1 Calculating partial correlations 306
17.1 Web based software for multiple
regression and multiple correlation 321
17.2 Online, interactive demonstrations for
multivariate analysis 327
17.3 Web based reading material for
multivariate analysis 333
TABLES
1.1 A variable by case data grid 4
6.1 A table of random numbers 72
6.2 Grid for selecting individuals in
multistage sampling 77
6.3 Sample sizes required for various
sampling errors at 95% confidence level
(simple random sampling) 81
6.4 Required sample sizes depending on
population homogeneity and desired
accuracy 82
8.1 Advantages and disadvantages of mail,
face to face, telephone and web based
questionnaire surveys 132
8.2 Supplies per 100 sample members in
a mail survey 138
9.1 Multilevel coding scheme of criminal
offences 152
9.2 Multiple codes using the multiple
dichotomy method 153
9.3 Multiple codes using the multiple
response method 154
10.1 Relationship between education and
gender (uncollapsed and collapsed form) 165
10.2 An illustration of how recoding can
mask a relationship 165
10.3 Illustration of collapsing a variable into
three groups using substantive and
distributional recoding methods 166
10.4 Rearranging categories into a logical
order appropriate to project 167
10.5 Reordering categories of a variable 168
10.6 Reverse coding 168
10.7 Creating a new variable based on meeting
specific conditions of other variables 170
10.8 Conversion of income into z scores:
over time and between countries
comparisons 172
11.1 An illustration of scale testing
coefficients 185
11.2 Variables used in the factor analysis
example 187
11.3 Correlation matrix of variables in the
factor analysis 188
11.4 Communalities, eigenvalues and
per cent of explained variance in the
unrotated solution 189
11.5 Unrotated factor matrix for variables
and factors in Table 11.4 189
11.6 Rotated factor matrix 190
11.7 Weighted factor based scores for one
person 191
11.8 Producing an individual s score on a
factor scale 192
11.9 Problems of missing data for scaling 194
11.10 Illustration of the effect of adjusting
scale scores for a number of items
with valid codes 195
12.1 Some methods of survey analysis 207
13.1 Frequency distributions 213
13.2 Frequency tables (stripped down) 214
13.3 Graph type by level of measurement 219
13.4 Working out the median using the
cumulative per cent 224
13.5 Satisfaction with your job 225
13.6 Calculating the mean 225
13.7 The same mean for two different
distributions 226
13.8 Working out the standard deviation 227
13.9 Skewness and kurtosis figures for
Tables 13.1a and 13.1b 228
13.10 Illustration of population assumption
and sample observation 229
13.11 Interpreting binomial test results 230
13.12 Binomial test with a known population
percentage 231
13.13 Using and interpreting the one sample
chi square test 231
13.14 Applying the one sample T test 233
Boxes, figures, web pointers and tables ¦ XV
13.15 Applying and interpreting the one
sample Kolmogorov Smirnov test 234
13.16 Choosing summary descriptive statistics
for different levels of measurement 234
14.1 Attitude to homosexuality broken down
by gender 242
14.2 Attitude to homosexuality by gender 242
14.3 Attitude to homosexuality by gender
(cell frequencies) 243
14.4 Attitude to homosexuality by gender
(frequencies, row per cent, column per
cent and total per cent) 244
14.5 Approval of legalisation of marijuana by
age (a negative relationship) 246
14.6 Income by age group (a curvilinear
relationship) 247
14.7 A skeleton cross tabulation 249
14.8 Summary characteristics of a clustered
bar chart 251
14.9 Characteristics of a stacked bar chart 252
14.10 Characteristics of a multiple line chart 253
14.11 Characteristics of boxplots 254
14.12 Three tables indicating different
strengths of association 255
14.13 Abortion attitude by gender (observed
distribution) 255
14.14 Abortion attitude by gender (expected
distribution) 256
14.15 Attitude to abortion by frequency of
church attendance 256
14.16 Effect of coding direction on correlation
coefficients 257
14.17 Characteristics of various measures of
nominal and ordinal association 261
14.18 The links between correlations and tests
of significance 264
14.19 Correlations and significant levels for
selected tables and figures in
Chapter 14 265
15.1 Means on left right scale by age group 272
15.2 Mean income by gender 275
15.3 Income by age group 275
15.4 Grid of average income differences by
age group: comparison of differences
between pairs of age groups 276
15.5 Average income differences of age
groups with baselines 276
15.6 Independent samples T test: income
by gender 277
15.7 F test of income by age group 278
XVi ¦ Boxes, figures, web pointers and tables
15.8 The results of a Scheffe test for age
group and income 279
15.9 Regression coefficients of years of
tertiary education on income for
various subgroups 285
15.10 Correlation and regression output for
tertiary education on income
(small sample) 288
15.11 Regression output for tertiary education
on income (large sample) 289
15.12 Characteristics of interval level
coefficients 290
15.13 Correlation matrix of seven variables 291
15.14 Guidelines for selecting correlation
coefficients 293
16.1 Testing for a spurious relationship 303
16.2 Testing for an indirect relationship 305
16.3 Conditional tables showing relationship
between student religiousness, school
type and parental religiousness 307
16.4 Zero order and conditional tables
indicating a specification of the initial
relationship 309
16.5 Interpreting conditional relationships 311
17.1 Variable names 319
17.2 Partial correlation and regression
coefficients from SPSS 320
17.3 Partial regression coefficients for men
and women 324
17.4 R2 for model 324
17.5 Analysis of variance of model indicating
significance of R2 325
17.6 Subgroup means and b coefficients for
males and females 326
17.7 Constructing dummy variables and
codes 329
17.8 SPSS regression output for analysis of
dummy variables 329
17.9 Other multivariate methods 334
18.1 Reliability statistics for the three
religion scales 342
18.2 Variables, definitions and means 344
18.3 Gender differences in religion using
different methods of analysis 345
18.4 Religious scales by gender controlling
for workforce participation
(cross tabulation analysis) 346
18.5 Workforce participation and religious
orientation: differences in regression
estimates for men and women 349
18.6 Stage in child rearing cycle by
religious orientation: differences in
regression estimates for men and
women 349
18.7 Family focus and work by religious
orientation: differences in regression
estimates for men and women 350
18.8 Decomposing the gender gap in
religious orientation 351
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | De Vaus, David A. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124113753 |
| author_facet | De Vaus, David A. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | De Vaus, David A. |
| author_variant | v d a d vda vdad |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV017518746 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HN29 |
| callnumber-raw | HN29 |
| callnumber-search | HN29 |
| callnumber-sort | HN 229 |
| callnumber-subject | HN - Social History and Conditions |
| classification_rvk | CS 2000 MR 2000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)48236410 (DE-599)BVBBV017518746 |
| dewey-full | 300.723 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-raw | 300.723 |
| dewey-search | 300.723 |
| dewey-sort | 3300.723 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie Psychologie |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV017518746 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:18:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0415268575 0415268583 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010551096 |
| oclc_num | 48236410 |
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| owner | DE-29 DE-20 DE-92 DE-11 DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-20 DE-92 DE-11 DE-384 |
| physical | XVIII, 379 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Routledge [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Social research today |
| spelling | De Vaus, David A. Verfasser (DE-588)124113753 aut Surveys in social research David de Vaus 5. ed. London Routledge [u.a.] 2002 XVIII, 379 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Social research today Enquêtes sociales Sciences sociales - Recherche - Méthodologie Survey-onderzoek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Social surveys Demoskopie (DE-588)4011425-9 gnd rswk-swf Umfrage (DE-588)4005227-8 gnd rswk-swf Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd rswk-swf Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 s Umfrage (DE-588)4005227-8 s DE-604 Demoskopie (DE-588)4011425-9 s 1\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010551096&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | De Vaus, David A. Surveys in social research Enquêtes sociales Sciences sociales - Recherche - Méthodologie Survey-onderzoek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Social surveys Demoskopie (DE-588)4011425-9 gnd Umfrage (DE-588)4005227-8 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4011425-9 (DE-588)4005227-8 (DE-588)4014606-6 |
| title | Surveys in social research |
| title_auth | Surveys in social research |
| title_exact_search | Surveys in social research |
| title_full | Surveys in social research David de Vaus |
| title_fullStr | Surveys in social research David de Vaus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surveys in social research David de Vaus |
| title_short | Surveys in social research |
| title_sort | surveys in social research |
| topic | Enquêtes sociales Sciences sociales - Recherche - Méthodologie Survey-onderzoek gtt Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Social surveys Demoskopie (DE-588)4011425-9 gnd Umfrage (DE-588)4005227-8 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Enquêtes sociales Sciences sociales - Recherche - Méthodologie Survey-onderzoek Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Social surveys Demoskopie Umfrage Empirische Sozialforschung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010551096&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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