TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2003
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | München, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2003 |
| Beschreibung: | VIII, 182 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kestel, Martin |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods |c Martin Kestel |
| 264 | 1 | |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a VIII, 182 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a München, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2003 | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Teraelektronenvoltbereich |0 (DE-588)4450797-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a HEGRA |0 (DE-588)4384868-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gammastrahlung |0 (DE-588)4019205-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Čerenkov-Zähler |0 (DE-588)4147495-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Aktiver galaktischer Kern |0 (DE-588)4233554-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Markarian 421 |0 (DE-588)4747207-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010476229 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1816445149766483968 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1
2 PHYSICS BACKGROUND 5
2.1 A GENERALISED PICTURE OF AGN. 5
2.2 POSSIBLE SPECTRAL DISTORTIONS CAUSED BY INTERACTIONS OF TEV
7-RAYS WITH THE COS
MOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF INFRARED PHOTONS . 5
2.2.1 COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND. 5
2.2.2 COSMOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF INFRARED PHOTONS. 7
3 THE AGN MARKARIAN 421 13
3.1 MORPHOLOGY OF THE AGN MARKARIAN 421 . 13
3.2 BROADBAND ENERGY SPECTRUM OF MARKARIAN 421. 14
3.2.1 THE RADIO RANGE. 14
3.2.2 THE OPTICAL RANGE . 14
3.2.3 THE UV TO X-RAY RANGE . 16
3.2.4 MEV OBSERVATIONS WITH COMPTEL AND GEV OBSERVATIONS WITH EGRET 17
3.2.5 TEV
7-RAY OBSERVATIONS. 18
3.2.6 CONTEMPORANEOUS X-RAY AND TEV
7-RAY OBSERVATIONS. 19
4 CT1 TELESCOPE HARDWARE AND RELEVANT FEATURES OF THE DATA ACQUISITION
SYSTEM 25
4.1 THE TRACKING SYSTEM. 26
4.2 THE MAIN REFLECTOR. 26
4.3 THE CT1 PHOTOMULTIPLIER CAMERA. 27
4.4 THE CURRENT CT
1 ELECTRONICS SETUP . 31
4.5 DATA RECORDING SEQUENCE. 34
4.6 THE PEDESTAL RUN. 34
4.7 THE CALIBRATION RUN. 36
4.8 THE DATA RUN. 37
5 THE CONVERSION OF RAW DATA TO PHOTOELECTRON IMAGES AND THE
DETERMINATION
OF IMAGE PARAMETERS 39
5.1 GENERAL QUALITY REQUIREMENTS, DETECTION OF HARDWARE DEFECTS. 39
5.1.1 NOISE REMOVAL FROM THE DATA. 39
5.1.2 PEDESTAL AND REAL EVENT ANALYSIS USED TO FIND CERTAIN HARDWARE
DEFECTS . . 41
5.2 PIXEL CURRENTS AS STARLIGHT INDICATORS. 42
5.3 POINTING ACCURACY AND TRACKING CORRECTION. 44
5.4 DETERMINATION OF ADC PEDESTAL LEVEL AND RMS. 48
5.4.1 INFLUENCE OF STARLIGHT ON THE WIDTH OF ADC PEDESTAL SPECTRA. 48
5.4.2 EXCLUDING COSMIC RAY EVENTS FROM THE PEDESTAL SAMPLE. 49
5.4.3 REMOVING ELECTROMAGNETIC PICKUP FROM PEDESTAL EVENTS. 50
5.5 RELATIVE PM GAIN CALIBRATION (FLATFIELDING). 52
I
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/968633188
5.6 CONVERSION OF ADC COUNTS TO PHOTOELECTRON CONTENT . 53
5.6.1 THE CONVERSION OF ADC COUNTS TO PHOTOELECTRONS. 53
5.6.2 CORRECTING INDIVIDUAL EVENTS FOR COHERENT ELECTROMAGNETIC PICKUP
. 54
5.7 IMAGE PARAMETER DETERMINATION AND IMAGE CLEANING. 57
5.7.1 IMAGE CLEANING. 58
5.7.2 IMAGE PARAMETER DEFINITIONS. 59
5.8 IMAGE PARAMETERS UNDER VARIABLE NIGHT SKY BACKGROUND LIGHT. 64
5.8.1 SIMULATED INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT NSB LIGHT LEVELS ON MONTE CARLO
7-EVENT
SAMPLES. 64
5.8.2 A CROSSCHECK OF IMAGE PARAMETERS FROM MONTE CARLO PROTONS AND REAL
DATA AT DIFFERENT NSB LEVELS. 65
5.8.3 VARIATIONS OF THE WIDTH AND LENGTH OF MONTE CARLO GENERATED 7- AND
PROTON EVENTS AS A FUNCTION OF THE NSB LEVEL. 67
5.8.4 INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF NSB ON THE CRAB DATA SET FROM
2000-2001 . 69
5.8.5 INVESTIGATING REAL DATA WHICH SPANS A LARGE RANGE OF DIFFERENT NSB
LEVELS 69
5.8.6 PROPOSAL OF THE
'ZONK' METHOD TO REDUCE THE NSB INFLUENCE ON WIDTH AND
LENGTH
. 71
6 WAYS TO ENHANCE THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO IN RAW DATA 77
6.1 GENERAL MOTIVATION FOR AND POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTATION METHODS OF A CUT
PROCEDURE 77
6.2 THE METHOD USED TO OPTIMISE THE
7-HADRON SEPARATION CUTS. 79
6.3 DETERMINATION OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SIGNALS. 80
6.4 IMPROVEMENTS THROUGH THE
ZONK METHOD. 82
6.4.1 THE
7-RATE OF THE 2001 CRAB DATA. 82
6.4.2 BACKGROUND RATES FOR CRAB AND MKN 421. 83
6.4.3
ALPHA PLOTS FOR CRAB AND MKN 421 DATA. 83
7 ENERGY CALIBRATION AND FLUX DETERMINATION 87
I
7.1 SETUP OF THE MONTE CARLO SIMULATION AND THE ANALYSIS PRESENTED IN
THIS THESIS .
88
7.2 IMPACT PARAMETER ESTIMATION. 89
7.2.1 PROCEDURE USED IN THE PRESENT ANALYSIS. 89
7.2.2 QUALITY OF THE IMPACT PARAMETER RECONSTRUCTION. 91
7.3 ENERGY ESTIMATION OF THE PRIMARY PARTICLE. 93
7.3.1 PROCEDURE USED IN THIS ANALYSIS. 93
7.3.2 QUALITY OF THE ENERGY RECONSTRUCTION. 95
7.4 TRIGGER AND CUT EFFICIENCIES. 95
7.4.1 TRIGGER EFFICIENCY. 95
7.4.2 CUT EFFICIENCY. 98
7.5 EFFECTIVE TRIGGER AREAS . 99
7.6 ENERGY THRESHOLD ESTIMATION FOR CT1. 100
7.7 EFFECTIVE AREAS AFTER SOFTWARE CUTS. 102
7.8 FORMALISM FOR SPECTRUM AND FLUX DETERMINATION IN THIS ANALYSIS. 104
II
7.8.1 DETERMINATION OF ENERGY SPECTRA FROM CT1 DATA. 104
7.8.2 DETERMINATION OF POWERLAW INDEX AND CUTOFF ENERGY. 105
7.8.3 FLUX DETERMINATION FOR CT1. 106
8 MKN 421 LIGHT CURVE AND SPECTRUM IN 1999-2000 109
8.1 VERIFICATION OF THE ANALYSIS METHODS USING CRAB DATA. 109
8.1.1 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF CRAB DATA FROM 1999-2000 AND FROM 2000-2001
. 110
8.1.2 CRAB FLUX AS A FUNCTION OF THE ZENITH ANGLE. 112
8.2 THE
HEGRA
CT1 DATA SET OF MKN 421 IN 1999-2000 112
8.3 FLUX CURVE OF MKN 421 IN 1999-2000 WITH
HEGRA
CT1. 112
8.4 TEV SPECTRUM OF MKN 421 IN 1999-2000 WITH
HEGRA
CT1. 118
8.4.1 TIME AVERAGED ENERGY SPECTRUM. 118
8.4.2 TIME AVERAGED ENERGY SPECTRUM FROM 2000-2001 . 118
8.4.3 SHAPE INVESTIGATION OF THE MKN 421 SPECTRA. 119
8.4.4 FLUX-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF THE SPECTRAL SHAPE. 121
8.4.5 UNFOLDING TO SOURCE-INTRINSIC SPECTRA AT DIFFERENT FLUX LEVELS.
123
9 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 129
9.1 MONTE CARLO SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS. 129
9.2 DATA QUALITY. 129
9.3 ANALYSIS IMPROVEMENTS. 129
9.4 RESULTS. 130
9.5 OUTLOOK. 131
10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / DANKSAGUNG 133
11 APPENDIX: DEFINITIONS OF FLUX AND RELATED QUANTITIES 137
11.1 DEFINITIONS OF SOME BASIC PHYSICAL QUANTITIES RELEVANT TO SPECTRAL
ANALYSES
. 137
11.2 EXAMPLE: FLUX, LUMINOSITY AND INTENSITY OF THE SUN . 140
12 APPENDIX: VIEWING EFFECTS 142
12.1 SUPERLUMINAL MOTION. 142
12.2 RELATIVISTIC BULK MOTION. 142
13 APPENDIX: RELEVANT RADIATION PROCESSES 145
13.1 THERMAL PROCESSES. 145
13.2 HIGH ENERGY PROCESSES. 147
14 APPENDIX: ORDERING SCHEMES FOR AGN RELATED OBJECTS 152
15 APPENDIX: IMAGE PARAMETER DISTRIBUTIONS 154
III
16 APPENDIX: MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF CT1 HARDWARE AND TRIGGER 157
16.1 SIMULATION OF THE SHOWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 157
16.2 TRACKING
CHERENKOV LIGHT THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE TO THE TELESCOPE AND THE
PHOTOMULTIPLIER WINDOWS. 162
16.3 SIMULATION OF THE ELECTRICAL PULSE PRODUCTION OF PHOTOMULTIPLIERS.
166
16.4 SIMULATION OF THE TRIGGER DECISION. 167
16.5 SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF NSB LIGHT AND OF THE
ZONK CORRECTION.^ 169
16.5.1 MODELING THE NSB LEVEL FOR A GIVEN OBSERVATION. 169
16.5.2 DERIVING THE
ZONK CORRECTION TO BE USED FOR MONTE CARLO EVENTS FROM REAL
DATA. 170
16.6 NUMBER OF SIMULATED MONTE CARLO EVENTS . 170
16.6.1 SIMULATION STATISTICS OF MONTE CARLO
7-EVENTS. 171
16.6.2 SIMULATION STATISTICS OF MONTE CARLO PROTON EVENTS. 171
17 APPENDIX: SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION FOR DATA QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 175
17.1 HIGH VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENTS FOR CT1 . 175
17.2 QUALITY CUTS REGARDING THE STARLIGHT CONTRIBUTION . 176
IV |
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| author | Kestel, Martin |
| author_facet | Kestel, Martin |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kestel, Martin |
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| bvnumber | BV017383054 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)163120497 (DE-599)BVBBV017383054 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Markarian 421 (DE-588)4747207-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Markarian 421 |
| id | DE-604.BV017383054 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-22T17:38:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010476229 |
| oclc_num | 163120497 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-12 |
| physical | VIII, 182 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publishDateSearch | 2003 |
| publishDateSort | 2003 |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kestel, Martin Verfasser aut TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods Martin Kestel 2003 VIII, 182 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier München, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2003 Teraelektronenvoltbereich (DE-588)4450797-5 gnd rswk-swf HEGRA (DE-588)4384868-0 gnd rswk-swf Gammastrahlung (DE-588)4019205-2 gnd rswk-swf Čerenkov-Zähler (DE-588)4147495-8 gnd rswk-swf Aktiver galaktischer Kern (DE-588)4233554-1 gnd rswk-swf Markarian 421 (DE-588)4747207-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Aktiver galaktischer Kern (DE-588)4233554-1 s HEGRA (DE-588)4384868-0 s DE-604 Markarian 421 (DE-588)4747207-8 g Gammastrahlung (DE-588)4019205-2 s Teraelektronenvoltbereich (DE-588)4450797-5 s Čerenkov-Zähler (DE-588)4147495-8 s 1\p DE-604 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010476229&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Kestel, Martin TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods Teraelektronenvoltbereich (DE-588)4450797-5 gnd HEGRA (DE-588)4384868-0 gnd Gammastrahlung (DE-588)4019205-2 gnd Čerenkov-Zähler (DE-588)4147495-8 gnd Aktiver galaktischer Kern (DE-588)4233554-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4450797-5 (DE-588)4384868-0 (DE-588)4019205-2 (DE-588)4147495-8 (DE-588)4233554-1 (DE-588)4747207-8 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods |
| title_auth | TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods |
| title_exact_search | TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods |
| title_full | TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods Martin Kestel |
| title_fullStr | TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods Martin Kestel |
| title_full_unstemmed | TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods Martin Kestel |
| title_short | TeV gamma-flux and spectrum of Markarian 421 in 1999/2000 with Hegra CT1 using refined analysis methods |
| title_sort | tev gamma flux and spectrum of markarian 421 in 1999 2000 with hegra ct1 using refined analysis methods |
| topic | Teraelektronenvoltbereich (DE-588)4450797-5 gnd HEGRA (DE-588)4384868-0 gnd Gammastrahlung (DE-588)4019205-2 gnd Čerenkov-Zähler (DE-588)4147495-8 gnd Aktiver galaktischer Kern (DE-588)4233554-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Teraelektronenvoltbereich HEGRA Gammastrahlung Čerenkov-Zähler Aktiver galaktischer Kern Markarian 421 Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010476229&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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