Verfügbarkeit: The challenge of slums

The challenge of slums: global report on human settlements, 2003

"The Global Report on Human Settlements is the most authoritative and up-to-date assessment of conditions and trends in the world's cities. Written in clear language and supported by informative graphics, case studies and extensive statistical data, it will be an essential tool and referen...

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	London [u.a.] Earthscan Publications 2003
Ausgabe:	1. publ.
Schlagworte:	Barrios bajos Barrios bajos - Estudio de casos Barrios bajos - Política gubernamental Favelas (aspectos urbanísticos) Habitação popular Inclusão social Krottenwijken Pauvres en milieu urbain - Logement Pauvres en milieu urbain - Statistiques Pobreza urbana - Estadísticas Pobreza urbana - Vivienda Pobreza Políticas públicas Stedelijk beleid Taudis Taudis - Cas, Études de Taudis - Politique gouvernementale Urbanisatie Politik Statistik Slums Slums > Case studies Slums > Government policy Urban poor > Statistics Urban poor > Housing Entwicklungspolitik Slum Verstädterung Fallstudiensammlung
Online-Zugang:	Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Zusammenfassung:	"The Global Report on Human Settlements is the most authoritative and up-to-date assessment of conditions and trends in the world's cities. Written in clear language and supported by informative graphics, case studies and extensive statistical data, it will be an essential tool and reference for researchers, academics, planners, public authorities and civil society organizations around the world."--BOOK JACKET.
Beschreibung:	XXXIV, 310 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	1844070379 1844070360

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804130104364761088
adam_text	CONTENTS Foreword v Introduction w Acknowledgements vm List o/Figures, Boxes and Tables xviii List ofAcronyms and Abbreviations xxi Key Findings and Messages xxv Prologue: Urban Growth and Housing xxix Population Explosion and Urban Expansion xxxi Accommodating Growth xxxi The Focus of this Report xxxii Notes xxxiv PARTI SHARPENINGTHE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA 1 Development Context and the Millennium Agenda 5 Cities Without Slums? 5 The faÃ¼ure of governance 5 Institutional and legal faÃ¼ure 6 The Millennium Development Agenda 7 Understanding Slums 8 The notion of slums 9 Deflning and measuring slums 10 Characteristics of slums 11 Lack of basic Services 11 Substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building structures 11 Overcrowding and high density 11 Unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations 11 Insecure tenure; irregulÃ¤r or informal settlements 11 Poverty and social exclusion 11 Minimum settlement size 11 Operational definition of slums 12 Number of slum dwellers: assessments and estimations 12 Trends in numbers of slum dwellers 13 Notes 16 2 Urbanization Trends and Forces Shaping Slums 17 Socio Economic Inequality 17 Spatial organization and residential diff erentiation 17 The ecological school and the neo classical model 17 Factorial ecology 18 Measuring spatial inequality and Separation 20 Spatial concentration of poverty 20 Urban form and disadvantage 22 Mosaic post modern cities in the developing world 22 Measuring urban development and disadvantage 23 Challenges to Sustainable Urbanization 23 / Demographic changes and slum formation 23 i_ Urban growth 24 Rural urban migration 25 International migration 27 Declining areas and depopulation 27 Poverty 28 Poverty and slums 28 Defining poverty 29 Measurement of poverty incidence 30 Targeting of poverty reduction programmes 31 Notes 31 3 Cities and Slums within Globalizing Economies 34 Inequality and Poverty 34 Inequality: a recent history 35 Globalization: poverty amid affluence 39 Trade, globalization and cities 40 Trade theory and inequality 40 Trade: the reality 40 Finance, information and economic volatility 41 Labour markets under free trade regimes 42 Afflca: economic Stagnation in a globalizing world 43 The Retreat of the State 43 Privatization of Utilities 44 Structural adjustment, cities and poverty 45 The Local and the Global 46 Insecurity and the diffusion of the local 47 Subsidiarity and the weakening of national governments 48 Transurban cooperation and integration: towards new urban economies 50 Slums and globalization 52 Looking ahead 52 Notes 54 PART II ASSESSING SLUMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT 4 Social Dimensions 62 Historical Context and Evolution of Social Stratification Patterns 62 Views on inner city slums 63 Slums and urbanization 64 Slums and capitalism 64 Slums and reformism 65 Are slums inevitable? 65 Social diversity of contemporary slums 66 Social Attributes and Functions of Slums 67 Accommodation of low cost labour 67 Network for migrant absorption 68 Mobilization of political power 68 Environmental externalities 69 Service provision 70 Slums within Urban Society 70 Contribution to cultural developments 71 Co location and social aspects of poverty 71 Health issues 72 Slums and disease 74 Crime issues 75 Community riskfactors 75 Findings of recent research on crime 76 Notes 77 5i Territoriality and Spatial Forms 79 ** j Â¦/ Slums Formation Processes and Spatial TVpes 80 Inner city slums 80 Slumestates 81 Â«r Squatter settlements 82 Illegal settlements and subdivisions 83 Diversity of slums spatial forms and associated opportunities 84 Origins and Age 85 Historie city centre slums 85 Slum estates 86 Consolidating informal settlements 87 Recent slums 87 Location 88 Central 88 Scattered slum islands 89 Peripheral 90 Size and Scale 90 Large slum settlements 90 Medium sized slum estates 91 Small slums 91 Legality, Vulnerability and Spatial Forms 92 V Illegal 92 Informal 92 Development Dynamics 92 Ongoing indMdual and community led development 93 Intervention led improved slums 93 Upgraded slums 93 Lacking Community incentives for improvement 95 Incipient slum creation 95 Notes 95 6 Economic Dynamics 96 Labour Force Growth 96 The creation and distribution of income 96 The global labour force 97 Unemployment and underemployment 98 Labour market abuses ^ Informality within Urban Settings 100 v The informal economy 100 Defining the informal sector 100 The nature of inf ormal sector enterprises 101 The reasons for the informal sector of the economy 102 The scale of the informal sector 103 Informal housing 104 Slums in the Housing Sector 104 Tenure and security: the formal informal housing continuum 105 Formal home ownership 105 Formal private rental 105 Informal home ownership: squatting 105 Informal home ownership: illegal subdivisions 106 Public rental 106 Informal rental 106 Customary tenure 106 Tenure distribution 106 Slums and tenure insecurity 106 Renting in slums 107 Home ownership in slums 109 Landprices 112 Adequacy: extent of housing disadvantage 112 Networked Services 113 Water 113 Waste management 114 Adequacy of housing and inadequacy of planning 114 Notes HS PART III SEARCHING FORADEQUATE POLICY RESPONSES AND ACTIONS 7 New Policy Developments at the National and Global Levels 123 Search for Affordable Alternatives at the National Level 123 Public housing in developing countries 124 Assisted self build and slum improvement programmes 125 Housing capital subsidies 127 Past and Present Approaches to Slums at the National and Local Levels 128 Negligence 129 Eviction 130 Self help and in situ upgrading 130 Enabling policies 131 Resettlement 131 Current best practice: participatory slum improvement 132 Recent Contextual Changes 133 Increased inequality within and between cities 133 New political influence of cities 135 International Actors Dealing with Slums and Their Priorities 136 Range of actors 136 The shifting priorities 136 Bilateral cooperation: diversity of political objectives 136 Multilaterals: a growing convergence 136 Inter insÃ¼tutional programmes and initiatives: emphasis on slum upgrading, innovative partnerships and local development 139 The Cities Alliance 139 The Urban Management Programme (UMP) 140 The Municipal Development Programme (MDP) 140 Emerging common themes 141 Integrated approaches to slums 141 The promotion of partnerships and inter institutional networks 141 Decentralized cooperation 142 Sectors addressed 142 Urban management and finance 142 Urban land management and tenure 143 Service Provision and delivery 143 Environment and public health 143 Housing delivery 144 Population and social issues 144 Capacity building, research activities and knowledge exchange 144 Pressing Issues 145 Financial constraints 145 Contradictions between economic and social objectives 145 Coordination and cooperation 145 Notes 146 8 Civil Society in Action 148 Residents in Action 148 The strategies of slum households 148 Inside the household 149 Reciprodty and remittance 150 Vulnerable households 150 Community Based Organizations in Action 151 The growth and rÃ¤nge of community based organizations (CBOs) 151 WorkingwithCBOs 152 Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Action 153 DefiningNGOs 153 The growth of NGOs 155 The rÃ¤nge and diversity of NGOs 156 The increasing power and decreasing autonomy of NGOs 158 Urban Sector CBOs and NGOs 159 The Challenges Faced by NGOs and CBOs 161 Notes 163 9 Towards Inclusive Cities: Reconsidering Development Priorities 164 Policy Issues and Strategies for Inclusive Cities 165 From slum upgrading to cities without slums 165 Lessons learned from past experiences of upgrading 165 The Cities Without Slums action plan 167 Tenure issues and access to land for the urban poor 167 Security of tenure: a key to the inclusive city 168 Alternative approaches to security of tenure 170 Diversity of situations and objectives requires diversity of responses 171 Inclusive infrastructure: making the connections between transport and housing security 172 Dilemmas of housing security versus access 172 Resistance to displacement and negotiated outcomes 172 Increasing housing choice through greater mobility for the poor 173 Impacts of transport and land use regulation 173 Impacts of the location of housing for the urban poor 174 Improving the livelihoods of slum dwellers 175 Poverty, governance and empowerment 175 Generating employment from shelter development programmes and civil works 176 Mobilizing finance for urban development 178 Financing slum upgrading and shelter development: current challenges 178 Improving municipal finance for investment in low income residential areas 179 Improving housing finance for low income shelter development 180 Enabling Local Policy to Work 182 Good urban governance and the inclusive city 182 Sustainability in all dimensions of urban development 183 Subsidiarity of authority and resources to the dosest appropriate level 183 Equity of access to decision making processes and the basic necessities of urban life 183 Efficiency in the delivery of public Services and in promoting local economic development 183 Transparency and accountability of decision makers and stakeholders 183 Civic engagement and citizenship 183 Security of individuals and their Irving environment 183 Enhancing development potential through partnerships 183 Capacity building 185 Low income households as financial and political partners 185 Local businesses, city elftes and local media as partners 185 NGOs as partners 185 Women s participation 186 Self help and management of projects 186 Scaling up and spreading the movement 186 Partnerships based on trust 186 Horizontal partnerships 186 Effective policy coordination 186 Notes 187 Epilogue: Looking Forward Moving Ahead 189 Towards Cities Without Slums: Turning the Dream into Reality 189 Action Needed to Tackle the Current Trends 189 Notes 192 PART IV SUMMARY OF CITY CASE STUDIES Overview of Case Studies 195 Origin of Slums 195 Slum Definitions 196 Types of Slums 196 Tenure in Slums 197 Slum Dynamics 197 Slum Socio Political Characteristics 197 Policy Actions Taken or Proposed 198 Policy Impacts and Development Prospective 198 Notes 199 Case Study Highlights 200 Abidjan, Cote d Ivoire 200 Ahmedabad, India 201 Bangkok, Thailand 201 Barcelona, Spain 202 Beirut, Lebanon 203 Bogota, Colombia 205 Cairo, Egypt 205 Chengdu, China 206 Colombo, Sri Lanka 208 Durban, South AMca 208 Havana, Cuba 209 Ibadan, Nigeria 211 Jakarta, Indonesia 211 Karachi, Pakistan 212 Kolkata, India 213 Los Angeles, US 214 Lusaka, Zambia 215 Manila, Philippines 215 Mexico City, Mexico 216 Moscow, Russian Federation 218 Nairobi, Kenya 219 Naples, Italy 220 Newark, US 221 Phnom Penh, Cambodia 222 Quito, Ecuador 223 Rabat Sale, Morocco 224 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 225 SÃ¤o Paulo, Brazil 226 Sydney, Australia 227 Notes 228 PARTV STATISTICAL ANNEX Technical Notes 231 Explanation of Symbols 231 Country Groupings and Statistical Aggregates 231 Nomenclature and Order of Presentation 234 Definition of Statistical Terms 234 Sources of Data 239 Notes 240 Methodological Notes 241 Slum Dweller Estimations at the Global and Regional Levels 241 The Global Urban Indicators Databases 245 Notes 245 Data Tables 246 Regional Level Data A.1 Demographic indicators 246 A.2 Housing indicators 247 A.3 Economic and social indicators 248 Country Level Data B. 1 Size and growth of total population and households 249 B.2 Urbanization trends, size and growth of urban and rural population 252 B.3 Housing ownership and water and teilet facilities, selected countries 255 B.4 Access to improved water sources and sanitation 258 B.5 Energy and transport 260 B.6 Economic development indicators 262 B.7 Social indicators 264 City Level Data C.l Urban agglomerations: population size and growth rate 267 C.2 Households livmg conditions, selected cities 273 C.3 Housing Indicators, selected cities 274 C.4 Environmental infrastructure, selected cities 277 C.5 Transport and environment indicators, selected cities 280 C.6 Social indicators, selected cities 283 C.7 Urban governance indicators, selected cities 287 References 290 Index 30t LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLES FIGURES 1.1 Slum population by region, 2001 14 1.2 Slum dwellers as a percentage of urban population by region, 2001 15 1.3 Proportion of slum dwellers in urban population by region, 2001 15 1.4 World distribution of slum dwellers by region, 2001 15 2.1 Inequality, poverty and slum formation 17 2.2 Ecological Schema for Chicago 18 2.3 Areas of disadvantage in Sydney 19 2.4 Socio economic clusters in Sydney 23 2.5 Annual increment in total and urban population 24 2.6 Urban and rural populations in more and less developed regions, 1950 to 2030 24 2.7 Estimated urban population increment by city size 25 2.8 Percentage unauthorized housing and infrastructure deficiency, city size ranges, 1993 26 3.1 Booms and busts: stylized long wave 35 3.2 The invisible hand: ratcheting of inequality in booms and busts 35 3.3 Ratio between richest and poorest nations GDP per person, 1800 to 2000 36 3.4 Gini coefficient, world (unweighted), 1950 to 1998 37 3.5 Growth of trade by region, 1980 to 2001 (1980 = 1.00) 41 4.1 Progression of an inner city slum, Surry Hills, Sydney 66 4.2 Life expectancy at birth for the world and development groups, 1950 to 2050 72 4.3 Urban child mortality by City Development Index (CDI) quintile, 1993 and 1998 72 6.1 Labour force participation rates, 1950 to 2010, selected regions 97 6.2 Employment in agricultural sector, 1950 to 1990, selected regions 97 6.3 Housing tenure, 1998 107 6.4 World security of tenure 109 6.5 Land price to income ratio 111 6.6 Permanent dwellings and housing in compliance, by development level 112 6.7 Access to networked infrastructure by City Development Index (CD!) quintile 113 6.8 Connections to networked infrastructure, informal and all developing cities, 1998 114 6.9 Networked Services in Africa, formal and informal settlements 114 9.1 Linkages between housing and transport 175 BOXES 1.1 Scope of Millennium Development Goals and Targets 8 1.2 Terms in use in Manila 10 1.3 Combining the indicators 13 1.4 Nairobi slum study 13 2.1 Highlights of urbanization trends 25 2.2 The constituents of urban poverty 30 3.1 Measurmg global inequality 38 3.2 Costrecovery in water in South Africa 44 4.1 Diversity in education levels and occupation types among residents of slums in Pune, India 67 4.2 Civil society organizes against forced evictions in Metro Manila 69 5.1 Barcelona inner city slums 80 5.2 Bogota inner city slums 81 5.3 Hostels in South Africa 81 5.4 Chawls in Mumbai, India 81 5.5 The recent public city of Naples 82 5.6 Informal settlements in Durban 83 5.7 Illegal construction in Naples 84 5.8 Illegal subdMsion of agricultural land around Cairo 84 5.9 Illegal subdMsions in Quito 85 5.10 Ibadan s historical centre slums 86 5.11 OldHavana 86 5.12 The medinas of Morocco: Rabat Sale 87 5.13 Consolidating/avete in Rio de Janeiro 87 5.14 Consolidating informal settlements in Bogota 88 5.15 Recent slums in Phnom Penn 88 5.16 Centrally located slums in Colombo 89 5.17 Centrally located slums in Sao Paulo 89 5.18 Scattered slum islands in Beirat 90 5.19 Peripheral slum islands in Ibadan ^ 5.20 Karachi: women s access to employment 91 5.21 Mexico City: Valle de Chaico Solidaridad 91 5.22 Mumbai: Prakash Nagar Pavement Community 92 5.23 Phnom Penh: living in the grounds of a pagoda 92 5.24 Illegal districts in Rabat Sale, Morocco 93 5.25 Informal areas in Cairo VJ 5.26 Mexico City: Ciudad NetzahualcÃ¶yotl 94 5.27 Incipient slums in Moscow 9^ 6.1 Informal sector workers in Quito, Ecuador 1U^ 7.1 Aviles, Spain: Integration of slum households within existing neighbourhoods 124 7.2 Singapore: a successful public housing programme 125 7.3 Buildingurban China, 1949 to 1990 126 7.4 The First Home Owners Scheme (FHOS) in Australia !28 7.5 South Africa s right based housing policies and demand side subsidies l29 7.6 Participatory relocation in Samambaia, Brazil 7.7 Social Inclusion in Santo Andre , Brazil 7.8 Urban Community Development Fund (UCDF), Thailand 134 7.9 The rÃ¤nge of actors dealing with slums 7.10 United Nations Housing Rights Programme 7.11 CitiesAUiance 14Â° 7.12 City Consultation Methodology J4* 8.1 Unequal relations in the household f? 8.2 Vulnerable minority groups 8.3 Community based organizations dealing with housing insecurity in the Philippines 151 8.4 Organizing for land and housing, social inclusion and human development, Quezon City, Philippines 152 8.5 Shack/SlumDwellers International (SDI) J^ 8.6 Nairobi Vikundi vya Kujisaidia (NAVIKU: self help groups, Nairobi, Kenya) 54 8.7 PopulÃ¤r Habitat Programme in San Jose, Costa Rica (FUPROVTj 57 8.8 Increasing urban focus of NGOs 8.9 CARE Zambia: Project Urban Self Help (PUSHII) ^ 8.10 The Habitat Agenda commitmmtonemblemntmd^rÃ¼dpstion jÂ° 9.1 Slum upgrading actions . â€ž 9.2 Slum networking: Indore, India . 9.3 Cities Without Slums acÃ¼on plan: six key actions necessary to meet the goal Â°Â° 9.4 Conventional responses to irregularity 71 9.5 Recent responses to irregularity TABLES 1.1 Attributes of selected slums 12 1.2 Indicators and thresholds f or defining slums 12 1.3 Total urban and estimated slum population by major region, 2001 14 2.1 Distribution oi urban population and growth by city size category 26 2.2 Population Mng below US per day at 1993 purchasing power parity (PPP), by region 31 3.1 Changes of distribution of household income in Canada during two downturns: earned income 36 3.2 Per capita GDP by region, 1820 to 1998 (1990 international dollars) 37 4.1 Mortalityrates, world, 1998 73 4.2 Health indicators: under the age of five mortality and life expectancy, 1998 74 5.1 Major categories of slum spatial analysis 85 5.2 Summary of opportunities linked to tenure 94 6.1 Urban economic indicators by City Development Index (CDI) quintile, 1998 96 6.2 Estimated number of children in unconditional worst forms of child labour 99 6.3 Broad tenure categories, 1998 (percentages) 107 6.4 Insecure tenure by region (percentages) 109 6.5 Changes in annual rent and household income of renters, 1993 to 1998 110 6.6 Housing affordability by region: house prices and household incomes 111 6.7 Housing adequacy, by region and development level, 1993 112 6.8 Connections to infrastructure (percentage) 113 6.9 Connections to infrastructure: informal settlements (percentage) 114 6.10 Urban waste management by region and development level, 1998 (percentage) 115 7.1 The dos and don ts of slum upgrading 142 8.1 Seven values and principles underpinning Community development 155 8.2 SixtypesofNGOs 155 8.3 Main categories of urban sector NGOs 161 8.4 Urban sector NGOs by region 161 10.1 Issues covered in slum definitions 197 11.1 Component loadings 244 11.2 List of indicators corresponding to The Habitat Agenda key areas of commitment 246 CONTENTS y Foreword Introduction Acknowledgements ,,. List of Figures, Boxes and Tables xvu^ List of Acronyms and Abbreviations XXI Key Findings and Messages xxv 5 Prologue: Urban Growth and Housing XX1X Population Explosion and Urban Expansion x™ Accommodating Growth xxx\| The Focus of this Report шіі Notes PARTI SHARPENING THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA 1 Development Context and the Millennium Agenda Cities Without Slums? 5 The failure of governance -> Institutional and legal failure ° The Millennium Development Agenda 7 Understanding Slums ° The notion of slums ^ Defining and measuring slums 10 Characteristics of slums 11 Lack of basic services 11 Substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building structures 11 Overcrowding and high density 11 Unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations 11 Insecure tenure; irregular or informal settlements 11 Poverty and social exclusion 11 Minimum settlement size 11 Operational definition of slums 12 Number of slum dwellers: assessments and estimations 12 Trends in numbers of slum dwellers 13 Notes 16 2 Urbanization Trends and Forces Shaping Slums 17 Socio-Economic Inequality I7 Spatial organization and residential differentiation 1 7 The ecological school and the neo-classical model 17 Factorial ecology 18 Measuring spatial inequality and separation 20 Spatial concentration of poverty 20 Urban form and disadvantage 22 Mosaic post-modern cities in the developing world 22 Measuring urban development and disadvantage 23 Challenges to Sustainable Urbanization 23 Demographic changes and slum formation 23 Urban growth 24 Rural-urban migration 25 International migration . 27 Declining areas and depopulation 27 Poverty 28 Poverty and slums 28 Defining poverty 29 Measurement of poverty incidence 30 Targeting of poverty reduction programmes 31 Notes 31 Cities and Slums within Globalizing Economies 34 Inequality and Poverty 34 Inequality: a recent history 35 Globalization: poverty amid affluence 39 Trade, globalization and cities 40 Trade theory and inequality 40 Trade: the reality 40 Finance, information and economic volatility 41 Labour markets under free trade regimes 42 Africa: economic stagnation in a globalizing world 43 The Retreat of the State 43 Privatization of utilities 44 Structural adjustment, cities and poverty 45 The Local and the Global 46 Insecurity and the diffusion of the local 47 Subsidiarity and the weakening of national governments 48 Transurban cooperation and integration: towards new urban economies 50 Slums and globalization 52 Looking ahead 52 Notes 54 PART ii ASSESSING SLUMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT Social Dimensions 62 Historical Context and Evolution of Social Stratification Patterns 62 Views on inner-city slums 63 Slums and urbanization 64 Slums and capitalism 64 Slums and reformism 65 Are slums inevitable? 65 Social diversity of contemporary slums 66 Social Attributes and Functions of Slums 67 Accommodation of low-cost labour 67 Network for migrant absorption 68 Mobilization of political power 68 Environmental externalities 69 Service provision 70 Slums within Urban Society 70 Contribution to cultural developments 71 Co-location and social aspects of poverty 71 Health issues 72 Slums and disease 74 Crime issues 75 Community risk factors 75 Findings of recent research on crime 76 Notes 77 5 Territoriality and Spatial Forms 79 Slums Formation Processes and Spatial Types 80 Inner-city slums 80 Slum estates 81 Squatter settlements 82 Illegal settlements and subdivisions 83 Diversity of slums spatial forms and associated opportunities 84 Origins and Age 85 Historic city-centre slums 85 Slum estates 86 Consolidating informal settlements 87 Recent slums 87 Location 88 Central 88 Scattered slum islands 89 Peripheral 90 Size and Scale 90 Large slum settlements 90 Medium-sized slum estates 91 Small slums 91 Legality, Vulnerability and Spatial Forms 92 Illegal 92 Informal 92 Development Dynamics 92 Ongoing individual and community-led development 93 Intervention-led improved slums 93 Upgraded slums 93 Lacking community incentives for improvement 95 Incipient slum creation 95 Notes 95 6 Economic Dynamics 96 Labour Force Growth 96 The creation and distribution of income 96 The global labour force 97 Unemployment and underemployment 98 Labour market abuses 99 Informality within Urban Settings 100 The informal economy 100 Defining the informal sector 100 The nature of informal-sector enterprises 101 The reasons for the informal sector of the economy 102 The scale of the informal sector 103 Informal housing 104 Slums in the Housing Sector 104 Tenure and security: the formal-informal housing continuum 105 Formal home-ownership 105 Formal private rental 105 Informal home-ownership: squatting 105 Informal home-ownership: illegal subdivisions 106 Public rental 106 Informal rental 106 Customary tenure Ю6 Tenure distribution 106 Slums and tenure insecurity ! °6 Renting in slums 107 Home- ownership in slums 1 °9 Land prices i12 110 Adequacy: extent of housing disadvantage l u Networked services 113 Water 113 Waste management 114 Adequacy of housing and inadequacy of planning 114 Notes 115 PART III SEARCHING FOR ADEQUATE POLICY RESPONSES AND ACTIONS New Policy Developments at the National and Global Levels 123 Search for Affordable Alternatives at the National Level 123 Public housing in developing countries 124 Assisted self-build and slum-improvement programmes 125 Housing capital subsidies 12 7 Past and Present Approaches to Slums at the National and Local Levels 128 Negligence 129 Eviction 130 Self-help and in situ upgrading 130 Enabling policies 131 Resettlement 131 Current best practice: participatory slum improvement 132 Recent Contextual Changes 133 Increased inequality within and between cities , 133 New political influence of cities 135 International Actors Dealing with Slums and Their Priorities 136 Range of actors 136 The shifting priorities 136 Bilateral cooperation: diversity of political objectives 136 Multilaterals: a growing convergence 136 Inter-institutional programmes and initiatives: emphasis on slum upgrading, innovative partnerships and local development 139 The Cities Alliance - 139 The Urban Management Programme (UMP) 140 The Municipal Development Programme (MDP) 140 Emerging common themes 141 Integrated approaches to slums 141 The promotion of partnerships and inter-institutional networks 141 Decentralized cooperation 142 Sectors addressed 142 Urban management and finance 142 Urban land management and tenure 143 Service provision and delivery 143 Environment and public health 143 Housing delivery 144 Population and social issues 144 Capacity building, research activities and knowledge exchange 144 Pressing Issues 145 Financial constraints 145 Contradictions between economic and social objectives 145 Coordination and cooperation 145 Notes 146 Civil Society in Action 148 Residents in Action 148 The strategies of slum households 148 Inside the household 149 Reciprocity and remittance 150 Vulnerable households 150 Community-Based Organizations in Action 151 The growth and range of community-based organizations (CBOs) 151 Working with CBOs 152 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Action 153 Defining NGOs 153 The growth of NGOs 155 The range and diversity of NGOs 156 The increasing power and decreasing autonomy of NGOs 158 Urban-Sector CBOs and NGOs 159 The Challenges Faced by NGOs and CBOs 161 Notes 163 Towards Inclusive Cities: Reconsidering Development Priorities 164 Policy Issues and Strategies for Inclusive Cities 165 From slum upgrading to cities without slums 165 Lessons learned from past experiences of upgrading 165 The Cities Without Slums action plan 167 Tenure issues and access to land for the urban poor 167 Security of tenure: a key to the inclusive city 168 Alternative approaches to security of tenure 170 Diversity of situations and objectives requires diversity of responses 171 Inclusive infrastructure: making the connections between transport and housing security 172 Dilemmas of housing security versus access 172 Resistance to displacement and negotiated outcomes 172 Increasing housing choice through greater mobility for the poor 173 Impacts of transport and land-use regulation 173 Impacts of the location of housing for the urban poor 174 Improving the livelihoods of slum dwellers 175 Poverty, governance and empowerment 175 Generating employment from shelter development programmes and civil works 176 Mobilizing finance for urban development 178 Financing slum upgrading and shelter development: current challenges 178 Improving municipal finance for investment in low-income residential areas 179 Improving housing finance for low-income shelter development 180 Enabling Local Policy to Work 182 Good urban governance and the inclusive city 182 Sustainability in all dimensions of urban development 183 Subsidiarity of authority and resources to the closest appropriate level 183 Equity of access to decision-making processes and the basic necessities of urban life * 183 Efficiency in the delivery of public services and in promoting local economic development 183 Transparency and accountability of decision-makers and stakeholders 183 Civic engagement and citizenship 183 Security of individuals and their living environment 183 Enhancing development potential through partnerships 183 Capacity building 185 Low-income households as financial and political partners 185 Local businesses, city elites and local media as partners 185 NGOs as partners 185 Women s participation 186 Self-help and management of projects 186 Scaling-up and spreading the movement 186 Partnerships based on trust 186 Horizontal partnerships 186 Effective policy coordination 186 Notes 187 Epilogue: Looking Forward - Moving Ahead 189 Towards Cities Without Slums: Turning the Dream into Reality 189 Action Needed to Tackle the Current Trends 189 Notes 192 PART IV SUMMARY OF CITY CASE STUDIES Overview of Case Studies 195 Origin of Slums 195 Slum Definitions 196 Types of Slums 196 Tenure in Slums 197 Slum Dynamics 197 Slum Socio-Political Characteristics 197 Policy Actions Taken or Proposed 198 Policy Impacts and Development Prospective 198 Notes 199 Case Study Highlights 200 Abidjan, Côte d Ivoire , 200 Ahmedabad, India 201 Bangkok, Thailand 201 Barcelona, Spain 202 Beirut, Lebanon 203 Bogota, Colombia 205 Cairo, Egypt 205 Chengdu, China 206 Colombo, Sri Lanka 208 Durban, South Africa 208 Havana, Cuba 209 Ibadan, Nigeria 211 Jakarta, Indonesia 211 Karachi, Pakistan 212 Kolkata, India 213 Los Angeles, US 214 Lusaka, Zambia 215 Manila, Philippines 215 Mexico City, Mexico 216 Moscow, Russian Federation 218 Nairobi, Kenya 219 Naples, Italy 220 Newark, US 221 Phnom Penh, Cambodia 222 Quito, Ecuador 223 Rabat-Salé, Morocco 224 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 225 São Paulo, Brazil 226 Sydney, Australia 227 Notes 228 PART V STATISTICAL ANNEX Technical Notes 231 Explanation of Symbols 231 Country Groupings and Statistical Aggregates 231 Nomenclature and Order of Presentation 234 Definition of Statistical Terms 234 Sources of Data 239 Notes 240 Methodological Notes 241 Slum Dweller Estimations at the Global and Regional Levels 241 The Global Urban indicators Databases 245 Notes 245 Data Tables 246 Regional-Level Data A. 1 Demographic indicators 246 A.2 Housing indicators 247 A.3 Economic and social indicators 248 Country-Level Data B.I Size and growth of total population and households 249 B.2 Urbanization trends, size and growth of urban and rural population 252 B.3 Housing-ownership and water and toilet facilities, selected countries 255 B.4 Access to improved water sources and sanitation 258 B.5 Energy and transport 260 B.6 Economic development indicators 262 B.7 Social indicators 264 City-Level Data C.I Urban agglomerations: population size and growth rate 267 C.2 Households living conditions, selected cities 273 C.3 Housing indicators, selected cities 274 C.4 Environmental infrastructure, selected cities 277 C.5 Transport and environment indicators, selected cities 280 C.6 Social indicators, selected cities 283 C.7 Urban governance indicators, selected cities 287 References 290 Index 301
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spelling	The challenge of slums global report on human settlements, 2003 United Nations Human Settlements Programme Global report on human settlements 2003 1. publ. London [u.a.] Earthscan Publications 2003 XXXIV, 310 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "The Global Report on Human Settlements is the most authoritative and up-to-date assessment of conditions and trends in the world's cities. Written in clear language and supported by informative graphics, case studies and extensive statistical data, it will be an essential tool and reference for researchers, academics, planners, public authorities and civil society organizations around the world."--BOOK JACKET. Barrios bajos Barrios bajos - Estudio de casos Barrios bajos - Política gubernamental Favelas (aspectos urbanísticos) larpcal Habitação popular larpcal Inclusão social larpcal Krottenwijken gtt Pauvres en milieu urbain - Logement Pauvres en milieu urbain - Statistiques Pobreza urbana - Estadísticas Pobreza urbana - Vivienda Pobreza larpcal Políticas públicas larpcal Stedelijk beleid gtt Taudis Taudis - Cas, Études de Taudis - Politique gouvernementale Urbanisatie gtt Politik Statistik Slums Slums Case studies Slums Government policy Urban poor Statistics Urban poor Housing Entwicklungspolitik (DE-588)4014957-2 gnd rswk-swf Slum (DE-588)4055304-8 gnd rswk-swf Verstädterung (DE-588)4063234-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4522595-3 Fallstudiensammlung gnd-content Slum (DE-588)4055304-8 s Entwicklungspolitik (DE-588)4014957-2 s 1\p DE-604 Verstädterung (DE-588)4063234-9 s 2\p DE-604 UN-Habitat Sonstige (DE-588)1251000-2 oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip045/2003013446.html Table of contents HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010399274&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010399274&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	The challenge of slums global report on human settlements, 2003 Barrios bajos Barrios bajos - Estudio de casos Barrios bajos - Política gubernamental Favelas (aspectos urbanísticos) larpcal Habitação popular larpcal Inclusão social larpcal Krottenwijken gtt Pauvres en milieu urbain - Logement Pauvres en milieu urbain - Statistiques Pobreza urbana - Estadísticas Pobreza urbana - Vivienda Pobreza larpcal Políticas públicas larpcal Stedelijk beleid gtt Taudis Taudis - Cas, Études de Taudis - Politique gouvernementale Urbanisatie gtt Politik Statistik Slums Slums Case studies Slums Government policy Urban poor Statistics Urban poor Housing Entwicklungspolitik (DE-588)4014957-2 gnd Slum (DE-588)4055304-8 gnd Verstädterung (DE-588)4063234-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4014957-2 (DE-588)4055304-8 (DE-588)4063234-9 (DE-588)4522595-3
title	The challenge of slums global report on human settlements, 2003
title_alt	Global report on human settlements 2003
title_auth	The challenge of slums global report on human settlements, 2003
title_exact_search	The challenge of slums global report on human settlements, 2003
title_full	The challenge of slums global report on human settlements, 2003 United Nations Human Settlements Programme
title_fullStr	The challenge of slums global report on human settlements, 2003 United Nations Human Settlements Programme
title_full_unstemmed	The challenge of slums global report on human settlements, 2003 United Nations Human Settlements Programme
title_short	The challenge of slums
title_sort	the challenge of slums global report on human settlements 2003
title_sub	global report on human settlements, 2003
topic	Barrios bajos Barrios bajos - Estudio de casos Barrios bajos - Política gubernamental Favelas (aspectos urbanísticos) larpcal Habitação popular larpcal Inclusão social larpcal Krottenwijken gtt Pauvres en milieu urbain - Logement Pauvres en milieu urbain - Statistiques Pobreza urbana - Estadísticas Pobreza urbana - Vivienda Pobreza larpcal Políticas públicas larpcal Stedelijk beleid gtt Taudis Taudis - Cas, Études de Taudis - Politique gouvernementale Urbanisatie gtt Politik Statistik Slums Slums Case studies Slums Government policy Urban poor Statistics Urban poor Housing Entwicklungspolitik (DE-588)4014957-2 gnd Slum (DE-588)4055304-8 gnd Verstädterung (DE-588)4063234-9 gnd
topic_facet	Barrios bajos Barrios bajos - Estudio de casos Barrios bajos - Política gubernamental Favelas (aspectos urbanísticos) Habitação popular Inclusão social Krottenwijken Pauvres en milieu urbain - Logement Pauvres en milieu urbain - Statistiques Pobreza urbana - Estadísticas Pobreza urbana - Vivienda Pobreza Políticas públicas Stedelijk beleid Taudis Taudis - Cas, Études de Taudis - Politique gouvernementale Urbanisatie Politik Statistik Slums Slums Case studies Slums Government policy Urban poor Statistics Urban poor Housing Entwicklungspolitik Slum Verstädterung Fallstudiensammlung
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