Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Stevenage
Inst. of Electrical Engineers
2003
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| Schriftenreihe: | IEE electromagnetic waves series
50 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 753 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0852960840 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Vaughan, Rodney |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications |c Rodney Vaughan and J/orgen Bach Andersen |
| 264 | 1 | |a Stevenage |b Inst. of Electrical Engineers |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a XXX, 753 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Übertragungskanal |0 (DE-588)4186649-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nachrichtenübertragungstechnik |0 (DE-588)4139364-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Mobilfunk |0 (DE-588)4170280-3 |D s |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CHANNELS, PROPAGATION AND ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS RODNEY
VAUGHAN AND JOERGEN BACH ANDERSEN THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
CONTENTS PREFACE XXVII 1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS 1 1.1 THREE ELEMENTS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS 1 1.2
ORIGINAL MOBILE ANTENNAS: FIRECRACKERS, CLOTHESLINES AND CHICKEN WIRE 2
1.3 MOBILE AND PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 9 1.3.1 ONGOING VISIONS
FOR SYSTEMS 9 1.3.1.1 OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS 10 1.3.2 TRAFFIC ESTIMATE
EXAMPLE 10 1.3.2.1 SPECTRAL IMPLICATIONS 11 1.3.2.2 POWER FLUX DENSITY
12 1.3.3 RADIO DATA NETWORKS 13 1.3.4 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 13 1.4 MODERN
MULTI-USER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 14 1.4.1 SYSTEM SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY 14
1.4.2 CELLS FOR FREQUENCY RE-USE 14 1.4.2.1 CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE 16
1.4.2.2 NEAR-FAR EFFECT 18 1.4.2.3 OTHERFACTORS 21 1.4.3 POWER VARIATION
IN WIDEBAND CHANNELS 21 1.4.4 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 21 1.4.5 DUPLEX
TECHNIQUES FOR TWO-WAY CHANNELS 23 1.5 USAGE AND RESTRICTIONS OF THE
RADIO SPECTRUM 24 1.5.1 THE RULE-MAKERS 24 1.5.2 ISSUES IN MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS 25 1.5.3 RADIO-LINK ISSUES FOR RESEARCH 25 1.6 MOBILE
CHANNEL TERMINOLOGY 25 1.6.1 NONLINEARITIES 28 VIII CONTENTS 1.6.2
ASPECTS OF CAPACITY, CHANNEL EFFICIENCY, MODULATION AND CODING 29
1.6.2.1 ENERGY PER BIT 32 1.6.3 A NOTE ON RECIPROCITY 33 1.7 EFFECT OF
MULTIPATH ON THE DIGITAL CHANNEL 33 1.7.1 SHORT-TERM MULTIPATH
DOMINATING THE MOBILE CHANNEL BEHAVIOUR 33 1.7.2 FAST FADING OF THE
ANALOGUE CHANNEL 34 1.7.2.1 NARROWBAND AND WIDEBAND MOBILE CHANNELS 35
1.7.3 THE EFFECT OF FADING ON THE DIGITAL CHANNEL: IRREDUCIBLE BIT-ERROR
RATIO 35 1.7.3.1 TIMING ERRORS FROM RANDOM FREQUENCY MODULATION 35
1.7.3.2 INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE FROM MULTIPLE TIME DELAYS OF THE
PROPAGATION CHANNEL 36 1.8 SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR MITIGATION OF THE
MULTIPATH EFFECTS 37 1.8.1 DIVERSITY BASICS FOR FADING CHANNELS 38
1.8.1.1 DELAY TIME AND'CLOCK'TIME 38 1.8.1.2 IMPULSE RESPONSE OF
NARROWBAND AND WIDEBAND CHANNELS 38 1.8.1.3 BROADBAND AND WIDEBAND 39
1.8.2 BASIC DIVERSITY 40 1.8.2.1 ANTENNA DIVERSITY FOR FLAT-FADING
CHANNELS 40 1.8.2.2 ADAPTED ANTENNA PATTERNS IN OPTIMUM COMBINING 41
1.8.2.3 TIME DIVERSITY (RAKE RECEIVER) FOR FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE CHANNELS
43 1.8.2.4 EQUALISATION FOR ISI IN FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE CHANNELS 44
1.8.2.5 LINEAR COMBINATION OF ANTENNA BRANCHES AND TIME-DISPERSED
SIGNALS 45 1.8.2.6 FREQUENCY DIVERSITY 46 1.8.2.7 TRANSMIT DIVERSITY 46
1.8.2.8 TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE DIVERSITY 47 1.8.2.9 CONVERGENCE OF
MULTIPLE ACCESS, MODULATION, AND MULTIPATH MITIGATION SCHEMES 47
1.8.2.10 SLOW FADING AND MACRO DIVERSITY 47 1.8.2.11 MEAN PATH LOSS
LIMITS DIVERSITY ACTION 48 1.9 EXAMPLE ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE DIGITAL
WIRELESS LINK 48 1.9.1 FREE SPACE PATH LOSS 50 1.9.1.1 EXAMPLE FOR BASIC
SNR CALCULATION 51 1.9.1.2 MODULATION AND BER 51 1.9.1.3 PATH LOSS AND
BER 52 1.9.1.4 INTERFERENCE IN A MULTI-USER SCHEME 53 CONTENTS IX 1.9.2
NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT 54 1.9.2.1 NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT AND INTERFERENCE 56 1.9.3
MEASUREMENT-BASED INDOOR/OUTDOOR PATH LOSS 56 1.9.4 LINKEXAMPLE 57
1.9.4.1 DISCUSSION 58 1.10 SUMMARY 59 1.11 REFERENCES 59 1.12
OTHERREADING 61 MULTIPATH PROPAGATION IN MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS 63 2.1
MULTIPATH RECEPTION AND TRANSFER FUNCTION MODEL 63 2.1.1 POLARISATION OF
MULTIPATH FIELDS 63 2.1.2 FIELDS SUMMED BY AN ANTENNA 64 2.1.2.1 SCALAR
MODEL USING DISCRETE EFFECTIVE SCATTERERS 65 2.1.2.2 CONSTANT POINT
SCATTERERS FOR LOCALISED MODELLING 65 2.1.3 MOVING RECEIVER 65 2.1.3.1
PHASE LINEARISATION IN LOCALISED MODEL 66 2.1.4 BASEBAND EQUIVALENT
TRANSFER FUNCTION FROM DISCRETE SCATTERERS 67 2.1.5 FOURIER MODEL USING
CONTINUOUS SCATTERING MEDIUM 68 2.1.5.1 SUMMARY 68 2.1.6 RESOLVABILITY
OF SCATTERERS 69 2.1.7 TIME DOMAIN REPRESENTATION 70 2.1.8 POLARISATION
AND ANTENNA PATTERN EFFECT 71 2.1.8.1 STATIC RECEIVER WITH 3D EFFECTIVE
SCATTERING DISTRIBUTION 71 2.1.8.2 MOVING RECEIVER WITH 2D EFFECTIVE
SCATTERING DISTRIBUTION 73 2.1.8.3 SUMMARY 74 2.2 STATISTICAL BASIS OF
TRANSFER FUNCTIONS: CORRELATION AND SPECTRA 74 2.2.1 CHANNEL CORRELATION
FUNCTIONS 75 2.2.1.1 WIDE-SENSE STATIONARITY AND UNCORRELATED SCATTERING
76 2.2.1.2 AVERAGING 80 2.2.1.3 SUMMARY 80 2.2.2 POWER PROFILES 80
2.2.2.1 FIXED POSITION: IMPULSE RESPONSE CORRELATION 81 2.2.2.2 FIXED
POSITION: TRANSFER FUNCTION CORRELATION 81 2.2.2.3 FIXED DIRECTION 82
2.2.2.4 SPREADS 82 2.2.3 AVERAGED TRANSFER FUNCTION OF CHANNEL: CHANNEL
GAIN 83 X CONTENTS 2.2.4 ENVELOPE, COMPLEX SIGNAL, AND POWER SIGNAL
CORRELATIONS 83 2.2.4.1 NARROWBAND GAUSSIAN PROCESS AND POWER
CORRELATION 84 2.2.4.2 SIMILARITY OF ENVELOPE AND POWER CORRELATIONS 86
2.2.4.3 ESTIMATED CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 87 2.3 REFERENCES 87 3 BASIC
MULTIPATH MECHANISMS 89 3.1 REFLECTION FROM A SMOOTH, PLANAR SURFACE 89
3.1.1 BASIC CONFIGURATION 89 3.1.2 SUM OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL FIELDS
AT THE RECEIVER 91 3.1.3 NORTON SURFACE WAVE 91 3.1.4 SUM OF DIRECT AND
REFLECTED SPACE WAVES AT GRAZING INCIDENCE 92 3.1.5 FRESNEL COEFFICIENTS
93 3.1.6 EXAMPLE OF BREWSTER ANGLE EFFECT WITH A MOVING RECEIVER 94
3.1.7 PHASE OF THE REFLECTION AT NORMAL INCIDENCE 95 3.1.8 CIRCULAR
POLARISATION 96 3.1.9 IMAGE MODEL 98 3.1.10 GRAZING INCIDENCE 99 3.1.11
PROPAGATION EFFECTS AT GRAZING INCIDENCE 99 3.1.12 DISTANCE DEPENDENCE
AT GRAZING INCIDENCE 100 3.1.12.1 RECEIVER HEIGHT DEPENDENCE AT GRAZING
INCIDENCE 101 3.1.13 FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE AT GRAZING INCIDENCE 101
3.1.14 EXAMPLE OF DISTANCE DEPENDENCE: OUTDOOR CELL 103 3.1.15 FADE
LENGTHS WITH DISTANCE 104 3.2 PROPAGATION ALONG A ROUGH SURFACE 105
3.2.1 KIRCHHOFF'S SOLUTION FOR SCATTERING FROM A ROUGH SURFACE 105
3.2.1.1 PHASE-ONLY EFFECTS 107 3.2.1.2 NUMERICAL ILLUSTRATIONS 109
3.2.1.3 EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON THE SPECULARLY REFLECTED FIELD
109 3.2.1.4 SPECULAR SCATTERING WITH SMALL ROUGHNESS FACTOR 109 3.2.1.5
SPECULAR SCATTERING FROM A SURFACE WITH STATISTICALLY DESCRIBED HEIGHT
FLUCTUATIONS 111 3.2.1.6 GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTED SURFACE HEIGHT 111 3.2.1.7
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES OF SPECULAR SCATTERING FROM A ROUGH SURFACE 112
3.2.1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE KIRCHHOFF MODEL 113 CONTENTS XI 3.2.2
PERTURBATION THEORY FOR THE FIELD SCATTERED FROM A ROUGH DIELECTRIC
MEDIUM 115 3.2.2.1 STATISTICS OF HORIZONTAL PROPERTIES OF A ROUGH
SURFACE 115 3.2.2.2 EFFECTIVE SURFACE PARAMETERS FOR COHERENT FIELD 115
3.2.2.3 HORIZONTAL POLARISATION: ASYMPTOTIC CASES, ISOTROPIC SURFACE 116
3.2.2.4 VERTICAL POLARISATION: ASYMPTOTIC CASES, ISOTROPIC SURFACE 117
3.2.3 EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON DIFFUSE FIELD 118 3.2.3.1
POLARISATION ASPECTS OF ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 121 3.3 DIFFRACTION 123
3.3.1 UTD DIFFRACTION BY A WEDGE 125 3.3.2 TRANSITION ZONE BOUNDARY 132
3.3.3 UTD TRANSITION ZONE DIFFRACTION 133 3.3.3.1 AN ANTENNA AND ONE
SCREEN 136 3.3.3.2 DIFFRACTION OVER TWO SCREENS 138 3.3.3.3 DIFFRACTION
OVER N SCREENS BY RECURSION 140 3.4 RAY TRACING AND RADIOSITY 142 3.4.1
RAY TRACING 143 3.4.2 RAY LAUNCHING 144 3.4.3 RADIOSITY OR DIFFUSE
SCATTERING 144 3.4.4 AN EXAMPLE OF A STREET JUNCTION 145 3.5 REFERENCES
146 4 PROPAGATION MODELLING 149 4.1 PROPAGATION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
ABOVE ROOFTOPS 149 4.1.1 OKUMURA-HATA CASE FOR URBAN ENVIRONMENTS 149
4.1.2 2D DIFFRACTION MODEIS 151 4.1.3 BRIDGED KNIFE EDGES 154 4.1.4
COST231 MODEL 154 4.1.5 A COMPARISON OF METHODS 157 4.2 PROPAGATION IN
RURAL AND HILLY TERRAIN 157 4.2.1 OPEN UNDULATING TERRAIN 158 4.2.2 AN
INTEGRAL EQUATION FORMULATION 158 4.2.3 COMBINING TERRAIN AND BUILDING
EFFECTS, THE PARABOLIC METHOD 163 4.3 3D EFFECTS 164 4.4 INDOOR
MODELLING 165 4.4.1 PARAMETRIC MODEIS 165 4.4.1.1 MODEL 1 165 4.4.1.2
MODEL 2 166 4.4.1.3 MODEL 3 166 XII CONTENTS 4.5 TIME DOMAIN FEATURES
167 4.5.1 RURAL ENVIRONMENTS 167 4.5.2 URBAN ENVIRONMENTS 170 4.5.3
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS 171 4.6 ANGULAR DOMAIN FEATURES 173 4.6.1 RURAL
ENVIRONMENTS 173 4.6.2 URBAN ENVIRONMENTS 174 4.6.3 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS
178 4.6.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES OF ANGULAR POWER FOR INDOORS
ENVIRONMENT 178 4.7 REFERENCES 178 5 SHORT-TERM CHANNEL BEHAVIOUR FROM
THE TWO-PATH MODEL 181 5.1 INTRODUCTION 181 5.2 STATIC TERMINAL IN A
STATIC TWO-SOURCE SCENARIO 182 5.2.1 IMPULSE RESPONSE 182 5.2.2 DELAY
TIME MOMENTS 183 5.2.3 TRANSFER FUNCTION 184 5.2.3.1 MAGNITUDE 184
5.2.3.2 PHASE 185 5.2.4 GROUP DELAY 186 5.2.5 MEAN GROUP DELAY 188 5.2.6
NON-MINIMUM PHASE CASE 188 5.2.7 EFFECT OF FINITE PULSE WIDTH ON DELAY
SPREAD 188 5.2.7.1 IMPULSE RESPONSE 188 5.2.7.2 DISCUSSION 190 5.2.8
PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS 193 5.2.8.1 SUMMARY 195 5.2.9 EFFECT OF FINITE
BANDWIDTH ON THE FADING CHANNEL 195 5.2.9.1 STATISTICAL QUANTITIES 196
5.2.9.2 AN EFFECTIVE VALUE OF A 2 197 5.2.9.3 SUMMARY 197 5.2.10
INTERPRETATION OF NEGATIVE GROUP DELAY 198 5.2.10.1 EXAMPLE 198 5.2.10.2
MECHANISM FOR NEGATIVE GROUP DELAY 202 5.2.10.3 SUMMARY 203 5.2.11
COHERENCE BANDWIDTH 203 5.2.12 COHERENCE BANDWIDTH-DELAY SPREAD PRODUCT
205 5.2.12.1 SUMMARY 208 5.3 DISPERSION METRICS FROM TIME-FREQUENCY
THEORY FOR THE STATIC FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE CHANNEL 209 5.3.1 TERMINOLOGY
209 5.3.2 TIME-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISCUSSION 209 5.3.2.1
INTRODUCTION 209 5.3.2.2 CORRELATION FUNCTION 212 CONTENTS XIII 5.3.2.3
GENERALISED FORM OF TIME-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 212 5.3.2.4 KERNEL
CHOICE FOR DEFINING DISTRIBUTION PROPERTIES 213 5.3.2.5 LOCAL VARIANCES:
INSTANTANEOUS BANDWIDTH AND LOCAL DELAY SPREAD 214 5.3.2.6 GLOBAL TIME
VARIANCE: DELAY SPREAD 216 5.3.2.7 INTERPRETATION OF LOCAL DELAY SPREAD
216 5.3.2.8 EXAMPLE L: K = 1 216 5.3.2.9 EXAMPLE 2: K'(0) = 0 AND K"(0)
= 1/4 217 5.3.2.10 EXAMPLE 3: K'(0) = -1/2 AND "(0) = 1/4 217 5.3.2.11
SUMMARY 218 5.3.3 LOCAL APPROXIMATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION 218 5.3.3.1
SINGLE TERM EXPANSION 218 5.3.3.2 RIHACZEK BANDWIDTH 219 5.3.3.3 SUMMARY
220 5.3.4 MEAN DELAY FOR A SIGNAL IN A CHANNEL 221 5.3.5 DISPERSION IN
THE TWO-PATH MODEL 222 5.3.5.1 EXAMPLES 226 5.3.6 SUMMARY 228 5.4 MOVING
TERMINAL IN A STATIC TWO-SOURCE SCENARIO 229 5.4.1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL
TRANSFER FUNCTION 229 5.4.2 EFFECT OF FINITE BANDWIDTH ON THE
TWO-DIMENSIONAL POWER TRANSFER FUNCTION 232 5.4.3 DOPPLER FREQUENCY
MOMENTS 233 5.5 STATISTICS OF THE'FEW-PATH'MODEL 234 5.5.1 THREE-PATH
MODEL 234 5.5.1.1 APPLICATION 234 5.5.2 THE FEW-PATH MODEL 235 235 236
239 240 242 5.6 REFERENCES 242 SHORT-TERM BEHAVIOUR OF MANY-PATH MODEIS
AND SCENARIOS 245 6. 1 MANY-PATH MODEL 245 6.1.1 MOVING TERMINAL IN A
STATIC MANY-PATH SCENARIO: LINEAR SYSTEMS MODEL 246 6.1.2 BELLO
FUNCTIONS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS 247 6.1.3 FINITE BANDWIDTH EFFECTS ON
THE MANY-PATH IMPULSE RESPONSE 248 6.1.3.1 DOPPLER SPECTRUM 250 5.5.2.1
5.5.2.2 5.5.2.3 5.5.2.4 5.5.2.5 EQUAL AMPLITUDES POWER OF IN-PHASE AND
QUADRATURE COMPONENTS ENVELOPE CLOSED FORMS DIFFERENT AMPLITUDES CASE
XIV CONTENTS 6.1.4 FINITE LENGTH EFFECT: FOURIER ANGULAR RESOLUTION FROM
A MOBILE TRAJECTORY 251 6.1.4.1 RESOLUTION IN THE DIRECTIONS OF THE
TRAJECTORY 251 6.1.4.2 RESOLUTION AT BROADSIDE TO TRAJECTORY 251 6.2
DERIVATIVES OF THE TRANSFER FUNCTION 252 6.2.1 PHASE DERIVATIVES: GROUP
DELAY AND RANDOM FM 252 6.2.1.1 USE OF GAUSSIAN CONDITIONING THEOREM 254
6.2.1.2 STUDENT-T DISTRIBUTION FOR PHASE DERIVATIVES 255 6.2.2 GROUP
DELAY DISTRIBUTION 256 6.2.3 GROUP DELAY EXCURSIONS WITH MOBILE POSITION
256 6.2.3.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY EXCURSIONS 258 6.2.3.2 FADE DEPTH IN THE
1D AND 2D MODEIS 258 6.2.4 SPATIAL GRADIENT OF POWER 259 6.2.5 DYNAMIC
TWO-PATH MODEL 261 6.3 DOPPLER MOMENTS 263 6.3.1 BASIC DEFINITION 264
6.3.1.1 SPATIAL PERIODICITY OF TRANSFER FUNCTION 267 6.3.2 ANGLE OF
ARRIVAL FROM A CLUSTER OF SCATTERERS 268 6.3.2.1 CONDITIONAL
PROBABILITIES 271 6.4 CORRELATION SPACINGS 271 6.4.1 CORRELATION
DISTANCE-DOPPLER SPREAD PRODUCT 271 6.4.1.1 CORRELATION DISTANCE 272
6.4.1.2 UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 272 6.4.1.3 A PATTERN FOR MINIMUM SPATIAL
CORRELATION FUNCTION SPREAD 272 6.4.1.4 SPATIAL PERIODICITY 273 6.4.1.5
SUMMARY 273 6.4.2 CORRELATION DISTANCE FOR DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS OR
SCENARIOS 274 6.4.3 FREQUENCY CORRELATION 280 6.4.4 COMBINED SPACE AND
FREQUENCY CORRELATION 280 6.4.4.1 SUMMARY 282 6.5 INTEGRATING THE
TRANSFER FUNCTION OVER FINITE BANDWIDTHS AND DISTANCES 282 6.5.1 EFFECT
OF INTEGRATING POWER OVER FINITE BANDWIDTH 282 6.5.1.1 POWER SIGNAL
FORMULATION 283 6.5.1.2 SPREAD ABOUT MEAN 285 6.5.2 EFFECT OF
INTEGRATING POWER OVER A FINITE DISTANCE 286 6.5.2.1 INTEGRATED POWER
286 6.5.2.2 SPREAD ABOUT MEAN 287 6.5.2.3 SAMPLED POWER 288 6.5.3
CONTINUOUS FORM: SPACE AND FREQUENCY INTEGRATION 293 6.6 EXAMPLES OF
MODELLED SCATTER DISTRIBUTIONS 293 6.6.1 SINGLE SOURCE 294 CONTENTS XV
6.6.2 DISTRIBUTED LINE SOURCE DISTNBUTION WITH CONSTANT AMPLITUDE AND
PHASE 294 6.6.3 DISTRIBUTED LINE SOURCE DISTRIBUTION WITH RANDOM PHASE
295 6.6.4 DISTRIBUTED CIRCULAR LINE SOURCE WITH CONSTANT AMPLITUDE,
PHASE AND DELAY 296 6.6.5 DISCRETE UNIFORM SCENARIO, UNIFORM DELAY
(CLARKE SCENARIO) 297 6.6.6 CLARKE SCENARIO WITH SINGLE PHASE WAVE DELAY
297 6.6.7 CONTINUOUS UNIFORM SCENARIO WITH UNIFORM PHASE AND EXPONENTIAL
DELAY PROFILE 299 6.6.8 DISCRETE UNIFORM SCENARIO WITH UNIFORM PHASE AND
EXPONENTIAL DELAY PROFILE 299 6.7 AVERAGED SCENARIO MODEIS 300 6.7.1
BASIC FORMULATION 300 6.7.2 CROSS-POLAR DISCRIMINATION (XPD) 302 6.7.2.1
RAY MODEL FROM GENERAL SCATTERING 303 6.7.2.2 REFLECTIONS FROM SMOOTH,
PLANAR SURFACES 306 6.7.3 UNCORRELATED SCATTERERS 308 6.7.3.1 FOURIER
RESOLUTION 309 6.7.3.2 MEASUREMENT BY TIME SERIES CORRELATION 310
6.7.3.3 CORRELATION OVER A BANDWIDTH 311 6.7.3.4 CORRELATION OVER TIME
AND BANDWIDTH 311 6.7.4 GAUSSIAN SCENARIO MODEL 312 6.7.5 LAPLACIAN
SCENARIO MODEL 312 6.7.6 VEHICULAR MOBILE 313 6.7.7 PERSONAL TERMINALS
314 6.7.8 BASESTATIONS 315 6.7.9 MOBILE SATELLITE 317 6.7.9.1
GEOSTATIONARY 317 6.7.9.2 NON-GEOSTATIONARY 318 6.8 A DIFFUSE MODEL FOR
OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS 320 6.8.1 PARAMETERS OF MODEL 320 6.8.2
DIRECTIONALITY IN THE SIMPLE ELLIPSE MODEL 322 6.9 REFERENCES 325 7
ASPECTS OF SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT 327 7.1 SHORT-TERM FADING
SIMULATION 327 7.1.1 MODEL FOR NARROWBAND SIGNALS 327 7.1.2 A SIMPLE
MATLAB SIMULATION 331 / 7.1.3 DISCRETISATION OPTIONS FOR THE UNIFORM
SCENARIO 333 7.1.4 SIGNAL REPETITION DISTANCE (CYCLOSTATIONARITY FROM
SIMULATIONS) 335 7.1.5 DELAY SPREAD EXAMPLE WITH PATH-LOSS EFFECT 338
7.2 REFERENCE PARAMETERS FOR SIMULATIONS 340 7.2.1 BASIC PDF FOR
INCIDENT POWER 340 XVI CONTENTS 7.2.2 BASIC RECEIVED SIGNAL 340 7.2.3
AVERAGING 341 7.2.4 STATISTICAL QUANTITIES FOR SIGNALS FROM A UNIFORM
SCENARIO 342 7.2.5 TWO SIGNALS "" " 343 7.2.6 MOMENTS 346 7.2.7 JOINT
PDFS OF TWO SIGNALS 347 7.2.8 JOINT ENVELOPE AND JOINT PHASE PDFS 348
7.2.9 ENVELOPE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS 350 7.2.10 PHASE CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT 351 7.2.11 SIGNAL DYNAMICS FOR MOVING RECEIVER 352 7.2.12
LEVEL CROSSING PROBLEMS 353 7.2.13 LEVEL CROSSINGS OF DIVERSITY COMBINED
SIGNALS 354 7.2.14 FADEDURATION 355 7.2.15 RANDOM FM SPECTRUM AND RATE
357 7.2.16 LEVEL CROSSING RATE OF RANDOM FM 358 7.3 DIRECT GENERATION OF
CHANNEL FUNCTIONS 359 7.3.1 GAUSSIAN INDEPENDENT SAMPLES 359 7.3.2
GAUSSIAN CORRELATED SAMPLES 360 7.3.3 GENERAL CORRELATION MATRIX CASE
362 7.3.4 MOVING AVERAGE TECHNIQUE FOR GENERATING CORRELATED SIGNALS 364
7.3.5 GENERATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTIONS IN THE TIME (SPACE) DOMAIN 365
7.3.6 GENERATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTIONS IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN 366 7.3.7
CONTINUOUS DELAY PROFILE 369 7.3.8 DISCRETE DELAY PROFILE 369 7.4
ENVELOPE-PHASE RELATIONS FOR FADING CHANNELS 370 7.4.1
FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE CHANNEL (NETWORK THEORY) 371 7.4.2 POLE-ZERO
DESCRIPTION OF MOBILE SIGNALS 372 7.4.3 ZERO DESCRIPTION OF FADING
SIGNAL 376 7.4.4 APPLICATION TO SINGLE VARIABLE MODULATION CORRECTION IN
NARROWBAND SYSTEMS 377 7.4.4.1 MAGNITUDE CORRECTION 377 7.4.4.2 PHASE
CORRECTION 378 7.4.5 CHANNEL CHARACTERISATION USING THE HILBERT
RELATIONS 378 7.4.6 DELAY SPREAD LIMITS FROM MAGNITUDE-ONLY FREQUENCY
TRANSFER FUNCTION 379 7.4.7 ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION FROM SPATIAL TRANSFER
FUNCTION 381 7.4.8 SUPPRESSING THE EFFECT OF THE PHASE AMBIGUITY IN
HILBERT RELATIONS 383 7.4.9 SUMMARY 384 CONTENTS XVN TESTING THE
MULTIPATH MODEL - THE PREDICTION OF SHORT-TERM FADING 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3
7.5.4 INTRODUCTION USING THE PROPAGATION MODEL FOR SIGNAL PREDICTION
NOISE-FREE CASE: DETERMINISTIC METHOD 7.5.3.1 ADDITIVE I METHODS 7.5.4.1
7.5.4.2 7.5.4.3 7.5.4.4 7.5.4.5 7.5.4.6 7.5.4.7 7.5.4.8 7.5.4.9 7.5.4.10
7.5.4.11 PARTITIONING OF U FOR EQUAL DOPPLER CONTRIBUTIONS LOISE CASE
INCLUDING SUBSPACE/SUPER-RESOLUTION POINT SOURCE MODEL VECTOR NOTATION
GAUSSIAN CONTINUOUS SOURCE MODEL BASIC LINEAR ESTIMATOR FOR THE
CONTINUOUS MODEL ESTIMATING A CORRELATION MATRIX FROM SAMPLES ESTIMATING
THE SOURCES MUSIC MINIMUM NORM ALGORITHM PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS LINEAR
PREDICTION (PCLP) ESPRIT SIMULATION RESULTS 384 384 385 387 387 391 391
391 392 392 393 394 395 395 396 396 396 7.5.5 REAL-WORLD EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS 398 CORRELATION ANALYSIS FOR MEASURED NARROWBAND SIGNALS 400
7.6.1 ESTIMATING THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT OF GAUSSIAN SIGNALS FROM
FINITE SAMPLES 400 7.6.1.1 INDEPENDENT SAMPLES 401 7.6.2 ENVELOPE
CORRELATIONS 403 7.6.2.1 CLIPPED ENVELOPES 407 7.6.2.2 FORMULATION FOR
CLIPPING 408 7.6.2.3 SOFT CLIPPING 409 7.6.2.4 HARD CLIPPING 410 7.6.2.5
SUMMARY 414 7.6.3 DEMEANING OF ENVELOPES 414 7.6.3.1 ADDITIVE MEAN 416
7.6.3.2 MULTIPLICATIVE MEAN 417 7.6.3.3 SUMMARY 419 WIDEBAND CHANNELS:
CHANNEL SOUNDING 419 7.7.1 FUELL CHANNEL SOUNDING 420 7.7.2 PARTIAL
CHANNEL SOUNDING BY RECTANGULAR PULSE 422 7.7.2.1 SPECTRAL OCCUPATION
EFFICIENCY 423 7.7.2.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 424 7.7.2.3 PRODUCT OF
EFFICIENCIES 424 XVIII CONTENTS 7.7.3 SUPER-RESOLUTION BY DECONVOLUTION
424 7.7.3.1 DECONVOLUTION 426 7.7.3.2 SUBTRACTIVE DECONVOLUTION 426
7.7.3.3 INVERSE FILTER 426 7.7.3.4 INSTANTANEOUS DELAY SPREAD 427 7.8
REFERENCES 428 8 ANTENNA PRINCIPLES 435 8.1 BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS AND
ELEMENTS 435 8.1.1 DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN FROM PATTERNS 435 8.1.1.1 FAR
FIELD AND DIRECTIVITY RELATIONSHIP 436 8.1.1.2 DISTRIBUTED DIRECTIVITY
437 8.1.1.3 DIRECTIVE GAIN 438 8.1.1.4 PATTERN MODEIS 439 8.1.1.5
GAUSSIANBEAM 439 8.1.1.6 PATTERN MODEIS FROM CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS 440
8.1.1.7 EFFECT OF BEAM MISALIGNMENT USING THE DISTRIBUTED DIRECTIVITY
441 8.1.2 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY FACTORS 443 8.1.2.1 POLARISATION EFFICIENCY
444 8.1.2.2 LOAD MATCH PARAMETERS 444 8.1.2.3 RADIATION EFFICIENCY
(ANTENNA EFFICIENCY) 446 8.1.2.4 ANTENNA RADIATION EFFICIENCY 447 8.1.3
RADIATION RESISTANCE FROM THE POYNTING VECTOR 448 8.1.4 RELATION BETWEEN
DIRECTIVITY, EFFECTIVE AREA, AND COMPLEX HEIGHT 449 8.1.4.1 EFFECTIVE
GAIN OF SCATTERER (RADAR CROSS SECTION) 452 8.1.5 ANTENNA TEMPERATURE
452 8.1.5.1 SOURCES OF NOISE 454 8.1.5.2 GAIN-TO-TEMPERATURE AND
MODELLED TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR MOBILE SATELLITE ANTENNAS 455
8.1.6 NOISE FIGURE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM CONNECTIONS TO A RECEIVER 455
8.1.6.1 ANTENNA WITH TRANSMISSION LINE 455 8.1.6.2 SYSTEM TEMPERATURE
456 8.1.6.3 NOISE FIGURE WITH CIRCUITS 457 8.1.6.4 CASCADE CIRCUITS 458
8.1.7 GROUNDPLANE PRINCIPLES FOR ANTENNAS 460 8.1.7.1 SOURCE ELEMENTS
460 8.1.7.2 ANTENNA IMPEDANCES 460 8.1.8 GENERIC ELEMENTS: DIPOLES AND
MONOPOLES 461 8.1.8.1 FOLDED DIPOLES 462 8.1.8.2 FOLDED N-POLE 463
8.1.8.3 APPROXIMATIONS FOR THE CURRENTS ON WIRE DIPOLES 465 CONTENTS XIX
8.1.9 FIELDS OF A CURRENT DISTRIBUTION 466 8.1.9.1 BASIC RELATIONS FOR
RADIATION (FAR FIELDS) FROM MOVING CHARGES 466 8.1.9.2 COMPLETE FIELDS
IN TERMS OF CURRENT DISTRIBUTION 467 8.1.9.3 FAR-FIELD APPROXIMATION 468
8.1.9.4 RECTANGULAR, SPHENCAL AND CYLINDNCAL SOURCE COORDINATES 468
8.1.9.5 PRACTICAL DISTANCE TO FAR FIELD 469 8.1.9.6 USE OF AUXILIARY
POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS 470 8.1.9.7 FIELDS FOR ELECTRIC DIPOLE 471 8.1.9.8
'INFINITESIMAL', UNIFORM DIPOLE 471 8.1.9.9 SINUSOIDAL DIPOLE CURRENT
472 8.1.9.10 UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION DIPOLE SOURCE 473 8.1.9.11 MAGNETIC
SOURCES 473 8.1.9.12 SLOT FEEDING 475 8.1.9.13 BOOKER'S RELATION 475
8.1.9.14 CAVITY-BACKED SLOT 477 8.1.9.15 SELF-COMPLEMENTARY ANTENNAS 477
8.1.9.16 COMBINATION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC SOURCES FOR FIELD
CALCULATIONS 478 8.1.10 RADIATION AND OHMIC RESISTANCE FOR DIPOLES 480
8.1.10.1 METHODOFMOMENTS 480 8.1.10.2 INTEGRATION OF FAR FIELDS 480
8.1.10.3 INDUCED EMF METHOD FOR DIPOLE IMPEDANCE 483 8.1.10.4 WAVE
STRUCTURE APPROACH 483 8.1.10.5 EFFECT ON MONOPOLE IMPEDANCE OF FINITE
CIRCULAR GROUNDPLANE 486 8.1.11 OHMIC LOSS FOR WIRES 488 8.1.12
RADIATION AND OHMIC RESISTANCE FOR SMALL LOOPS 492 8.1.12.1 PROXIMITY
EFFECT ON OHMIC RESISTANCE AND RADIATION EFFICIENCY 493 8.1.12.2 FERRITE
LOADED LOOPS 494 8.1.13 SUMMARY OF FIELD QUANTITIES AND RELATIONS 497
8.1.13.1 TABLE OF FIELD QUANTITIES AND UNITS 497 8.1.13.2 VECTOR
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS 498 8.1.13.3 GRADIENT (GRAD) 498 8.1.13.4
DIVERGENCE (DIV) 498 8.1.13.5 DIVERGENCE THEOREM 499 8.1.13.6 CURL 499
8.1.13.7 STOKE'S THEOREM 500 8.1.13.8 LAPLACIAN 500 8.1.13.9 MAXWELFS
EQUATIONS 501 8.2 COMPACT ELEMENTS 501 8.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA Q
FROM NETWORK CONSIDERATIONS 501 8.2.1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS 501 XX
CONTENTS 8.2.1.2 RELATION TO REACTANCE 502 8.2.1.3 SSAT RESONANCE 503
8.2.1.4 CIRCUIT MODEL NEAR SINGLE RESONANCE 503 8.2.1.5 BANDWIDTH NEAR
SINGLE RESONANCE 503 8.2.1.6 MEASURED SS 504 8.2.1.7 COMPARISONS OF SMALL
ANTENNAS 505 8.2.1.8 GROUNDPLANE EFFECTS 505 8.2.2 BASIC LIMITATIONS OF
SMALL ANTENNAS IN ISOLATION 506 8.2.2.1 COMBINED TE AND TM MODES 508
8.2.2.2 COMBINED MODE ANTENNA SYNTHESIS 508 8.2.3 BANDWIDTH ENHANCEMENT
OF SMALL ANTENNAS 509 8.2.3.1 DISCRETE COMPONENT BASIC MATCHING CIRCUIT
512 8.2.3.2 TRANSMISSION LINE TRANSFORMERS 513 8.2.3.3 MULTIPLE
QUARTERWAVE SECTIONS 513 8.2.3.4 TAPERED SECTION 514 8.2.4 GOUBAU
ANTENNA 515 8.2.5 PATCH ANTENNAS 519 8.2.5.1 PIFA 520 8.2.5.2 CAVITY
MODEL FOR RADIATION 520 8.2.5.3 FEED IMPEDANCE 522 8.2.5.4 SQUARE PATCH
526 8.2.5.5 ARRAY OF SQUARE PATCHES 528 8.2.5.6 MULTIPLE, STACKED
PATCHES 529 8.2.5.7 LOW-PROFILE DUAL LAYER PATCH 531 8.2.6 ANTENNAS ON A
HANDSET (FREE SPACE) 532 8.2.7 ANTENNAS ON A HANDSET NEAR A PERSON 533
8.2.8 HANDSET ANTENNAS IN A RANDOM ENVIRONMENT 535 \3 ANTENNAS WITH
CIRCULAR POLARISATION 538 8.3.1 INTRODUCTION 538 8.3.1.1 POLARISATION OF
REFLECTIONS FROM A SMOOTH SURFACE 539 8.3.1.2 MOBILE SATELLITE LINKS 539
8.3.2 CIRCULAR POLARISATION PARAMETERS AND RELATIONS 540 8.3.3 PATTERNS
FROM SPACE LOSS FUNCTION FOR SATELLITE LINKS 544 8.3.4 CIRCULARLY
POLARISED PATCH ELEMENTS 546 8.3.5 DISTRIBUTED DIRECTIVITY FOR
MOBILE-TO-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES 548 8.3.6 CIRCULARLY POLARISED,
SCANNING-MODE HELIX 550 8.3.6.1 RADIATION MECHANISM OF SCANNING-MODE
HELIX 552 8.3.7 FAN PATTERNS FOR VEHICULAR MOBILE SATELLITE 554 3.4
DIVERSITY ANTENNAS 554 8.4.1 INTRODUCTION 554 8.4.2 SIGNAL COMBINING IN
DIVERSITY 556 8.4.2.1 DIVERSITY GAIN 556 CONTENTS XXI 8.4.2.2 DIVERSITY
ALGORITHM PERFORMANCE FROM DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE BRANCH SIGNALS 557
8.4.2.3 BASIC COMBINING ALGORITHMS 558 8.4.2.4 NEGATIVELY CORRELATED
SIGNALS 560 8.4.2.5 SELECTION AND SWITCHED COMBINING TECHNIQUES 561
8.4.2.6 PREDETECTION AND POSTDETECTION IN NON-SWITCHED COMBINING: EQUAL
GAIN 563 8.4.3 SIGNAL STATISTICS OF COMBINED SIGNALS 564 8.4.3.1 MAXIMUM
RATIO 564 8.4.3.2 UNCORRELATED BRANCHES WITH DIFFERENT MEAN POWERS 564
8.4.3.3 UNCORRELATED BRANCHES WITH COMMON MEAN BRANCH POWERS 565 8.4.3.4
SELECTION COMBINING 566 8.4.3.5 DIVERSITY GAIN RELATION BETWEEN
SELECTION AND MAXIMUM RATIO 567 8.4.3.6 EQUAL GAIN COMBINING 568 8.4.3.7
SPECIAL CASES OF COMBINING WITH CORRELATED BRANCHES: TWO BRANCH 568
8.4.3.8 EQUIVALENT EQUAL BRANCH POWERS FOR TWO CORRELATED BRANCHES 569
8.4.3.9 SYMMETRIE THREE-BRANCH CASE 569 8.4.3.10 SWITCHED DIVERSITY 571
8.4.4 EFFECT OF CORRELATED NOISE (INTERFERENCE) 571 8.4.5 INCIDENT
FIELDS AND ANTENNA CONDITIONS FOR DIVERSITY 573 8.4.5.1 INCIDENT FIELDS
AND DIVERSITY ANTENNA POLARISATION MATRICES 575 8.4.5.2 CORRELATION FROM
THE INCIDENT POWER DISTRIBUTION AND ANTENNA PATTERNS 575 8.4.5.3 MEAN
POWER FROM THE INCIDENT POWER DISTRIBUTION AND ANTENNA PATTERN 576 8.4.6
ANTENNA PATTERNS FOR DIVERSITY 577 8.4.7 SPACE DIVERSITY 578 8.4.8 ANGLE
DIVERSITY 579 8.4.8.1 RULE OF THUMB FOR GAUSSIAN BEAMS IN CIRCULAR
COORDINATE SYSTEM 581 8.4.8.2 CORRELATION FUNCTION FOR ANGULARLY
DISPLACED BEAMS: GAUSSIAN BEAMS FOR HIGH DIRECTIVITY 581 8.4.8.3
CORRELATION FUNCTION FOR ANGULARLY DISPLACED BEAMS: CIRCULAR FUNCTION
BEAMS FOR LOW DIRECTIVITY 583 8.4.8.4 REALISTIC PATTERNS IN AN IDEAL
UNIFORM SCENARIO 585 8.4.9 POLARISATION AND FIELD COMPONENTS 585 XXII
CONTENTS 8.4.10 ENERGY DENSITY IN THE MULTIPATH FIELD 585 8.4.11 GAIN
REDUCTION CAUSED BY CLOSELY SPACED ELEMENTS 588 8.4.11.1 DIRECTIVITY OF
LINEAR ARRAY FACTOR 588 8.4.11.2 GAIN REDUCTION FROM MUTUAL COUPLING IN
A DIVERSITY ARRAY 590 8.4.11.3 MUTUAL IMPEDANCE 590 8.4.11.4 CALCULATION
OF MUTUAL IMPEDANCES 591 8.4.11.5 MUTUAL IMPEDANCE OF MONOPOLES 592
8.4.11.6 MUTUAL IMPEDANCE FROM MINIMUM SCATTERING ANTENNAS PATTERNS 593
8.4.11.7 NETWORK MODEL FOR DIVERSITY ANTENNAS 594 8.4.11.8 LOADED
CIRCUIT AND OPEN CIRCUIT CORRELATIONS 595 8.4.11.9 RECEIVED POWER FOR
RESISTIVE LOADS 595 8.4.11.10 OPTIMUM DIAGONAL LOAD RESISTANCE 597
8.4.11.11 TWO-ELEMENT ARRAY EXAMPLE 598 8.4.11.12 RECEIVED POWER USING
TWO-BRANCH OPTIMUM LOAD RESISTANCE 599 8.4.12 EXAMPLES WITH MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES 600 8.4.13 EXAMPLE: MONOPOLES ON A GROUNDPLANE 600 8.4.13.1
FOUR IN-LINE MONOPOLES 604 8.4.13.2 EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATION OF DIVERSITY
GAIN BY EQUIVALENT NUMBER OF IDEAL BRANCHES 604 8.4.14 EXAMPLE: SLOPING
MONOPOLES ON A GROUNDPLANE 607 607 609 610 612 613 615 617 620 620 622
623 9 ARRAY ANTENNAS IN A MULTIPATH ENVIRONMENT 629 9.1 INTRODUCTION 629
9.2 ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS 631 9.2.1 INTERFERENCE
REJECTION 631 9.2.1.1 SPATIALLY UNCORRELATED SIGNALS 632 9.2.1.2
SPATIALLY CORRELATED SIGNALS 634 9.2.1.3 DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL, DOA 636
9.2.1.4 USER DISCRIMINATION: UPLINK CASE 637 9.2.1.5 DOWNLINK CASE WITH
UNKNOWN CHANNEL 639 8.4.15 8.4.16 8.4.17 8.4.14.1 8.4.14.2 8.4.14.3
8.4.14.4 8.4.14.5 ELEMENT PATTERNS DISTRIBUTED DIRECTIVITY RADIATION
RESISTANCE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT DIVERSITY GAIN EXAMPLE: PATCH
ANTENNAS ON A GROUNDPLANE EXAMPLE: ELEMENTS EXAMPLE: 8.4.17.1 8.4.17.2
REFERENCES SWITCHED DIVERSITY BY SWITCHED PARASITIC POLARISATION
DIVERSITY MOBILE TERMINALS BASE STATIONS CONTENTS XXIII 9.2.2 GAIN
ENHANCEMENT 639 9.2.2.1 UNCORRELATED CASE 640 9.2.2.2 CORRELATED CASE
640 9.2.3 DISCUSSION 641 MULTI-ELEMENT ARRAYS: MIMO SYSTEMS 642 9.3.1
SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION, SVD 642 9.3.2 MAXIMUM GAIN AND
TRANSMIT-RECEIVE DIVERSITY FOR A KNOWN CHANNEL 645 9.3.3 MAXIMUM GAIN
AND TRANSMIT-RECEIVE DIVERSITY FOR AN UNKNOWN CHANNEL 647 9.3.4 SUMMARY
OF GAIN AND DIVERSITY FOR MULTI-ARRAYS 648 9.3.4.1 GAIN AND CAPACITY
IMPACT ON DATA RATES, RAENGE AND FREQUENCY 649 9.3.5 SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY
OF PARALLEL CHANNELS 650 9.3.5.1 CAPACITY FOR M TRANSMIT ANTENNAS AND
ONE RECEIVE ANTENNA 653 9.3.5.2 CAPACITY OF THE (M, N) ARRAY 653 9.3.6
EFFECT OF CORRELATIONS AND PINHOLES 654 9.3.6.1 EFFECT ON GAIN AND
DIVERSITY 655 9.3.6.2 EXAMPLES OF CORRELATIONS AND PINHOLES 657 OUTAGE
FOR OPTIMALLY COMBINED RECEIVING ARRAYS WITH MANY INTERFERERS 659 9.4.1
INTRODUCTION: ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL OUTAGE 659 9.4.1.1 PERFORMANCE OF
OPTIMUM COMBINING 659 9.4.2 STATISTICAL MODEL OF RECEIVING ARRAY WITH
INTERFERERS 660 9.4.2.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION AND ITS COVARIANCE 661 9.4.2.2
ARRAY WEIGHTS AND OUTPUT POWER FROM THE SOURCES 661 9.4.2.3 NOISE 662
9.4.2.4 SAMPLE COVARIANCE MATRIX 662 9.4.2.5 OPTIMUM WEIGHTS FOR MAXIMUM
SINR AND MINIMUM MSE 662 9.4.3 SINR FOR A LARGER NUMBER OF INTERFERERS
THAN ARRAY ELEMENTS 663 9.4.4 CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION FOR SINR
665 9.4.4.1 CASE FOR FIXED INTERFERER POWERS 665 9.4.4.2 COMMON, FIXED
INTERFERER POWERS AND NO NOISE 665 9.4.4.3 CASE FOR VARIABLE INTERFERER
POWERS 665 9.4.4.4 EXAMPLE 668 CAPACITY OUTAGE FOR TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE
ARRAYS 669 9.5.1 INTRODUCTION 669 9.5.1.1 BASIC MIMO CAPACITY FORMULA
FOR UNKNOWN CHANNEL AT THE TRANSMITTER 671 XXIV CONTENTS 9.5.2
STATISTICAL MODEL INCLUDING CORRELATED, RICIAN CHANNELS WITH DIFFERENT
SNRS 672 9.5.3 METHOD FOR COMPUTING THE APPROXIMATE CDF OF CAPACITY 672
9.5.4 ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSION FOR CDF 674 9.5.5 ASYMPTOTIC CAPACITY AND
VARIANCE FOR RAYLEIGH CHANNELS 675 9.5.5.1 RAYLEIGH UNCORRELATED CASE
675 9.5.5.2 RAYLEIGH, CORRELATED CASE 675 9.5.6 COEFFICIENTS FOR
CAPACITY CDF WITH PERCENTILE OUTAGE FOR RAYLEIGH, UNCORRELATED CHANNELS
676 9.5.6.1 EXAMPLE 677 9.5.6.2 MEAN CAPACITY EXPRESSION 678 9.6
REFERENCES 680 APPENDIX A FIELD STRENGTH AND PATH LOSS 683 PENDIX B
BASIC STATISTICS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS B.L B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7
B.8 B.9 B.10 B.LL B.12 B.13 B.14 B.15 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL
INDEPENDENCE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION: FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM AND
TRANSFORMATION EXPECTATION AND COVARIANCE CORRELATION (AUTOCORRELATION)
AND ERGODICITY CORRELATION FUNCTIONS AND A DETERMINISTIC CHANNEL
WIDE-SENSE STATIONARITY (WSS) POWER SPECTRUM CROSS-CORRELATIONS
COVARIANCE SPECTRUM UNCORRELATED NOISE EXAMPLE VARIANCE OF MEAN ESTIMATE
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD AND THE CRAMER-RAO BOUND FOR THE VARIANCE OF AN
ESTIMATE CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR PDF KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOFF TEST FOR CUMULATIVE
DENSITY FUNCTION REFERENCES PENDIX C GAUSSIAN-DERIVED DISTRIBUTIONS IN
MOBILE C.L C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 C.6 C.7 C.8 COMMUNICATIONS GAUSSIAN RAYLEIGH
RICE RICE ENVELOPE CALCULATING THE MARCUM Q FUNCTION RICE PHASE RICE
GENERALISATIONS: HOYT AND BECKMANN DISTRIBUTIONS RANDOM PHASOR PLUS
RAYLEIGH 685 685 685 686 687 688 689 689 690 691 691 692 692 695 696 696
697 697 700 704 706 710 712 712 715 CONTENTS XXV C.9 LOGNORMAL 715 C.9.1
EXAMPLE: LOGNORMAL PLUS RAYLEIGH 716 C.9.2 RELATION BETWEEN FIRST
MOMENTS 716 C.9.3 DECIBEL UNITS 716 CIO SUZUKI 719 C.LL RICE WITH
LOGNORMAL MEAN (MIXTURE DISTRIBUTION) 720 C.12 NAKAGAMI 720 C.13 GAMMA
(CHI-SQUARED) 721 C.14 GENERALISED GAMMA 723 C.15 ADDITIVE MIXTURES WITH
NON-GAUSSIANITY 726 C.16 MIDDLETON'S CLASS A IMPULSIVE NOISE
DISTRIBUTION 727 C.17 DIVERSITY DISTRIBUTIONS 727 C.18 MULTIVARIATE
GAUSSIAN 728 C.19 CHI-SQUARED 728 C.20 MAXIMUM RATIO COMBINATION OF
RAYLEIGH ENVELOPES 733 C.21 REFERENCES 733 APPENDIX D FRESNEL ZONES 735
APPENDIX E GROUP DELAY EQUIVALENCE IN THE TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS 737
E.L REFERENCE 738 INDEX 739 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Vaughan, Rodney Bach Andersen, Jørgen |
| author_facet | Vaughan, Rodney Bach Andersen, Jørgen |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Vaughan, Rodney |
| author_variant | r v rv a j b aj ajb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV017189962 |
| classification_rvk | ZN 6550 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)248368990 (DE-599)BVBBV017189962 |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV017189962 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-21T09:02:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0852960840 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010360886 |
| oclc_num | 248368990 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-706 DE-M347 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-706 DE-M347 |
| physical | XXX, 753 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publishDateSearch | 2003 |
| publishDateSort | 2003 |
| publisher | Inst. of Electrical Engineers |
| record_format | marc |
| series | IEE electromagnetic waves series |
| series2 | IEE electromagnetic waves series |
| spelling | Vaughan, Rodney Verfasser aut Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications Rodney Vaughan and J/orgen Bach Andersen Stevenage Inst. of Electrical Engineers 2003 XXX, 753 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier IEE electromagnetic waves series 50 Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 gnd rswk-swf Mobilfunk (DE-588)4170280-3 gnd rswk-swf Übertragungskanal (DE-588)4186649-6 gnd rswk-swf Nachrichtenübertragungstechnik (DE-588)4139364-8 gnd rswk-swf Mobilfunk (DE-588)4170280-3 s Nachrichtenübertragungstechnik (DE-588)4139364-8 s DE-604 Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 s Übertragungskanal (DE-588)4186649-6 s Bach Andersen, Jørgen Verfasser aut IEE electromagnetic waves series 50 (DE-604)BV004177425 50 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010360886&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Vaughan, Rodney Bach Andersen, Jørgen Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications IEE electromagnetic waves series Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 gnd Mobilfunk (DE-588)4170280-3 gnd Übertragungskanal (DE-588)4186649-6 gnd Nachrichtenübertragungstechnik (DE-588)4139364-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002210-9 (DE-588)4170280-3 (DE-588)4186649-6 (DE-588)4139364-8 |
| title | Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications |
| title_auth | Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications |
| title_exact_search | Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications |
| title_full | Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications Rodney Vaughan and J/orgen Bach Andersen |
| title_fullStr | Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications Rodney Vaughan and J/orgen Bach Andersen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications Rodney Vaughan and J/orgen Bach Andersen |
| title_short | Channels, propagation and antennas for mobile communications |
| title_sort | channels propagation and antennas for mobile communications |
| topic | Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 gnd Mobilfunk (DE-588)4170280-3 gnd Übertragungskanal (DE-588)4186649-6 gnd Nachrichtenübertragungstechnik (DE-588)4139364-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Antenne Mobilfunk Übertragungskanal Nachrichtenübertragungstechnik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010360886&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV004177425 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vaughanrodney channelspropagationandantennasformobilecommunications AT bachandersenjørgen channelspropagationandantennasformobilecommunications |